1. Germany introduced tax breaks and 4.

The Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris is

subsidies as an ---- for companies to invest in renowned for its ---- Gothic architecture,
renewable energy technologies, aiming to characterized by its flying buttresses, ribbed
reduce the country's carbon emissions and vaults, and stunning stained-glass windows.
promote sustainable development.
A) vigorous
A) trail
B) distinctive
B) proliferation
C) tedious
C) incentive
D) arduous
D) inferiority
E) inhumane
E) hindrance

2. The agricultural sector in India has been

5. Over the centuries, psychologists have
focusing on ---- the excessive use of pesticides,
often ---- the complexities of human behavior,
promoting organic farming practices and more
seeking to understand the underlying mental
environmentally friendly techniques to ensure
processes that shape our actions and
long-term sustainability and protect
thoughts.
biodiversity.
A) put off
A) introducing
B) prevailed over
B) plundering
C) dwelled on
C) fostering
D) interfered with
D) curbing
E) brought about
E) spoiling

3. In the experiment, the researchers aimed

to---- distribute the chemical solution across 6. ---- by Julius Caesar in 49 BCE, Rome grew
the surface of the substrate to ensure uniform to be the heart of the Roman Empire, which
reaction rates throughout the reaction hosted the famous Colosseum, considered ----
chamber. as a grand arena for public spectacles,
gladiator contests, and entertainment.
A) unprecedentedly
A) Being established / functioning
B) evenly
B) Established / to have functioned
C) irresolutely
C) Having establised / to be functioning
D) inextricably
D) To have established / function
E) insufficiently
E) Having been established / functioned
7. In the early 2000s, a severe drought ---- 10. ---- the climate in the region is so
crop yields in California; in response, a new unpredictable, farmers have started using
drought-resistant variety of almond was advanced irrigation systems to ensure their
developed ---- the harsh conditions and crops receive enough water throughout the
ensure continued production in the state. growing season.

A) has devastated / to be withstood A) Although

B) devastated / to withstand B) Because

C) will devastate / withstanding C) Whereas

D) had devastated / having been withstood D) Only if

E) would devastate / to have been withstood E) In order that

8. Credit ---- its rich cultural heritage and 11. Many individuals experienced mild flu-like
remarkable architectural achievements, the symptoms ---- the side effects from the
ancient city of Athens has long been COVID-19 vaccine, but these reactions were
recognized as a center of learning and generally temporary and subsided after a
philosophy, attracting scholars and historians - short period.
--- around the world.
A) for the sake of
A) about / to
B) with the aim of
B) in / at
C) as a result of
C) with / from
D) in terms of
D) for / through
E) unlike
E) by / on

9. The transition from an agrarian society to

12. Blood vessel dilation is essential for
an industrialized one is often referred to as
improving blood flow, ---- helping to deliver
the Industrial Revolution, ---- the process was
oxygen and nutrients to tissues, ----
gradual, making it challenging to pinpoint any
contributing to the regulation of blood
specific moment when the transformation
pressure and reducing the risk of heart-related
took place.
complications.
A) for example
A) so / that
B) so
B) just as / so
C) but
C) such / that
D) unless
D) not only / but also
E) now that
E) whether / or
In the dense jungles of Central America, the 15.
ancient Aztecs established one of the most
A) in contrast to
advanced civilizations of the pre-Columbian
Americas. Surrounded by rich natural B) such as
resources, the Aztecs (13) ---- in the region,
building impressive cities such as Tenochtitlan, C) in place of
which was located on an island in Lake D) irrespective of
Texcoco. Their society was highly organized,
with advanced knowledge in agriculture, E) in need of
astronomy, and mathematics. The lush jungles
provided them (14)---- abundant resources,
including food, medicine, and materials for
building their iconic structures, (15) ----
temples and pyramids. (16)----, the arrival of
the Spanish in the early 16th century led to 16.
the downfall of the Aztec Empire, marking the
A) For example
end of an era in Central America's rich history.
Had the Aztecs been able to resist the Spanish B) Otherwise
invasion, they (17) ---- the course of history
very differently. C) Thus

D) Nonetheless

13. E) In other words

A) tackled

B) thrived

C) constrained

D) regulated

E) threatened 17.

