Define magnetic flux density

and its unit?

Definition:
Magnetic flux density is the amount of magnetic field (magnetic flux) passing through a unit area, perpendicular to the
field.

Unit:
Its unit is Tesla (T).

Formula:
Magnetic flux density (B) = Magnetic flux (Φ) / Area (A)

An alternating current I is
given by: I = 141.4 sin 314 t
Find R.M.S and average value of current
Given:
I = 141.4 sin(314t)

1. R.M.S (Root Mean Square) value of current:

Formula: I_RMS = I_max / sqrt(2)

I_max = 141.4
Calculation:
I_RMS = 141.4 / sqrt(2) = 100 A

2. Average value of current (for one half-cycle):

Formula: I_avg = (2 * I_max) / π

Calculation:
I_avg = (2 * 141.4) / π = 90 A

Final Answer:
 R.M.S value = 100 A
Average value = 90 A

Explain the working principle

and construction of
Transformer
Working Principle of Transformer

A transformer works on the principle of mutual induction.

When an alternating current passes through the primary coil, it generates a changing magnetic field around it.
This changing magnetic field is transferred through the core to the secondary coil.
According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, this induces a voltage in the secondary coil.
The voltage induced depends on the ratio of turns in the primary and secondary coils.

Construction of Transformer

1. Core:

Made of laminated iron sheets to reduce eddy current losses.

Provides a low-resistance path for the magnetic flux.

2. Primary Coil:

Wound around the core.

Connected to the AC input source.
Creates the magnetic field when current flows.

3. Secondary Coil:

Also wound around the core.

Connected to the output load.
Receives the induced voltage from the magnetic flux.

4. Insulation:

Separates the coils and prevents electrical contact.

Types of Transformers

1. Step-up Transformer:
Increases voltage (secondary coil has more turns than primary).
2. Step-down Transformer:
Decreases voltage (primary coil has more turns than secondary).

Key Points

A transformer only works with AC (alternating current).

It is highly efficient and widely used in power systems for voltage conversion.

State and explain Kirchhoff's

law with suitable example
Kirchhoff's Laws
1. Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)

Statement: The sum of currents entering a junction is equal to the sum of currents leaving the junction.
Formula:
ΣI_in = ΣI_out

Example:
At a junction:

Current entering: I₁ = 5A, I₂ = 3A

Current leaving: I₃ = 8A
Verification: I₁ + I₂ = I₃, i.e., 5 + 3 = 8.

2. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

Statement: The sum of all voltages in a closed loop is zero.

Formula:
ΣV = 0

Example:
In a closed loop:

Voltage sources: V₁ = 10V, V₂ = 5V

Voltage drops: V₃ = 12V, V₄ = 3V
Verification: V₁ + V₂ - V₃ - V₄ = 0, i.e., 10 + 5 - 12 - 3 = 0.

Key Points
KCL is based on conservation of charge.
 KVL is based on conservation of energy.

Analyze a series RLC circuit

connected across an AC
supply of 50 Hz to derive the
expression of impedance and
power factor and also derive
the expression for resonant
frequency.
Here's a simple and structured explanation for analyzing a series RLC circuit connected across an AC supply of 50 Hz. I’ll
keep it clear and concise for easy understanding:

1. Series RLC Circuit Overview

A series RLC circuit consists of:

R = Resistance (measured in ohms)

L = Inductance (measured in henries)
C = Capacitance (measured in farads)

The circuit is connected to an AC supply of frequency f = 50 Hz.

2. Impedance of the Circuit

The total opposition to the flow of current in the circuit is called impedance (Z). Impedance is a combination of
resistance, inductive reactance (XL), and capacitive reactance (XC).

Inductive Reactance (XL): XL = 2πfL

Capacitive Reactance (XC): XC = 1 / (2πfC)
 The total impedance (Z) in a series circuit is given by:

Z = √(R² + (XL - XC)²)

Where:

R is the resistance
XL is the inductive reactance
XC is the capacitive reactance

3. Power Factor (PF)

The power factor is the ratio of real power (P) to apparent power (S). It shows how much of the total power is actually
used for useful work.

Power factor is given by:

PF = cos(ϕ)

Where ϕ is the phase angle between the voltage and the current. The phase angle ϕ is determined as:

ϕ = tan⁻¹((XL - XC) / R)

4. Resonant Frequency (f₀)

Resonance occurs when the inductive reactance (XL) equals the capacitive reactance (XC), and the impedance of the
circuit becomes purely resistive (Z = R).

At resonance, we have:

XL = XC
2πf₀L = 1 / (2πf₀C)

Solving for f₀, the resonant frequency:

f₀ = 1 / (2π√(LC))

So, the resonant frequency is the frequency at which the circuit naturally oscillates with minimum impedance.

