Term Project

CE103
Basic science and its application in
civil engineering

By Group 14
The Role of Science and Technology
in Surveying

Naitik Agarwal
 Optics is used in the working of a total station. It
combines an EDM and a theodolite. It contains a
prism that reflects light and calculates the time
it takes the light to return to measure distances
and angles precisely.

another important surveying procedure

siesmic surveys
Seismic surveys are used to understand subsurface structures by generating seismic
waves, which are captured by a receiver array and recorded by a seismograph. These
waves are categorized into direct, reflected, refracted, and surface waves, helping in
detailed analysis of underground layers. There are three main types of seismic
surveys: refraction, reflection, and surface-wave, each using specific waves and
arrival patterns for subsurface mapping."
 Optics and Electromagnetism .
Applied in the use of modern surveying tools like
Total Stations, which use electromagnetic waves
to measure distances accurately

A total station is a surveying instrument that

combines an electronic distance meter (EDM)
and an electronic theodolite to measure angles
and distances
Total station uses a prism, allowing it to accurately
measure distances by calculating the time it takes for
the light to return to the device. This technology is
essential in surveying and construction, providing
precise data for mapping and layout tasks.

Naitik Agarwal
 Geology
Knowledge of the Earth’s crust, soil types, and rock formations is critical for
selecting appropriate foundation types and managing natural hazards like
landslides and earthquakes.

A seismic source-such as a
sledgehammer is used to generate
seismic waves, sensed by receivers
deployed along with a preset geometry
(called receiver array), and then
recorded by a digital device called a
seismograph. Based on a typical
propagation mechanism used in a
seismic survey, seismic waves are
grouped primarily into direct, reflected,
refracted, and surface waves. Naitik Agarwal
 Geology
There are three major
types of seismic
surveys: refraction,
reflection, and surface-
wave depending on the
specific type of waves
being utilized. Each
type of seismic survey
utilizes a specific type
of wave (for example,
reflected waves for
reflection survey) and
its specific arrival
pattern on a
multichannel record
Naitik Agarwal
 Thermodynamics
Civil engineers use principles of heat transfer to manage the indoor
environment, ensuring energy-efficient heating, cooling systems and to
adopt sustainable practices.

By choosing materials with lower

thermal conductivity or adding
insulation, engineers minimize heat loss
in winter or heat gain in summer.

Civil engineers design efficient heating, air ventilation, and cooling

systems; incorporate shading devices, reflective materials, and
proper window placement to enhance occupant comfort.
 Thermodynamics
Thermal expansion and creep are essential considerations in civil engineering for
maintaining structural stability. Materials like steel and concrete expand with heat
and contract with cooling, necessitating expansion joints in structures like bridges to
accommodate these shifts. Creep, or gradual deformation under stress, also requires
careful planning to ensure long-term durability.

In fire safety, thermodynamics guides material

selection for fire resistance, focusing on
properties like thermal conductivity and heat
capacity. Engineers design ventilation systems
to control smoke and heat spread during fires,
ensuring safe evacuation routes and reducing
potential damage.
 Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics plays a key role in energy-
efficient and sustainable building design,
enabling techniques like passive solar heating,
heat recovery systems, and geothermal energy
use, which leverage natural temperature
regulation and reduce energy consumption.

In water and wastewater treatment, thermodynamics helps manage energy

balance and mitigate thermal pollution, protecting aquatic environments. It
also optimizes energy conversion in hydroelectric dams, enhancing
efficiency in power generation.
Basic science and its applications in Transportation
Engineering

Tarun Kadam
 Mechanics in Elevation of Roads
Civil Engineers use many basic principles of mechanics
during the course of constructing transportation
infrastructures like roads,highways,mountain passes
etc.Force analysis is extensively used in this domain.

The concepts of free body diagram and force equations are used to
determine the angle of tilt of a elevated road on one side where the
vehicle follows a circular motion. We also try to judge the safe end limits
of vehicle speed in real time scenarios.
Tarun Kadam
 Mathematics in Widening
We confront situations where sharp turns are needed
to be constructed in hilly terrains at a high altitude.Civil
Engineers determine the extra mechanical widening to
be provided to the curves either at the outer periphery
or inner periphery or both.This is done especially for
the big and heavily loaded vehicles which have a large
wheelbase.In such cases, the front wheel follows the
outermost path while the rear wheel follows the
innermost path.In order to determine the safe widening
for curves, basic mathematics and general sense is
used. Tarun Kadam
 Application of Fluid Dynamics
in Civil Engineering

Fluid mechanics focuses on the study of liquids and gases,

including their properties, flow patterns, and the pressure and
forces acting upon them.