A) can shape

B) must have shaped

14. C) used to shape

A) to D) will shape

B) on E) would have shaped

C) with

D) at

E) in
18. Although dialysis treatment is very 20. The first sea traders stayed close to the
effective in removing toxins and fluids from coast so they knew where they were ----.
the body, -----.
A) now that the sea transport industry looks to
A)it is typically administered by a nurse or have slowly overcome its challenges with the
patient care technician in outpatient clinics latest advances in technology
known as dialysis centres
B) even though sea transportation of people
B) there are several functions of the kidney it and goods has been necessary for society for
cannot mimic, such as the regulation of high thousands of years
blood pressure and red blood cell production
C) despite road transport playing an important
C) specific treatment schedules depend on the economic role in all developed countries and
type of dialyzer used and the patient's current causing considerable carbon emission
physical condition
D) whereas in modern times, powerful
D) access to in-home hemodialysis treatment engines and satellite navigation greatly reduce
may be provided by health care programmes the risks of long sea voyages
initiated by governments
E) even if the fuel prices have increased and
E) blood pressure and temperature are taken, fuel saving in sea transport systems has
and the patient is assessed for physical attracted serious attention
changes since their last dialysis run

21. Advances in airplane engine performance

19. Because a sedentary lifestyle leads to historically taken place in military
insulin resistance for the majority of patients development; -----.
with diabetes, -----.
A) by contrast, the cost is a secondary
A) patients who suffer from diabetes of any consideration compared to the military
type can be treated with insulin performance of the aircraft

B) the defining feature of diabetes is an B) in fact, the core of every engine model
abnormal elevation of the blood glucose level currently used on commercial aircraft had its
beginning as a military engine
C) the disease causes serious consequences
such as blindness in the long run C) at least, new models are taken to the edge
of their performance by testing them under
D) it is likely that patients could overcome the
the most extreme weather conditions
relative or absolute insulin deficiency
D) therefore, the purpose of testing is to
E) exercise is recommended to improve insulin
certify that any new airplane will safely carry
sensitivity sufficient to make the diabetic state
passengers and is airworthy
better
E) instead, military requirements diverging too
far from commercial interests led to a jet
development centre supported by the
government
22. Immediately after hatching, baby ducklings 23. Zerdecal Hindistan ve Çin’de yillardir
that see a large object move past them will kullanilmasina rağmen tedavi edici etkileri,
follow the object -----. antioksidan özelliklere sahip olan yiyeceklere
ve ilaçlara yönelik ilginin artis gösterdiği son
A) because it could be a duck, a cardboard box
10 yila kadar araştirilmamiştir.
pulled by a string, or even a person
A) Though turmeric has been used in India and
B) as though the object passing by is their
China for years, there has been an increase in
mother, regardless of what it actually
the research on its therapeutic effects over
C) in case ducklings have an instinctive drive the past 10 years because foods and
to follow the first thing that passes by medicines that have antioxidant properties
have drawn interest.
D) even if a large object or creature appearing
before them triggers an instinctive response B) While the therapeutic effects of turmeric
alongside those of foods and medicines that
E) when animals learn something very fast have antioxidant properties have only been
once the learning process is triggered investigated in the past 10 years, it has been
in use in India and China for many years.

C) Despite turmeric having been in use in India

and China for years, its curative effects were
not researched until 10 years ago, but there is
now an upsurge of interest in foods and
medicines that have antioxidant properties.

D) Even if India and China have used turmeric

for years, its curative effects were not
investigated until a decade ago when there
was a major increase in the interest in foods
and medicines having antioxidant properties.