Conclusion
Impedance: Z = √(R² + (XL - XC)²)
 Power Factor: PF = cos(ϕ) where ϕ = tan⁻¹((XL - XC) / R)
Resonant Frequency: f₀ = 1 / (2π√(LC))

This covers the basic analysis of a series RLC circuit across an AC supply.

a) Derive the necessary

equation for converting Delta
network into an equivalent
Star network
Here’s a simple, structured explanation for converting a Delta (Δ) network into an equivalent Star (Y) network. This
explanation is clear and easy to understand.

1. Delta Network (Δ)

In a Delta network, there are three resistors connected in a triangular shape:

R₁ (between A and B)
R₂ (between B and C)
R₃ (between C and A)

2. Star Network (Y)

In a Star network, there are three resistors, each connected from a common central point (O) to each of the three
terminals:

R₁' (between A and O)

R₂' (between B and O)
R₃' (between C and O)

3. Conversion Formula
To convert a Delta network to an equivalent Star network, we use the following formulas:

R₁' = (R₁ * R₂) / (R₁ + R₂ + R₃)

R₂' = (R₂ * R₃) / (R₁ + R₂ + R₃)
R₃' = (R₃ * R₁) / (R₁ + R₂ + R₃)
These equations give us the resistances in the Star network (R₁', R₂', R₃') in terms of the resistances of the Delta network
(R₁, R₂, R₃).

4. Explanation of Conversion
Step 1: Identify the resistors in the Delta network (R₁, R₂, R₃).
Step 2: Use the above formulas to calculate the equivalent resistors (R₁', R₂', R₃') for the Star network.
Step 3: The Star network resistors will give the same total resistance when connected to the same terminals as
the Delta network.

5. Conclusion
Delta to Star Conversion formulas:

R₁' = (R₁ * R₂) / (R₁ + R₂ + R₃)

R₂' = (R₂ * R₃) / (R₁ + R₂ + R₃)
R₃' = (R₃ * R₁) / (R₁ + R₂ + R₃)

These formulas allow us to easily convert a Delta network into its equivalent Star network. The resistances in both
networks will give the same overall behavior in a circuit.

State similarities between

electic and magnetic circuit.
Here’s a simple, structured explanation to state the similarities between electric and magnetic circuits:

1. Definition of Electric and Magnetic Circuits

Electric Circuit: A system where electric current flows through conductors like wires.
Magnetic Circuit: A system where magnetic flux flows through materials like iron or steel.

2. Similarities Between Electric and Magnetic Circuits

1. Both Have a Source

Electric Circuit: The source is a voltage source (like a battery or power supply).
Magnetic Circuit: The source is a magnetizing force (like a battery or coil producing a magnetic field).

2. Both Have Resistance/Reluctance

Electric Circuit: Resistance (R) opposes the flow of current.

 Magnetic Circuit: Reluctance (S) opposes the flow of magnetic flux.

3. Ohm's Law Analogy

Electric Circuit: The relationship is V = I * R, where V is voltage, I is current, and R is resistance.

Magnetic Circuit: The relationship is Φ = F * S, where Φ is magnetic flux, F is magnetizing force, and S is
reluctance.

4. Both Follow the Same Basic Principle

Electric Circuit: Current flows from high potential to low potential.

Magnetic Circuit: Magnetic flux flows from high magnetizing force to low magnetizing force.

5. Both Have a Path

Electric Circuit: The current flows through a conductor.

Magnetic Circuit: The flux flows through a magnetic material.

3. Conclusion
Electric Circuit: Current flows due to voltage and resistance.
Magnetic Circuit: Magnetic flux flows due to magnetizing force and reluctance.

These similarities show that both electric and magnetic circuits are based on the flow of a quantity (current or flux)
through a path, with opposition (resistance or reluctance) to that flow. This comparison should be easy to write in
Obsidian.

OR
Here’s a table summarizing the similarities between electric and magnetic circuits:

Aspect Electric Circuit Magnetic Circuit

Voltage source (e.g., battery
Source Magnetizing force (e.g., current in a coil)
or power supply)
Opposition
Resistance (R) Reluctance (S)
to Flow
V = I * R (Voltage = Current Φ = F * S (Magnetic Flux = Magnetizing
Ohm's Law
× Resistance) Force × Reluctance)
Current flows from high Magnetic flux flows from high magnetizing
Flow
potential to low potential force to low magnetizing force
Current flows through Magnetic flux flows through magnetic
Path
conductors (e.g., wires) materials (e.g., iron)

This table clearly compares the key similarities in an easy-to-read format.