Eq 8.

22

The remaining field components may be obtained by substituting E given in the equation 8.22 in
equation 8.44 an d noting the fact that H2 =0 for TM modes. Once again, we should note that the lowest
order TM mode is the TM 11 mode because setting either m or n equal to zero in equation 8.22 renders
a trivial solution with all zero field components.

The wavelength of the TM mode in the wave guide is defined as the distance in the z direction of
propagation required for a phase change of 2 (rad). Hence,

Eq 8.23

From equation 8.23, it can be seen that the wave guide of the wavelength is longer than the wavelength
of a plane wave propagating at the same frequency. This apparently longer guide wavelength may be
explained by using the interpretation of the wave-guides modes as the superposition of plane waves
bouncing back and forth between the guide conducting the boundaries at various angles .Because the
mathematical development of such analogy is rather involved for the general TM mode of propagation,
it suffices at this point to mention that it is possible to show that the waveguide bouncing off the
metallic boundaries at various angles .Because these bouncing waves are propagating at an angle with
respect to the true propagation direction along the axis by considering the wave guide, the measured
wavelength along the wave guide axis is related to that along the propagation direction of the bouncing
plane waves through a geometrical projection process of waves of the that results in this apparently
longer wavelength .Such a process may be further visualized physical example of waves approaching the
sea shore at some angle with respect to the shore line .As the wave strikes the shore, the wave crest
appears to be separated by a distance along the shore longer than the actual direction of propagation
that is perpendicular to the crest. The interpretation of wave guide modes as the superposition of plane
waves is illustrated in example 8.3.

Similar arguments may be used in explaining the fact the phase velocity of a propagating mode is
actually larger than the velocity of light.

The phase velocity of the TM mode is given by:

Eq 8.22

The remaining field components may be obtained d by substituting E given in the equation 8.22 in
equation 8.44 an d noting the fact that H2 =0 for TM modes. Once again, we should note that the lowest
order TM mode is the TM 11 mode because setting either m or n equal to zero in equation 8.22 renders
a trivial solution with all zero field components.

The wavelength of the TM mode in the wave guide is defined as the distance in the z direction of
propagation required for a phase change of 2 (rad).Hence,

Eq 8.23

From equation 8.23, it can be seen that the wave guide of the wavelength is longer than the wavelength
of a plane wave propagating at the same frequency. This apparently longer guide wavelength may be
explained by using the interpretation of the wave-guides modes as the superposition of plane waves
bouncing back and forth between the guide conducting the boundaries at various angles .Because the
mathematical development of such analogy is rather involved for the general TM mode of propagation,
it suffices at this point to mention that it is possible to show that the waveguide bouncing off the
metallic boundaries at various angles .Because these bouncing waves are propagating at an angle with
respect to the true propagation direction along the axis by considering the wave guide, the measured
wavelength along the wave guide axis is related to that along the propagation direction of the bouncing
plane waves through a geometrical projection process of waves of the that results in this apparently
longer wavelength .Such a process may be further visualized physical example of waves approaching the
sea shore at some angle with respect to the shore line .As the wave strikes the shore, the wave crest
appears to be separated by a distance along the shore longer than the actual direction of propagation
that is perpendicular to the crest. The interpretation of wave guide modes as the superposition of plane
waves is illustrated in example 8.3.

Similar arguments may be used in explaining the fact the phase velocity of a propagating mode is
actually larger than the velocity of light.

The phase velocity of the TMmn mode is given by:

substituting from Eq 8.21 we obtain

Eq 8.24

which shows that for a propagation mode ,f>fc,mn and vpmn >vp ,which is the speed of light in the
material filling the wave guide. According to the arguments presented earlier ,vpmnis just the projection
of the phase velocity of the bouncing plane waves on the direction of the of propagation along the axis
of the wave guide.Moreover, it should be noted that the vpmn is just the velocity of the constant phase
fronts of the wave, which is differrent from the velocity of energy transmissions.

The final observations regarding the analogous quantities in wave guides and uniform plane
waves propagating in unbounded space is related to the intrinsic wave impedance of the mode. Using
equation 8.22 for the axial electric field expression to obtain the transverse components in equation 8.4,
for TM modes (Hz=0), we obtain

Eq 8.25a

Eq 8.25b

Eq 8.25c

Eq 8.25d

Eq 8.25e

where equation 8.10 was used to replace the coefficients in Eq 8.4 by Eq

From the transverse field expressions in the Eq8.25 its clear that:
Substituting from equation 8.21, we obtain

Eq8.26

Similarly, the two other transverse electric and magnetic field components Ey and Hx are related by Eq
8.27

Equation 8.26 and 8.27 suggest that the transverse field component is related by the same coefficient
that we may define as the intrinsic wave impedance of the TMmn mode, that is

Eq 8.28

where is the intrinsic wave impedance of a wave propagating in an unbounded medium of

Thus, the transverse fields are related by

Eq 8.29a

Eq 8.29b

where the negative sign relating to the Ey to Hx is consistent with the direction of the power flow of the
TM modes propagating in the positive z direction .As indicated in chapter 3,the direction of the power
flow is provided by the Poynting vector E*H.Hence , equation 8.29a shows that Ex and Hy fields are
associated with a positive z-propagating wave,wheras equation 8.29b shows that EY and (-Hx) or
alternatively (-Ey) and Hx are associated with the positive z-travelling wave. Also, from the equation 8.28
it can be seen that for f>fc,mn,the intrinsic wave impedance increases with the increase in frequency
and asymptotically approaches n0 as shown in figure 8.3.At f=fc,mn ,nTMmn

FIGURE 8.3
is zero and the wave guide is effectively short circuited. As described earlier, at frequencies f<fc,mn it is
not possible to propagate fields in this particular TMmn mode in the wave guide.

Example 8.1

An air-filled rectangular wave guide has 2"*4" inside dimensions. Determine the cut off frequency of the
TM11 mode in this guide. Also calculate the phase constant B11 and the intrinsic wave impedance at an
operating frequency f that is 30 percent higher than the cut off frequency.

Solution

The wave guide dimensions are

a=4"=0.1016m

b=0.0508m

The cut off frequency for the TM11mode is

soln;

8.4 TE MODES IN RECTANGULAR WAVE GUIDES

For TE modes, the axial component of the electric field Ez=0 and, hence, all the transverse electric and
magnetic field components in equation 8.4 may be obtained in terms of the solution for Hz using the
homogeneous wave equation 8.5. Following a separation of variable solution procedures similar to that
used in the TM modes case, the general expression for Hz will be