Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering EEE241L/ETE2411 Electrical Circuits I Lab Lab 2: AC response of RC and RL circuits A. Objectives + Investigate capacitive and inductive reactance. Analyze the frequency response of RC and RL circuits. B. Background B.0. Impedance: Impedance (2) is a measure of the overall opposition of a circuit to current, in other words: how much the circuit impedes the flow of current. It is like resistance, but it also takes into account the effects of capacitance and inductance. Impedance is measured in ohms (0). Unlike resistance, the effects of capacitance and inductance vary with the frequency of the current passing through the Circuit and this means impedance varies with frequency. The effect of resistance is constant regardless of frequency. Impedance can be split into two parts: + Resistance R (the part which is constant regardless offrequency) * Reactance X (the part which varies with frequency due tocapacitance and inductance) ‘The capacitance and inductance cause a phase shift between the current and voltage which means that the resistance and reactance cannot be simply added up to give impedance. Instead, resistance and reactancemust be added as vectors to calculate the total impedance. BA. Capacitive Reactance: Capacitive Reactanco is a measure ofthe opposition provided by a capacitor to the flow of charge in a circuit. It varies with the feequeney ofthe input signal and is measured in ohms. Capactive Reactance is denoted by the symbol Xe. 1 Xe 2nfC Here, is the frequency in Hertz (Hz) and ‘C’ is the capacitance in Farads (F). The inverse relationship between Capacitive Reactance and frequency means that Xe is large at low frequencies and small at high frequencies. B.2._ Inductive Reactanc Inductive Reactance is a measure of the opposition provided by an inductor to the flow of charge in a circuit. It varies with the frequency ofthe input signal and is measured in ohms, Inductive Reactance is denoted by the symbol Xi. X, = 2nfl. Here, is the frequency in Hertz (Hz) and 'L’is the capacitance in Henrys (H). As X: is directly proportional to frequency, Inductive Reactance is small at low frequencies and large at high frequencies. B.3. Calculating Impedance: Impedance is generally expressed as a complex number. In Cartesian form, impedance is defined as: Z=R+jX where the real part of impedance isthe resistance R and the imaginary partis the reactance X. Fora purely capactive componentZe = -i=or Zp = — Land fra purely inductive component, = job, where and «wl are the capacitive and inductive reactances (Xe and X,) respectively Impedance can also be expressed in magnitude and phase form: |Z|28, where @ is the phase difference between the voltage and the current. The magnitude of the impedance can be expressed as: lz) = VRP + x? It therefore follows, that for a purely reactive component, [2 Sipe ly Aba AV Sn Be Car ar 7Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering EEE241L/ETE2411 Electrical Circuits I Lab Experiment 1: AC response of RC circuits AA Objective * To analyze the relationship between Capacitive Reactance and the frequency in an RC circuit B.1 Theory Please refer to part B.1 in the Background section. C1 Apparatus ‘Components Instruments + Resistors: 1%10k2 «1 Trainer Board + 1 Audio Generator + 1x Dual Channel Oscilloscope * Connecting wires and probes ‘© Capacitors: 1%0.1pF D1 Procedure D.1.1. Measuring the practical value of circuit components 1. Measure the practical values of the circuit components (R) shown in Fig.D.1.2.1 using DMM and note down in the Table 1.1 2. Calculate the percentage of difference with respect to the nominal values. D.1.2_ Setting Up the Oscilloscope 4. Calibrate both Channel 1 and Channel 2. 2. Sot the timeldivision to 2ms. 3, Set the voltageldivision to 1V for both the channels, D.1.3 Constructing the circuit 1, Construct the circuit shown inFig.D.1.2.1 on the bread board. Use minimal wires, 2, Set 3V peak (6V peak to peak) and 200 Hz in the Audio Generator. 3, Connect Channel 1 of the oscilloscope across the source Vs (positive red port to node ‘a’ and negative black port to node ‘0' i.e, ground), 4. Observe the generated signal on the oscilloscope screen and fine tune the amplitude and frequency of the input signal generated from the audio generator to match the nominal values. R1 a b Vs C42 0-1F Fig.0.1.2.4: Circuit diagram of a series RC circuit D.1.4. Measuring the peak voltage drop across the resistor with the oscilloscope 1. After setting the source voltage and frequency, connect the channel 2 at node ‘b’ (positive red port to node ‘b’ and negative black port to node Q/.e. ground). 2. Change the display mode of the oscilloscope so that both Channel 1 and 2 are visible on the screen. 