FLOWERS

• CALYX - Sepals
• COROLLA – Petals
• ANDROECIUM - Stamens
• GYNOECIUM – Carpels
*PERIANTH – Composed of calyx and corolla (Tepals)
*Receptacle – Thalamus, the axis of the flower

Complete Flower – All four whorls are present.

Incomplete Flower – One or more floral whorl is absent.

FLOWER SEXUALITY
• BISEXUAL (Perfect) – Bearing both stamens and carpels.
• UNISEXUAL (Imperfect) – Bearing either stamens or carpels.
o Staminate – Bearing stamens only.
o Pistillate – Bearing carpels only.
o Dioecious – Male and female flowers on different plant.
o Monoecious – Male and female flower on the same plant
o Polygamous – Male, female and bisexual flower on the same plant.

FLORAL SYMMETRY
• ACTINOMORPHIC – Can be divided into equal halves when cut along any vertical plane.
• ZYGOMORPHIC - Asymmetrical flower, which may be divided into equal halves by one or more but not all vertical planes.

FLORAL ARRANGEMENT
• PENTAMEROUS - Five members in each floral whorl (excluding stamens and carpels), typical of dicots.
• TETRAMEROUS - Four members in each floral whorl, as in crucifers.
• TRIMEROUS - Three members in each floral whorl, as in monocots.
• CYCLIC (tetracyclic) - Calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium in four separate whorls.
• SPIROCYCLIC - Calyx and corolla cyclic but stamens and carpels spirally arranged, as in Ranunculaceae.
FLORAL INSERTION
• HYPOGYNOUS - The floral parts are inserted below the ovary. The ovary in this case is superior and other floral whorls inferior. There is
no hypanthium.

• PERIGYNOUS - The thalamus is depressed and forms either a saucer-shaped, cup-shaped or flask-shaped hypanthium (free from ovary),
ovary is lower than the other whorls.
o semi-inferior. The ovary may sometimes be partially immersed.

• EPIGYNOUS - the hypanthium is fused with the ovary and is obviously inferior to other floral whorls which are superior.

BRACTS
• EBRACTEATE - Bract absent.
• BRACTEATE - Flower in the axil of a bract.
• BRACTEOLATE - Bracteoles present on pedicel.
PEDICEL
• SESSILE - Pedicel absent.
• SUBSESSILE - Pedicel much shorter, often shorter than flower.
• PEDICELLATE - Pedicel distinct, often longer than flower.
PARTS OF THE FLOWER:

1. CALYX (group or individual sepals)

Polysepalous – Free sepals
Gamosepalous – United sepals

CAMPANULATE – Bell-shaped TUBULAR – Tube-like URCEOLATE – Urn-shaped BILABIATE– Two-lipped

SEPALS DURATION:
• Caducous: Falling just after opening of flowers.
• Deciduous: Falling along with petals in mature flower.
• Persistent: Persisting in fruit.
• Accrescent: Persisting and enlarging in fruit.

SEPALS ARRANGEMENT: (Aestivation)

• Valvate: Margins of sepals or calyx lobes not overlapping.

• Twisted: Overlapping in regular pattern, with one margin of each sepal overlapping and other being overlapped.
• Imbricate: With irregular overlapping.

• Quincuncial imbricate: two sepals are with both margins outer, two with both margins inner, and fifth with one outer and one inner
margin.
 2. COROLLA (Group of individual petals)
5—typical on dicots, 3—typical of monocots. Bilabiate corolla may be 4/1 or 2/3.
Polypetalous - Free petals.

Gamopetalous – United petals.

ROTATE – tube very short with large INFUNDIBULIFORM – Funnel- SALVERFORM - Salver-
lobes spreading out at right angle to the shaped, hypocrateriform
shaped
tube-like spokes of a wheel.