E) Although turmeric has been used in India

and China for years, its therapeutic effects
were not researched until a decade ago when
there was an upsurge of interest in foods and
medicines that have antioxidant properties.
24. According to a proposal made by the
European Commission, sustainable aviation
fuels would consist of biofuels derived from
waste as well as synthetic fuels produced
using renewable energy in the near future.

A) Avrupa Komisyonu tarafından yapılan bir

öneriye gore, havacılık yakıtlarının
sürdürülebilir olanları cok yakın bir zamanda
yenilenebilir enerji kullanılarak atıklardan
üretilen sentetik yakıtlar kadar biyoyakıtlardan
da oluşacaktır.

B) Avrupa Komisyonu'na yapılan bir öneriye

göre, yakın gelecekte sürdürülebilir havacılık
yakıtların atıklardan elde edilecek biyoyakıtlar
ve yenilenebilir enerji kullanımıyla
üretilebilecek sentetik yakıtlar olacaktır.

C) Avrupa Komisyonu'nun yaptığı bir öneriye

göre, havacılık yakıtların dan sürdürülebilir
olanlar yakın gelecekte atıklardan elde edilen
biyoyakıtlara ek olarak yenilenebilir enerji
kullanımıyla üretilen sentetik yakıtları da
kapsayacaktr.

D) Avrupa Komisyonu'nun yaptığı bir öneriye

göre, çok yakında yenilenebilir enerjiyle
üretilen sentetik yakıtlar ve atıklardan elde
edilen biyoyakıtlar sürdürülebilir havacılık
yakıtlarını oluşturacaktır.

E) Avrupa Komisyonu tarafından yapılan bir

eneriye göre, sürdürülebilir havacılık yakıtları
yakın gelecekte yenilenebilir enerji kullanarak
üretilen sentetik yakıtların yan sıra atıklardan
elde edilen biyoyakıtlardan da oluşturacaktır.
Roughly 5.7 million Americans live with 25. Which of the following is true about
Alzheimer's, the neurodegenerative disease Alzheimer's according to the passage?
that slowly deteriorates memory and other
A) New research shows hope in improving
cognitive abilities. For more than 25 years,
brain function as plaque build-up decreases.
many experts have pushed beta-amyloid, a
protein fragment that builds up in the brain in B) There is significant debate about which two
plaques, as one of the main suspects behind protein fragments are responsible for the
the disease. Pharmaceutical companies are disease.
chasing beta-amyloid hard, racing to develop
drugs to fight plaque build-up and hopefully, C) Most pharmaceutical companies see
in tum, improve patients' brain function. reducing beta-amyloid build-up as the key to
Several companies working on products to stopping the disease.
inhibit enzymes critical to beta-amyloid D) The last quarter century has brought more
production have ended their trials with not- beta-amyloid drugs to the market than ever
so-promising results. Other companies trialing before.
antibodies that break down amyloid rather
than prevent its production have also had very E) Both experts and pharmaceutical
mixed results. Nearly all of these results companies believe there is another culprit
underscore a crucial question: Is beta-amyloid causing the disease.
the real Devil behind Alzheimer's? Big Pharma
seems to have put all of its eggs in this basket
with hardly any payoff. Most of the drugs are 26. According to the passage, pharmaceutical
failing, and the one that did report positive companies have ---------.
results only overcame the real hurdle - an
A) changed their tactics after getting poor trial
improvement in cognitive function - in people
results
who got the highest dose, despite amyloid
levels dropping for all participants. The B) generally received inconclusive results in
confusing outcome has many experts their clinical trials
concerned about what this means for
C) been adamantly against trying other
amyloid's role in Alzheimer's. If drug
methods of curing Alzheimer's
companies continue hitting dead ends, soon
they will have to consider more seriously D) diverse theories about the underlying
other culprits, such as tau, another protein causes of Alzheimer's
that builds up in Alzheimer's-riddled brains.
E) rejected drugs that show less-than-
promising results
27. The author's attitude towards the results
of drug trials conducted by pharmaceutical
companies is ------- .

A) approving

B) sympathetic

C) critical

D) inconsistent

E) ironic

28. What could be the best titie for the

passage?