3. Press the INV (Invert) button of Channel 2 and select ADD mode of the oscilloscope. 4, Measure the peak voltage of R1 as seen on the oscilloscope screen and note down in Table 1.2. Sipe ly Aba AV Sn Be Car ar 2Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering EEE241L/ETE2411 Electrical Circuits I Lab Measuring the peak voltage drop across the capacitor with the oscilloscope Now change the display mode to CH2 (channel 2) and select Source CH2. Measure the peak vollage of C1 as seen on the oscilloscope screen and note down in Table 1.2. Comparing the practicaland theoretical values of X- Use the measured value of the components from Table 1.1 and the measured values of Va and Vc to calculate the value of Xc using the given formula in Table 1.2. 2, Use the nominal value of the capacitance to calculate the theoretical value of Xc using the given formula in Table 1.2. 3, Calculate the percentage difference between the theoretical and practical values and note it down in Table 1.2. D.1.7_ Determining and comparing X. for other frequencies 41.Change the frequency of the Audio Generator to the next value in the Frequency column of Table 1.2. Keep the input voltage at 3V peak (6V peak-to-peak) 2. Repeat steps D.1.4, D.1.5, and D.1.6 for the new frequency. Change the time/division and voltidivision of the oscilloscope to values that allow you to clearly determine values from the new waveshape. 3. Repeat step D.1.7 until the capacitive reactance for all the frequency values in Table 1.2 has been calculated. Show the full calculations forthe first and last frequency value (200Hz and 2kHz) in Box 1.1 F.1 Simulation F.1.1. Perform an AC analysis on the given circuit in Multisim 1. Construct the circuit in Fig.D.1.2.1 in Multisimand generate a graph of the frequency response of the circuit using the AC analysis option, The analysis should be performed over the same range of frequencies as the original experiment, 2. Attach the screen-shot of the circuit and the simulation results with your report. F.1.2. Perform another AC analysis in Multisim using a different capacitor 1. Now, replace the capacitor in the circuit (0.1uF) with one that is around five times as large. Your chosen capacitance value should be unique and in the range of O.5pF. 2, Perform an AC analysis on the new circuit and generate a graph of the results. 3, Attach the screen-shots of the circuit and the simulation results with your report, G1 Questions 1, What is the relationship between capacitive reactance and frequency? 2. What is the relationship between capacitive reactance and capacitance? 3. Ifthe experiment had been repeated with frequencies 10 times higher than those in Table 1.2, what would the resulting waveshapes in the oscilloscope look like? 4. Using the results from the experiment and the AC analysis simulation, explain what would happen if the AG source were replaced by a SV DC source. What would be the voltage across the capacitor that case? What would be the current in the circuit? ¥ 5. Derive the expression 7 x Rthat was used calculate Xc in the experiment. e 6. Compare the two AC response graphs generated in F.1.1 and F.1.2. What can you infer about the relationship between capacitive reactance and capacitance from these graphs? Does the inference support your answer to Question 2? Sipe ly Aba AV Sn Be Car ar 3Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering EEE241L/ETE2411 Electrical Circuits I Lab Experiment 2: AC response of RL circuits A2 Objective * To analyze the relationship between Inductive Reactance and the frequency in an RL circuit. B.2 Theory Please refer to part B.2 in the Background section. C2 Apparatus Components Instruments. + Resistors: P1002 + * Trainer Board $4 Function Generator Inductors: 1*330yH * 1x Dual Channel Oscilloscope * Connecting wires and probes: D.2 Procedure D.2.1. Measuring the practical value of circuit components 1. Measure the practical values of the circuit components (R) shown in Fig.D.2.2.1 using DMM and note down in the Table 2.1 2. Calculate the percentage of difference with respect to the nominal values. D.22 Setting Up the Oscilloscope 4. Calibrate both Channel 1 and Channel 2. 2. Sot the time/division to 200ps. 3, Set the voltageldivision to 1V for Channel 1 and S0mV for Channel 2. Construct the circuit shown inFig.D.2.2.1 on the bread board, Use minimal wires. Set 3V peak (6V peak to peak) and 2kHz in Audio Generator. 