SPECIALIZED TYPES: spur

vexillum

wings

kneel

CRUCIFORM—four free CARYOPHYLLACEOUS— ROSACEOUS—five sessile PAPILIONACEOUS - single large posterior CALCARATE - the base may
petals arranged in the five free clawed petals petals with limbs petal (vexillum), two lateral petals be produced into a tube-like
form of a cross with limb at right angles spreading outwards (wings), two anterior petals slightly structure known as spur
to the claw united to form keel
CORONATE - additional whorl generally
attached to the throat of the corolla

SACCATE - Petals GALEATE – Corolla is

CAROLLINE CORONA– STAMINAL CORONA– CALCEOLATE- Petal is shoe
additional whorl generally generally attached to the bearing a small pouch hooded or helmeted
or slipper-like
attached to the appendages from stamens
appendages from perianth
 STAMEN POSITION:
*PERIANTH (flowers lacking distinct calyx and corolla)
Polyphyllous -Tepals are free
Gamophyllous – Tepals are united.
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3. ANDROECIUM (Stamen)

INCLUDED: Stamens are shorter EXSERTED: Stamens protruding

Each stamen has an anther than the corolla far beyond the petals
typically tetrasporangiate with
two anther sacs
(microsporangia) in each of
the two anther lobes, carried
on a filament.

INTRORSE: Slits of the anther EXTRORSE: Slits of the anther

facing towards the center facing towards outside

STAMEN DEVELOPMENTAL PATTERN: STAMEN EXTENSIONS:

ANDROPHORE: Extension of GYNOSTEGIUM: Structure formed

CENTRIFUGAL: Developing from CENTRIPETAL: Developing
thalamus bearing stamens by the fusion of stamens with the
center towards the periphery, so from the outside to the inside
stigmatic disc
that the oldest flowers are so that the oldest stamens are
towards the center. towards the periphery.

GYNOSTEMIUM: Structure
formed by fusion of stamens with
gynoecium
TYPES OF UNITED STAMEN:

POLYANDROUS: Stamens POLYADELPHOUS: EPIPETALOUS: Filaments EPIPHYLLOUS

free throughout Filaments united in more attached to the petals (epitepalous): Filaments
than two groups attached to the perianth.

MONADELPHOUS: DIADELPHOUS: Filaments SYNGENESIOUS SYNANDROUS: Stamens

Filaments of all stamens of stamens united in two (synantherous): Filaments free fused completely through
united in a single group groups but anthers connate into a tube filaments as well as
anthers
STAMEN POSITION:

UNISERIATE – Arrange in one row BISERIATE – Arrange in two rows

DIPLOSTEMONOUS: OBDIPLOSTEMONOUS:
ANTIPETALOUS: Stamens ANTISEPALOUS: Stamens Stamens in two whorls, Stamens in two whorls but
opposite the petals, alternate the petals, the outer whorl outer whorl opposite the
alternating with petals petals

STAMEN LENGTH:

DIDYNAMOUS: Four TETRADYNAMOUS: Six HETEROSTEMONOUS:

stamens, two shorter and stamens, two shorter in Same flower with stamens
two longer outer whorl and four of different sizes
longer in inner whorl
ANTHER-FILAMENT ATTACHMENT:

ADNATE: Filament BASIFIXED: The filament DORSIFIXED: Filament attached VERSATILE: Filament attached
continues into connective ends at the base of anther on the connective above the nearly at the middle of
which is almost as broad or at least base of base. The resultant anther is connective so that anther can
connective somewhat inclined swing freely

ANTHER TYPES:

MONOTHECOUS: Stamen BITHECOUS: Stamen with two

with single anther lobe so anther lobes so that anther is
that mature anther is single- two-celled at maturity.

ANTHER DEHISCENE: (formation of sutures along the point of contact of two anther sacs)

LONGITUDINAL: The two TRANSVERSE: Suture placed PORICIDAL (apical pores): VALVULAR: Portions of
sutures extend longitudinally, transversely Anther opening by pores at anther wall opening through
one on each anther lobe the tip of anther flaps or valves
4.GYNOECIUM (collection of carpels in a flower)
CARPELS – Components of gynoecium (stigma, style, ovary, ovules)
PISTIL – represents the visible units.

A flower having more than one separate pistil would have as many carpels, which are free. On the other hand, if the pistil is one, there could
either be one carpel, or more than one fused carpel.

Number of placental chambers is equal to the number of united carpels.

