DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LAB

(EL-3031)
LABORATORY MANUAL

Discrete Time Systems in the Transform (Z)-Domain

(LAB # 07)
Student Name: ______________________________________________

Roll No: ________________ Section: ____

Date performed: _____________, 2023

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF COMPUTER AND EMERGING SCIENCES, ISLAMABAD

Prepared by: Engr. Muhammad Asim

Last Edited by: Engr. Muhammad Asim, Mar 07, 2016
Verified by: Dr. Shahzad Saleem, Dr. Farhan Khalid Updated: Spring 2023
DSP - Lab National University Roll No: __________
07

Lab #
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
(EL3031) Islamabad Spring 2023
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Lab # 07: Discrete Time Systems in the Transform (Z)-Domain
Learning Objectives
The aim of this experiment is to illustrate the simulation of some simple Discrete Time
Systems using MATLAB and investigate their properties in transform(Z)- domain.
Equipment Required
1. PC
2. Matlab
1. Introduction:
A linear, time-invariant (LTI) discrete-time system is completely characterized in the time-
domain by its impulse response sequence, and the output sequence of the LTI system can be
computed for any input sequence by convolving the input sequence with its impulse response
sequence. Certain classes of LTI discrete-time systems are characterized also by a linear,
constant-coefficient difference equation. For such systems, the output sequence can be
computed recursively for any input sequence. By applying the DTFT or the z-transform to
either the convolution sum description or to the difference equation representation, the LTI
discrete-time system can also be characterized in the frequency domain. Such transform
domain representations provide additional insight into the behavior of such systems, in
addition to making it simpler to design and implement them for specific applications.
Just as the Fourier transform forms the basis of signal analysis, the z-transform forms the basis of
system analysis. If x[n] is a discrete signal, its z-transform X ( z) is given by:
∞
X ( z )= ∑ x [n] z−n
n=−∞
Since the response y[n] of an LTI system to input x[n] is given by the convolution y [ n ] =x [n]∗h[n]
Where h[n] is the impulse response, we have
y [ n ] =x [ n ]∗h [ n ] → Y ( z )=X (z ) H ¿
The ratio H (z )=Y (z )/ X (z ) defines the impulse response (and so the system response), and is called
the transfer function of the system. The inverse z-transform of the transfer function H(z) yields
the impulse response h[n].

2. Zeros and Poles Analysis of a DT-System in Matlab

To find zeros and poles matlab function “tf2zp” can be used
[z p k]=tf2zpk(num,den);
The vectors num and den specify the coefficients of the numerator and denominator
polynomials in descending powers of z.
z, p are vectors of zeros and poles at the output.
And then we can use
zplane(z,p) to plot these zeros and poles. OR
zplane(num,den) can be directly used to plot zeros and poles of a transfer function.
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DSP - Lab National University Roll No: __________
07

Lab #
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
(EL3031) Islamabad Spring 2023
_____________________________________________________________________________________
We can also find the numerator and denominator of transfer function from the zero and poles
by using matlab function “zp2tf”
[Num,Den]=zp2tf(z,p,k) %(z,p,k) are same as the output of tf2zpk
We can also use “pzmap” function to plot poles and zeros of a transfer function
pzmap(num, den) OR pzmap(p,z)

3. Rational Z-transform to partial fraction form

When taking inverse z-transform it is most convenient that the transfer function be in partial
fraction form. To convert from rational z-transform to partial fraction form MATLAB
“residuez” function can be used.
Example,

num = [0 1 0]; den = [3 -4 1];

[r,p,k] = residuez(num,den)

r1 =0.5000; r2=-0.5000 ; p1 =1.0000; p2=0.3333; k=0;

We can also use “residuez” function to compute numerator and denominator of transfer
function given the zeros, poles and gain residues, poles, and direct terms.
[num,den]=residuez(r,p,k)

Task#1:
Express the following z-transform in factored form by finding its zeros and poles , plot its poles
and zeros,and then determine its ROCs. If it is unstable then find its impulse response using
“impz” function.