3, Connect Channel 1 of the oscilloscope across the source Vs (positive red port to node ‘a’ and negative black port to node ‘0’ i.e. ground), 4. Observe the generated signal an the oscilloscope screen and fine tune the amplitude and frequency of the input signal generated from the audio generator to match the nominal values. D.2.3 Constructing the circuit 1 2 R1 1000 U4 3Vpk \ Jaeia '330HH w( Fig.D.2.2.1: Circuit diagram of a series RL circuit D.2.4 Measuring the peak voltage drop across the resistor with the oscilloscope 1. After setting the source voltage and frequency, connect the channel 2 at node ‘b’ (positive red port to node ‘b’ and negative black port to node 0 ie. ground). 2, Change the display mode of the oscilloscope so that both Channel 1 and 2 are visible on the screen. 3, Press the INV (invert) button of Channel 2 and select ADD mode of the oscilloscope. 4. Measure the peak voltage of R1 as seen on the oscilloscope screen and note down in Table 2.2. Sipe ly Aba AV Sn Be Car ar zDepartment of Electrical & Computer Engineering EEE241L/ETE2411 Electrical Circuits I Lab D.2.5 Measuring the peak voltage drop across the inductor with the oscilloscope 1. Now change the display mode to CH2 (channel 2) and select Source CH2, 2. Measure the peak voltage of L1 as seen on the oscilloscope screen and note down in Table 2.2. D.26 Comparing the practical and theoretical values of X, 1. Use the measured value of the components from Table 2.1 and the measured values of Vx and V, to calculate the value of X. using the given formula in Table 2.2. 2. Use the nominal value of the capacitance to calculate the theoretical value of X, using the given formula in Table 2.2 3. Calculate the percentage difference between the theoretical and practical values and note it down in Table 2.2. D.2.7 Determining and comparing X, for other frequencies 1. Change the frequency of the Audio Generator fo the next value in the Frequency column of Table 2.2. Keep the input voltage at 3V peak (6V peak-to-peak). 2. Repeat steps D.2.4, D.2.5, and D.2.6 for the new frequency. Change the time/division and voltidivision of the oscilloscope to values that allow you to clearly determine values from the new waveshape. 3. Repeat step D.2.7 until the inductive reactance for all the frequency values in Table 2.2 has been calculated. Show the full calculations for the first and last frequency value (2kHz and 20kHz) in Box 2.1 F.2_ Simulation F.2.1. Perform an AC analysis on the given circuit in Multisim 1. Construct the circuit in Fig.D.2.2.1 in Multisimand generate a graph of the frequency response of the circuit using the AC analysis option, The analysis should be performed over the same range of frequencies as the original experiment, 2. Attach the screen-shots of the circuit and the simulation results with your report F.2.2 Perform another AC analysis in Multisim using a different inductor 1, Now, replace the inductor in the circuit (330NH) with one that is around three times as large. Your chosen inductance value should be unique and in the range of 1mH. 2. Perform an AC analysis on the new circuit and generate a graph of the results. 3. Attach the screenshots of the circuit and the simulation results with your report G2 Questions 1. What's the relationship between inductive reactance and frequency? 2. What is the relationship between inductive reactance and inductance? 3. Compare the two AC response graphs generated in F.2.1 and F.2.2. What can you infer about the relationship between inductive reactance and inductance from these graphs? Does the inference support your answer to Question 2? Sipe ly Aba AV Sn Be Car ar 5Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering EEE2A L/ETE2411 Electrical Circuits I Lab E.1 Data Sheet: Lab 2, Experiment 1 Date: Points: Remarks Signature of the Instructor ‘Student information Section Group: Status E.1.1. Table 1.1: Components' measurements Components —] Nominal Value (n) | Measured Value (m) |» of afferencet =x 100] R TORE E.1.2 Table 1.2: Comparing Capacitive Reactance and Frequency Peak Voltage, | Peak Voltage, | (a) Xc (practical), (b)Xc (theo) % of Frequency (f) Va Ve V6 by ji kHz, Oscilloscope | Oscilloscope oO 7) ” © 02 04 06 08 1 12 14 1.6 18 20 £.1.3 Box 1.1: Theoretical calculations with the measured values of the components Sige Ip Able AT Sr Cao amar 5Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering EEE2A L/ETE2411 Electrical Circuits I Lab E.2 Data Sheet: Lab 2, Experiment 2 Date: Points: Remarks: Signature of the Instructor ‘Student Information ‘Section: Group: Status: E.2.1 Table 2.1: Components’ measurements Components ay Nominal Value (a) | Measured Value (m) | % of aifference| =x 100] R 7008 £.2.2 Table 2.2: Comparing Inductive Reactance and Frequency Peak Vollage, | Peak Vollage, | (a) X: (practical), | (B)X_ (theo) Kor Frequency (f) Va vw (2nfL1 difference kez Oscilloscope | Oscilloscope (9) 2-9 400 “ ” @) 2 4 6 3 10 12 14 16 78 20 E.2.3. Box 2.1: Theoretical calculations with the measured values of the components Sigel Aaa AT or a ar