• Monocarpellary – one carpel
• Bicarpellary – two carpels
• Tricarpellary – three carpels
• Tetracarpellary – four carpels
• Pentacarpellary – five carpels
• Multicarpellary – more than five carpels

Number of chambers are represented by:

• Unilocular – 1 locule
• Bilocular – 2 locules
• Trilocular – 3 locules
• Tetralocular – 4 locules
• Pentalocular –5 locules
• Multilocular – More than five locules

CARPEL FUSION:

APOCARPOUS: Carpels are SYNCARPOUS: Carpels are SYNOVARIOUS: Ovary is SYNSTYLOVARIOUS: Ovary
free united, at least ovaries are united, free styles and style are united
fused
 STYLE AND STIGMA

SIMPLE: Single style or stigma BIFID: Style or stigma divided TERMINAL STYLE: Arising GYNOBASIC STYLE: Arising CAPITATE: Stigma appearing
resulting from single carpel or into two from the tip of ovary, the from central base of the like a head
fused styles or stigmas. most common type ovary

LATERAL STYLE: Style arising STYLAR BEAK: Persistent style, PISTILLODE: Sterile pistil, RADIATE STIGMA: Sessile disc STYLOPODIUM: Swollen basal
from the side of the ovary extended into a long beak devoid of any fertile ovules like with radiating branches part of style surrounded by
nectary persisting in fruit of
umbellifers.

SESSILE STIGMA: Seated DISCOID STIGMA: Disc-shaped GLOBOSE STIGMA: Stigma PLUMOSE STIGMA: Feathery
directly on ovary stigma. spherical in shape. stigma with trichome-like
branches
PLACENTATION (refers to the distribution of placentae on the ovary wall and, consequently, the arrangement of ovules)

MARGINAL: Single chambered PARIETAL: Single chambered PARIETAL-AXILE: ovary later PARIETAL-SEPTATE: the
ovary with single placental ovary with more than one becomes bilocular due to the ovules arise from inner ovary
line commonly with single row discrete placental lines formation of a false septum walls of septate ovary
of ovules

FALSE-AXILE: the three AXILE: Ovary more than one FREE-CENTRAL: Ovary single BASAL: ovary single
parietal placentae intrude into chambered and placentae chambered, ovules borne chambered, with single ovule
ovary cavity and often meet in along the axis along the central column at the base
the center

SUPERFICIAL: Multilocular
ovary with whole inner wall of
ovary lined with placentae
 OVULES
HEMIANATROPOUS (hemitropous): Body half-
ANATROPOUS: Inverted ovule with
inverted so that funiculus is attached near
micropyle facing and closer to
middle with micropyle terminal and at right
funiculus
angles.

BITEGMIC: Ovule with two integuments, UNITEGMIC: Ovule with single

common in polypetalous dicots integument, common in sympetalous
dicots.

FUNICULUS – Attachment of megasporangia to the placenta.

HILUM – Joins the ovule and funiculus.
CHALAZA – Base of the ovule.
MICROPYLE – Tip of the ovule.
INTEGUMENTS – Envelops the nucellus.
CRASSINUCELLATE: Ovule with massive TENUINUCELLATE: Ovule with thin layer
TYPES OF OVULES:
nucellus, found in primitive polypetalous of nucellus, as in sympetalous dicots.
dicots.

ORTHOTROPOUS (atropous): CIRCINOTROPOUS: Funiculus very AMPHITROPOUS: Ovule placed at CAMPYLOTROPOUS: Curved ovule so
Straight erect ovule with funiculus, long and surrounding the ovule right angles to the funiculus that micropyle is closer to chalaza
chalaza and micropyle in one line
 INFLORESCENCE - is a modified shoot system bearing flowers, refers to the arrangement of flowers on the plant.
• SOLITARY AXILLARY – Flowers occur singly in leaf axils.
• SOLITARY TERMINAL – Flower borne singly in the terminal on the stem.

PEDUNCLE – Leaf-less axis inflorescence arising from the aerial stem.

SCAPE – Leaf-less axis inflorescence arising from the basal rosette of leaves.

RACEMOSE TYPES (Polytelic) - inflorescence the axis is unlimited growth. Bearing oldest flower towards the base and youngest towards
the top.