2z4+16z3+44z2+56z+32
G(z)= --------------------------------
3z4+3z3-15z2+18z-12
Task#2:
Determine the rational z-transform from its zero and pole locations. The zeros are at z1=0.21,
z2=3.14, z3=-0.3+j0.5, z4=-0.3-j0.5; the poles are at p1=-0.45, p2=0.67, p3=0.81+j0.72, p4=0.81-
j0.72; and the gain constant k is2.2.

Task#3:
Determine the partial fraction expansion of the z-transform G(z) using Matlab and write it in
expanded form Y(z)
18z3
G(z)= ------------------
18z3+3z2-4z-1

Task#4:
Determine the rational form of z-transform from its partial-fraction expansion representation Y(z)
it is the inverse of above question.

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DSP - Lab National University Roll No: __________
07

Lab #
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
(EL3031) Islamabad Spring 2023
_____________________________________________________________________________________

4. Transfer Function and Frequency Response

The z-transform of the impulse response sequence {h[n]} of an LTI discrete-time system
is its transfer function H(z) . If the ROC of H(z) includes the unit circle, as it does in the
case of a stable system, then H(z) evaluated on the unit circle, that is, for z=e jω, is the
frequency response H(e jω) of the system.
An LTI system is only stable if its ROC includes the unit circle.

Task#05:
a) Find the transfer function H(z) of following causal(right-sided)IIR system using “tf”
function.
y [ n ] −0.5 y [ n−1 ] +0.7 y [ n−2 ] =0.15 x [n ]−0.15 x [n−2]
b) Find poles and zeros of above computed transfer function and plot these using “zplane”
command.
c) Find ROC of above systems and tell wheteher it is stable or not?
d) If it is stable then find its frequency response using “freqz” function and plot it its
magnitude and phase response.

Task#6(a):
Determine the first 11 coefficients of the inverse z-transform of the given equation H(z)
using impz function,

1+2.0z-1
H(z)=------------------------
1+0.4z-1-0.12z-2

Task#6(b):
Determine the first 11 coefficients of the inverse z-transform of the given equation H(z) using
filter() function,
1+2.0z -1
H(z)=------------------------
1+0.4z-1-0.12z-2

Task#7:
Using MATLAB compute and plot the group delay of the causal LTI discrete-time system with a
transfer function given by
−1 −2 −3
z −1.2 z + z
H ( z )= −1 −2 −3
1−1.3 z +1.04 z −0.222 z
HINT: Use the “grpdelay” function.

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DSP - Lab National University Roll No: __________
07

Lab #
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
(EL3031) Islamabad Spring 2023
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Student's feedback: Purpose of feedback is to know the strengths and weaknesses of the system
for future improvements. This feedback is for the 'current lab session'. Circle your choice:

[-3 = Extremely Poor, -2 = Very Poor, -1 = Poor, 0 = Average, 1 = Good, 2 = Very Good, 3 = Excellent]:
The following table should describe your experience with:
S# Field Rating Describe in words if required
1 Overall Session -
-2 -1 0 1 2 3
3
2 Lab Instructor -
-2 -1 0 1 2 3
3
3 Lab Staff -
-2 -1 0 1 2 3
3
4 Equipment -
-2 -1 0 1 2 3
3
5 Atmosphere -
-2 -1 0 1 2 3
3

Any other valuable feedback: ______________________________________________________

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Student's Signature: _________________________________

AWARDED

Correctness

Conclusion
Originality
of results

Initiative
Neatness
MARKS

Attitude

TOTAL

TOTAL 10 10 10 20 20 30 100

EARNED

Lab Instructor's Comments:________________________________________________________

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DSP - Lab National University Roll No: __________
07

Lab #
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
(EL3031) Islamabad Spring 2023
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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Lab Instructor's Signature: _________________________________

Assessment Rubric
LLO Statement Assessment Exemplary Proficient Developing Beginning Worst
Method (20%) (20%) (20%) (20%) Performance
(20%)
1 Analysis of Practical Skill Able to attempt Able to attempt Able to attempt Able to attempt Able to attempt
discrete-time Observation complete lab with 80% of the lab 60% of the lab 40% of the lab 20% of the lab
signals and during proper tasks tasks tasks tasks
verifying their experimentati labeling/explanatio
properties i.e. on & Lab n of results and
Discrete Fourier Reports proper commenting
Transform of the code
(DFT), Discrete
Time Fourier
Transform
(DTFT) using
MATLAB.

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