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c. Biosensors

Biosensors are analytical devices that utilize immobilized biological materials to interact with specific analytes, producing measurable signals. They consist of a biological component and a physical component, with various types including calorimetric, optical, and electrochemical biosensors. Applications range from glucose monitoring in diabetes to environmental detection of contaminants and drug residues.

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4 views

c. Biosensors

Biosensors are analytical devices that utilize immobilized biological materials to interact with specific analytes, producing measurable signals. They consist of a biological component and a physical component, with various types including calorimetric, optical, and electrochemical biosensors. Applications range from glucose monitoring in diabetes to environmental detection of contaminants and drug residues.

Uploaded by

rcpiperproject07
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BIOSENSORS

Biosensor

• Is an analytical device containing an immobilized biological


material (enzyme, antibody, nucleic acid, hormone, organelle or
whole cell) which can specifically interact with an analyte and
produce physical, chemical or electrical signal that can be
measured.
• An analyte is a compound (e.g. Glucose, urea, drug, pesticide)
whose concentration has to be measured.
• Biosensors basically involve the qualitative and quantitative
analysis of various substances by converting their biological
actions into measurable signals.
Principle of Biosensor
• The desired biological material (usually a specific enzyme) is
immobilized by a conventional methods (physical or membrane
entrapment, non-covalent binding or covalent binding).
• This immobilized material is in intimate contact with the
transducer.
• The analyte binds to the biological material to form a bound analyte
which in turn produces the electronic response that can be
measured.
• In some instances, the analyte is converted to a product which may
be associated with the release of heat, gas (oxygen), electrons or
hydrogen ions.
• The transducer can convert the product linked changes into
electrical signal which can be amplified and measured.
Biological material + Analyte

Bound Analyte

Biological response

Electronic
response

Measurement
General Features of Biosensors
1. Biological Component- enzyme, cell etc.
2. Physical Component- transducer, amplifier etc.

Physical component
Components of Biosensors
TYPES of Bio-Sensor
1. Calorimetric/Thermal Detection Biosensors.
2. Optical Biosensors.
3. Resonant Biosensors.
4. Piezoelectric Biosensors.
5. Ion Sensitive Biosensors.
6. Electrochemical Biosensors.
 Conductimetric Sensors.
 Amperometric Sensors.
 Potentiometric Sensors.
Calorimetric / Thermal Detection Biosensors
• Based on the principle of absorption or production of heat
generated during the process.
• Total heat absorbed/produced during the process is
proportional to Molar Enthalpy/Total No. of molecules in the
analyte.
• Change in temperature is measured by Enzyme Thermistors.

Advantages:
• Insensitive to the Optical & Electrochemical Properties of the
sample.

Uses:
Detection of Pesticides and Pathogenic Bacteria.
Human
chorionic
gonadotropin
Resonant Biosensors.
• An Acoustic Wave Transducer is coupled with Bio-element.
• Measures the change in Resonant Frequency.
Piezoelectric biosensors are a group of analytical devices
working on a principle of affinity interaction recording. A
piezoelectric platform or piezoelectric crystal is a sensor part
working on the principle of oscillations change due to a mass bound
on the piezoelectric crystal surface.
Ion Sensitive Biosensors

• Are semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (FETs) with ion-


sensitive surface.
• Surface Electrical Potential changes when the ions &
semiconductors interact.
Uses:
• Measures the Change in Potential.
• pH Detection.
Glucose Biosensor
• Glucose monitoring in diabetes patients---historical market
driver
• Environmental applications e.g. the detection of pesticides and
river water contaminants such as heavy metal ions
• Remote sensing of airborne bacteria e.g. in counter-bioterrorist
activities
• Detection of pathogens
• Determining levels of toxic substances before and after
bioremediation
• Detection and determining of organophosphate
• Routine analytical measurement of folic acid, biotin, vitamin B12
and pantothenic acid as an alternative to microbiological assay
• Determination of drug residues in food, such as antibiotics and
growth promoters, particularly meat and honey
• Drug discovery and evaluation of biological activity of new
compounds
• Protein engineering in biosensors
• Detection of toxic metabolites such as mycotoxins
Thank you.

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