RACEME: A single PANICLE: Branched raceme, SPIKE: Similar to SPADIX: Variation of a spike CORYMB: Flat-topped racemose
(unbranched) axis bearing the flowers being borne on the raceme but with sessile where the axis is fleshy and the inflorescence with longer lower
flowers on distinct pedicels branches of the main axis flowers flowers are covered by a large pedicels and shorter upper
bract known as spathe pedicels so that all flowers reach
the same level

CORYMBOSE-RACEME: CATKIN (ament): A spike-like UMBEL: Flowers arising HEAD: Flat-topped axis CAPITULUM: Flat-topped inflorescence
Intermediate between a inflorescence of reduced from one point due to bearing crowded sessile like head but with distinct ray florets
typical raceme and a typical unisexual flowers condensation of axis, with flowers and disc florets surrounded by
corymb, all flowers not oldest flowers towards the involucre bracts (phyllaries)
managing to reach the same periphery and youngest
height towards the center
 CYMOSE TYPES (Monotelic) - the main axis has limited growth, each level of branching bears one flower, the oldest flower is either in
the center, or flowers of different ages are mixed up.

Monochasial (Uniparous) cyme: One branch arising at each node so

that when the sympodial (false) axis differentiates, a limited number of
bract-opposed flowers are formed.

DICHASIAL (Biparous) cyme: Two

branches arising below the apical flower
at each level so that the flower is
HELICOID CYME: Successive SCORPIOID CYME: Successive between the fork of two branches
branches are borne on same branches are borne on
side so that the inflorescence is alternate sides.
often coiled

CYMOSE CLUSTER: Cymose group of CYMOSE UMBEL: Looking like an umbel

POLYCHASIAL (multiparous) cyme: More flowers arising from a point due to but formed by grouping together of
than two branches arising at each node numerous cymes so that the flowers of
reduction of axis.
below the terminal flower so that a broad different ages are mixed up
inflorescence of several flowers is formed
 *SPECIALIZED TYPES:

CYATHIUM: Cup-shaped involucre usually VERTICILLASTER: Each node of the HYPANTHODIUM: Typical inflorescence
carrying five nectaries along the rim and inflorescence bears two opposite clusters of figs having vessel like receptacle with a
enclosing numerous male flowers in axils of dichasial cymes, subsequently small opening at the top and bearing
of bracts and single female flower in the becoming monochasial as the number of flowers along the inner wall.
center. flowers in each cluster exceeds three.

THYRSE: A mixed inflorescence with

racemose main axis but with cymose
lateral clusters as seen in grape vine.
FRUITS (A fruit is a matured and ripened ovary)

LOMENTUM: Modified legume, which

LEGUME OR POD: Fruit developing like
splits transversely at constrictions into
PERICARP – forms from the ovary wall. follicle from monocarpellary superior
one- or many-seeded segments
• EXOCARP – Outer layer, fruit wall ovary but dehiscing along two sutures
• MESOCARP – Middle layer
• ENDOCARP – Inner layer
SEED – Harden ovules

SIMPLE FRUITS
- A single fruit develops from a flower having a single carpel
or several united carpels so that the flower has a single ovary.

• DEHISCENT FRUITS - generally dry and burst along

the suture to release their seeds.
SILIQUA: Fruit developing from bicarpellary SILICULA: Fruit similar to siliqua but
syncarpous superior ovary, dehisces along both shorter and broader, less than three
sutures from the base upwards, valves times longer than broad
separating from septum and seeds remaining
attached to the rim

FOLLICLE: Fruit developing from superior

monocarpellary ovary and dehiscing along
one suture
SIMPLE FRUITS (DEHISCENT FRUITS)
CAPSULE: Fruit developing from syncarpous ovary and dehiscing in a variety of ways

CIRCUMSCISSILE (pyxis):
PORICIDAL: Dehiscence through DENTICIDAL: Capsule opening at
Dehiscence transverse so that top
terminal pores top exposing a number of teeth
comes off as a lid or operculum

SEPTICIDAL: Capsule splitting along LOCULICIDAL: Capsule splitting SEPTIFRAGAL: Capsule splitting so
septa and valves remaining along locules and valves remaining that valves fall off leaving seeds
attached to septa attached to septa attached to central axis
 SIMPLE FRUITS

• SCHIZOCARPIC FRUITS - instead of dehiscing, rather splits into number of segments, each containing one or more seeds.