Fluid dynamics is essential in numerous civil engineering

applications, spanning from structural design to managing water
resources

Kaushik Ravuthu
 Fluid Dynamics in Structural design
Hydraulic Pressure Wind Load
The study of fluid The study of wind loads
pressure is crucial for on buildings, bridges,
designing dams, canals, and other structures,
water supply systems ensuring they can
and other structures that withstand wind forces.
interact with water.
CFD Simulation of Water
Flow in a Pipe

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a computer simulation tool

that analyzes the interaction of fluids (air and water) with objects and
their flow patterns and it is used widely in structural design.
 Other applications of fluid dynamics
Environmental engineering:
It involves the study of groundwater and surface water flow, which is essential for
managing water resources.
It also involves the study of pollutant dispersion in water bodies and the
understanding of sediment movement, both of which are crucial for preventing
contamination.

Coastal engineering:
Study of waves, currents and tides in coastal areas used to build coastal structures
 Mathematics in Civil
Engineering
1} Structural Design
Calculations
2} Construction
Management

Omkar Jadhav
 Structural Design
Calculations
Engineers use calculus, algebra, and differential equations to calculate
forces, stresses, and deflections in structures. These mathematical tools help
in designing safe buildings and bridges by ensuring they can bear the
expected loads without failing.

Applications
In skyscraper design, engineers
use mathematical models to
simulate how wind forces will
affect the building’s structure
and ensure it can withstand these
forces without swaying
excessively.
The Burj Khalifa ; Dubai The Empire State Building ;
New York City
 Construction Management
Mathematical Concepts like Probability, statistics, and
optimization techniques

Project managers use cost estimation

and project scheduling models to
manage budgets and timelines.
Tools like the Critical Path Method
(CPM) and Program Evaluation and
Review Technique (PERT) rely on
probability and statistical models to
optimize resource allocation

Omkar Jadhav
Thank You
VIBRATION AND RESONANCE IN STRUCTURAL
DESIGN
 VIBRATION ANALYSIS
Vibration Analysis involves analyzing how structures respond to vibrations from
wind, traffic, and seismic activity, leading to safer designs.
1. Understanding Structural Vibrations
Structures experience vibrations due to various dynamic loads, such as:
Wind Loads: It affects tall buildings and bridges, thus creating oscillatory
motions.
Traffic Loads: Dynamic forces from vehicles on roads and bridges
induce vibrations.
Seismic Loads: Ground movements during earthquakes cause significant
structural response.

Analysis techniques such as finite element

method and time history analysis are used
to model complex structures and predict
their response to dynamic loads.
Time History Analysis simulates a
structure's response to time-varying loads
and is particularly useful in assessing
earthquake effects.
 RESONANCE
Resonance occurs when the frequency of external forces matches a structure’s
natural frequency, leading to amplified vibrations.
This can significantly increase stress on materials and lead to potential failure if
not managed. For example, the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed due to wind
induced vibrations which matched its natural frequency.

Designing structures to avoid resonance often involves adjusting the natural

frequency through mass and stiffness modifications.
Damping systems (e.g., tuned mass dampers) can be employed to mitigate
resonance effects by dissipating energy.
In seismic engineering, resonance is particularly important. Structures must be
designed to withstand ground motions that can resonate with their natural
frequencies.
Base isolation techniques can help decouple a building from ground vibrations,
reducing the risk of resonance
Environmental chemistry and its application
in civil engineering

Sourav Murmu
Soil Remediation and Contaminated Site
Management
Soil Chemistry Analysis: Environmental chemists
analyze soil contamination levels from pollutants
such as petroleum hydrocarbons, pesticides, and
heavy metals.

Remediation Techniques: Chemical methods, like bioremediation (using

microbes to break down contaminants) or chemical oxidation, help reduce
toxic substances in contaminated soils, making them safe for
construction.

Sourav Murmu
Sustainable Construction Materials

Green Concrete: Using industrial by-products,

such as fly ash or slag, can enhance
concrete's durability and reduce the
environmental impact.

Recycling and Reusing Materials:

Environmental chemistry supports the
development of sustainable materials,
including recycled aggregates, asphalt, and
polymers, reducing waste and resource
depletion.
Sourav Murmu
 Corrosion Control in Infrastructure

Material Selection and Protection: Selecting

materials with inherent corrosion resistance (e.g.,
stainless steel, aluminum, certain plastics, or
composite materials) can reduce corrosion risks.
Galvanization involves coating steel or iron with zinc,
providing sacrificial protection where the zinc corrodes
instead of the underlying metal.

Cathodic Protection: This technique involves

applying electrochemical methods to prevent
corrosion in steel structures, pipelines, and
submerged structures.

Sourav Murmu
Application of chemistry in civil
engineering
 ROLE OF SILICA
The main component of construction
industry is cement. In cement , silica
SiO2 is a major component . silica has
a unique role in formation of
concrete. During the formation of
concrete water reacts with alkali
metal oxides and forms
corresponding hydroxides. These
hydroxides react with silica and
forms a gel like substance. The gel
fills the pores present in concrete
and hence makes it compact and
impermeable.
Silica also increase the durability of
concrete.
PARAM SHILU
ROLE OF ALUMINA
Alumina or Al2O3 is also a major
component in cement.
alumina acts as a protective layer and
hence prevents damage to chemical
attacks to the cement.

Photo of alumina

PARAM SHILU
 Application of Material
science in civil engineering