CREMOCARP: Fruit developing

CARCERULUS: Fruit developing DOUBLE SAMARA: Fruit developing DOUBLE SAMARA: Fruit developing
from bicarpellary syncarpous
from bicarpellary syncarpous from syncarpous ovary, two or four from multicarpellary syncarpous
inferior ovary and splitting into
superior ovary and splitting into chambered, pericarp of each chamber ovary and splitting into one-seeded
two one seeded segments known
four one seeded segments known forming a wing, fruit splitting into one- cocci.
as mericarps
as nutlets seeded winged segments as in maple

• INDEHISCENT FRUITS - Such fruits do not split open at maturity.

Fleshy Indehiscent Fruits - Such fruits have fleshy and juicy pericarp even at maturity.
Dry Indehiscent Fruits - Such fruits have dry pericarp at maturity. • DRUPE: Fruit with usually skinny epicarp, fibrous or juicy mesocarp and hard
stony endocarp, enclosing single seed, as seen in mango, plums and
• ACHENE: Single seeded dry fruit developing from a single carpel with
coconut.
superior ovary. Fruit wall is free from seed coat, as in family
• BERRY: Fruit with uniformly fleshy pericarp with numerous seeds inside, as
Ranunculaceae. seen in Solanum, tomato and brinjal.
• CYPSELA: Single seeded dry fruit, similar to (and often named • PEPO: Fruit formed from inferior ovary of cucurbits with epicarp forming
achene) but developing from bicarpellary syncarpous inferior ovary, tough rind.
as in family Asteraceae. • HESPERIDIUM: Fruit developing from superior ovary with axile placentation,
• CARYOPSIS: Fruit similar to above two but fruit wall fused with seed epicarp and mesocarp forming common rind and endocarp produced inside
coat as seen in grasses. into juice vesicles, as seen in citrus fruits.
• NUT: One-seeded, generally large fruit developing from • POME: Fruit developing from inferior ovary, an example of accessory (false)
fruit, wherein fleshy part is formed by thalamus and cartilaginous pericarp
multicarpellary ovary and with hard woody or bony pericarp, as seen
is inside, as seen in apple.
in Quercus and Litchi.
• BALAUSTA: Fruit developing from inferior ovary, pericarp tough and
• UTRICLE: Similar to nut but with papery often inflated pericarp as in leathery, seeds attached irregularly, succulent testa being edible, as seen in
Chenopodium. pomegranate.
AGGREGATE FRUITS - develop from multi-carpellary apocarpous ovary. Each ovary forms a fruitlet, and the collection of fruitlets is known as
etaerio. Common examples are etaerio of achenes in Ranunculaceae, etaerio of follicles in Calotropis, etaerio of drupes in raspberry (Rubus) and
etaerio of berries in Polyalthia.

MULTIPLE (COMPOSITE) FRUITS - A multiple fruit involves ovaries of more than one flower, commonly the whole inflorescence.
• SOROSIS: Composite fruit develops from the whole inflorescence and floral parts become edible, as seen in Morus.
• SYCONIUM (syconus): Fruit developing from hypanthodium inflorescence of figs. There is a collection of achenes borne on the inside of
fleshy hollow receptacle.
PTERIDOPHYTES – the seedless vascular plants, lacking seed habit and absence of pollen tube, spores developing freely into gametophytes.
PTERIDOPHYTES CLASSIFICATION:

Division: Tracheophyta- vascular plants

LYCOPODIOPHYTES (LYCOPHYTES), FILICOPHYTA

• Lycopodiaceae – Club mosses
• Selaginellaceae – Selaginella, Spike moss
• Isoetaceae – Isoetes/ Quillworts

EUPHYLLOPHYTES, MONILOPHYTES – Ferns

Class: Psilotopsida
Order: Ophioglossales – Family: Ophioglossaceae (Adder’s-tongue)
Psilotales – Family: Psilotaceae (Whisk Fern)

Class: Equisetopsida
Order: Equisetales – Family: Equisetaceae (Horsetail)

Class: Marattiopsida
Order: Marattiales – Family: Marattiaceae

Class: Pteridopsida
Order: Osmundales – Family: Osmundaceae (Royal Fern)
Hymenophyllales - Family: Hymenophyllaceae
Gleicheniales – Family: Gleicheniaceae, Dipteridaceae, Matoniaceae
Schizaeales – Family: Lygodiaceae, Anemiaceae, Schizaeaceae

Order: Salviniales
Family: Marsileaceae (Water-Clover), Salviniaceae (Mosquito-fern)
Genus: Cyatheales – Species: Cyatheaceae (Scaly Tree-fern)
Genus: Polypodiales – Species: Pteridaceae (Maidenhair Fern), Aspleniaceae (Spleenwort), Dryopteridaceae (Wood
Fern), Polypodiaceae (Polypod)
Ferns – vascular plants that have alternation of generations
• Mostly creeping, erect, subterranean, and fleshy
• Roots are wiry to fleshy
• Prominent sporophyte – Reproduces asexually by spores
• Gametophyte (prothallium) – Reproduces sexually, rise from spore germination that develops into sporophyte
• Prothallium – free-living, green, cordate-shaped bearing antheridia (male sex organ) and archegonia (female sex organ) on lower
surface
• Fronds – leaves of fern
• Stipe – stalk of the frond
• Pinnae – First division of the blade in compound leaves
• Pinnules – Ultimate division of the blade in compound leaves
• Rachis – prolongation of the stipe, where pinnae are attached
• Dimorphous – plant posses two kinds of leaves
• Circinate – Coiling of the leaf during development, lower surface grows faster than the upper
• Sori – dot-like organs on the lower surface or margin of fronds, bears the sporangia (contains the spores)
• Annulus – Ring of thickened tissue that surrounds the sori.
• Indusium – Thin, persistent organ that protects the sori. When present (indusiate), when absent (exindusiate)
• Microspores (smaller spores), Macrospores (larger spores)
• Heterosporous – bears two kinds of spores
• Homosporous – bears one kind of spores.
GYMNOSPERMS
• characterized by naked seeds (gymno- naked, sperms- seeds)
• absence of vessels (except Gnetopsids)
• endosperm formation independent of fertilization, resulting in halploid endosperm (absence of double fertilization)
• absence of sieve tubes and companion cells.
• have well-developed tap root system
• Leaves lack lateral veins, but are compensated by transfusion tissue.
• Sporangia are heterosporous, microsporangia and megasporangia borne on microsporophylls and megasporophylls.
• microspores arranged in tetrads
• Microsporangium (microspore) develops wall to become a pollen grain.
• Megasporangium (ovule) develops a single megaspore mother cell, surrounded by nucellus and integument, with an opening known as
micropyle, at the end of integument.

Gymnosperms Classification:

Division: Pinophyta
Order:
Cycadales
Family: Cycadaceae (Cycad)
Zamiaceae (Coontie)
Ginkgoales
Family: Ginkgoaceae (Maidenhair Tree)
Coniferales
Family: Pinaceae (Pine)
Cupressaceae (Cypress)
Podocarpaceae (Podocarp)
Araucariaceae (Monkey-puzzle tree)
Taxaceae (Yew)
Gnetales
Family:
Ephedraceae (Joint Fir)
Gnetaceae (Gnetum)
Welwitschiaceae (Welwitschia)
ANGIOSPERMS (Flowering Plants)
• carpels enclosing the ovules
• pollen grains germinating on the stigma
• sieve tubes with companion cells
• double fertilization resulting in triploid endosperm
• highly reduced male and female gametophytes
• flower typically is a hermaphrodite structure with carpels surrounded by stamens and the latter by petals and sepals
• insect pollination prevails
• Arbuscular mycorrhizae are also unique to angiosperms (except Amborellaceae, Nymphaeales and Austrobaileyales).
• vessel elements typically possess scalariform perforations.

Monocots - arose from vesselless dicots. Largely believed that evolved from dicots monophyletically.