A) Roller Coaster Results of Alzheimer's Trials

B) Big Pharma: Can They Be Trusted?

C) The Mystery of Beta-amyloid Deciphered

D) The Latest Successes in Alzheimer's

Research

E) Is Big Pharma the Devil Behind Alzheimer's?

Fears first appear in human infants at about 29. What can be understood about fear from
seven months of age. Young children generally the passage?
have more fears than older persons and their
A) Children might be disturbed by some
fears are experienced more intensely. Within
feelings that resemble fear during their very
families, studies have shown that middle
first few months.
children as a group experience fewer fears
than older or younger siblings. Researchers B) Middle children usually tend to have more
have disagreed about the extent to which fear unfounded fears than their younger or oder
is innate or learned, with behaviourists siblings
arguing that it is largely learned. Animals have
been conditioned to fear previously neutral C) Age could be a significant factor that
stimuli through various methods including impacts the severity of fears people
association, the exposure to paired neutral experience in their lives.
and fear-producing stimuli to the point where D) Children within the same family can trigger
the neutral stimuli become associated with each other to develop particular fears in time
fear, even when presented alone. Certain through sharing the same experiences.
innate fears such as fear of loud noises, pain,
and injury appear to be universal. Species- E) Most behavioural scientists think that
specific innate fears have also been inherited qualities and environmental factors
documented, including a fear of hawk-like are equally influential in producing fears
shapes in certain animals and a fear of snakes among people.
in humans and other primates. When a person
confronts real dangers, fear can be an
important means of self-preservation.
However, many people are plagued by chronic
30. Which of the following techniques is used
and unrealistic fears, including phobias and
for developing fear in animals?
obsessions, that cause much unnecessary
distress and can severely reduce their ability A) Establishing links between a fear producing
to function normally in society. object or a situation and a neutral one

B) Presenting neutral stimuli to animals in an

attempt to test their reaction

C) Providing animals with stimuli that

commonly cause fear in humans

D) Carefully monitoring the extent to which

fear-causing stimuli could activate innate fears

E) Exposing animals to fear-causing stimuli

that is almost similar to neutral ones
31. The underlined word in the passage
'plagued' is closest in meaning to ----.

A) stunned

B) afflicted

C) refuted

D) inspired

E) alleviated

32. Which of the following cannot be inferred

about fear?

A) Researchers seem to agree that fears can

be an outcome of both inborn factors and
learning, but their respective influence is
uncertain.

B) The development of fear in infants can

hardly be seen in approximately the first half
of their first year.

C) It is common for a number of people in the

society to be gripped by fears for which they
cannot come up with a rational explanation.

D) Although fear might cause stress and

prevent people from leading a normal life, it
might prove valuable in some cases.

E) The type of fears that are triggered by

exposing animals to certain stimuli are usually
universal fears among human beings.
33. 34.

Christine: Student:

Have you ever wondered why we rub our eyes How do honeybees find their way home after
when we feel tired? they travel miles to forage faraway f lower
patches?
Lee:
Teacher:
-----
They use the Sun as a compass. The position
Christine:
of the Sun, combined with the indication of
It sounds like a rational reason, but scientists time from their internal clock, enables them to
have a different view on why we rub our eyes find their way.
because of tiredness. They say it triggers the
Student: -----
oculocardiac reflex, which lowers the heart
rate and helps us relax when we're tired. Teacher:

Lee: As honeybees can also monitor how much the

Sun moves during their journey, after their
That's really interesting. I've never thought
return to the colony, they can even tell their
the eyes may have an impact on the heart and
nest mates the position of the food relative to
produce a calming effect.
the Sun's current position, rather than its
A) As far as I know, if we rub our eyes position when they found the food.
repetitively and excessively, the risk of
A) And, on cloudy days when there's not much
weakening the cornea is very high.
sunlight, how do they benefit from the Sun?
B) Well, I often rub my hands across my
B) By the way, I've also seen a documentary
forehead or temples to get instant relief from
on how the Earth's magnetic field helps
fatigue, but I'm not sure rubbing the eyes
honeybees find their way. Is it true?
would do the same.
C) I've read that a standard jar of honey
C) I think it must be because we want to
requires honeybees to forage 80,000 km. How
improve our vision by rubbing them as i it's
do they cover such great distances?
often blurred due to exhaustion.
D) So, this is how they can keep track of
D) Yes, but it's not tiredness that makes me
direction and distance. Is there any other
rub my eyes. I usually do so when I suffer from
benefit of this trait?
seasonal allergy.
E) Honeybees have dance moves that allow
E) No matter how good it might feel, rubbing
them to show others where flowers are
the eyes welcomes bacteria and germs around
located. Is this a kind of language between
the eyes, which can cause an infection.
them?
35. Although the definitions of genius are 36. Because cat-scratch disease is usually not a
culture-bound and subjective, psychologists life-threatening illness and people tend to
are trying to determine what factors might form strong emotional bonds with their cats,
contribute to its emergence. doctors do not recommend getting rid of a cat
suspected of carrying the disease.
A) Psychologists who are trying to pinpoint the
factors that may foster the emergence of A) As cat-scratch disease is typically not fatal
genius find its definitions biased and valid only and people generally develop profound
within a particular culture. emotional attachments to their cats, doctors
do not advise people to abandon a cat that is
B) The definitions of genius are unique to each
thought to have the disease.
culture and open to different interpretations,
yet psychologists are trying to identify the B) While cat-scratch disease is seldom severe
factors that may foster the emergence of and people often have deep emotional
genius. connections with their cats, doctors do not
suggest continuing to keep a cat if their
C) The definitions of genius can change from
owners doubt that the cat has contracted the
culture to culture, and thus cannot be
disease.
standardised, so psychologists have difficulty
in identifying the factors that foster its C) Although cat-scratch disease is not often
emergence. deadly and people usually build close
emotional bonds with their cats, people tend
D) Psychologists who try to pinpoint the
to keep a cat away from themselves when
factors that facilitate the emergence of genius
they realise that the cat has the disease,
are offering culture-specific and prejudiced
contrary to what doctors suggest.
definitions.
D) Cat-scratch disease does not have a
E) The factors that facilitate the emergence of
significant health risk and people generally
genius have not been clearly identified; hence,
develop strong emotional ties to their cats;
the definitions psychologists have proposed
however, doctors do not recommend people
are culture-specific and may have wider
to keep a cat if they suspect that the cat has
implications.
been afflicted by the disease.

E) Because cat-scratch disease generally poses

no serious threat and people are likely to have
close emotional ties to their cats, doctors do
not advise people to abandon a cat unless it is
confirmed to be a carrier.
37. Genes, nerve cells, and hormones can 38. The year 1543 was marked by the
reveal what is true or false about hair. ---- publication of two books that revolutionised
However, a recent research demonstrates that our view of humanity and the Universe. The
stress can also play an important role. In more celebrated of the two, Nicolaus
stressful situations, the nervous system Copernicus’s De revolutionibus orbium
liberates the neurotransmitter noradrenaline, caelestium, was actually completed in the
which over-activates some hair follicle stem 1530s, but Copernicus was reluctant to
cells. These cells produce the melanin pigment publish for fear of reprisals from the chuch.
that provides the hair with its colour, but The other book from 1543 that changed the
noradrenaline makes them change and world was De humani corporis fabrica by
migrate, so that the hair loses its melanin Andreas Vesalius. Unlike Copernicus, Vesalius
supply. Without the pigment, the hair decided to publish when he was a young man,
becomes grey or white. However, new not quite 30. ---- After Vesalius published his
research indicates that in some cases the hair book, many accusations were directed against
can return to its original colour if the stress him by physicians loyal to older ideas.
ceases.
A) However, Copernicus might have had the
A) It has been discovered that one single hair right idea about keeping new ideas quiet.
can supply extremely valuable information
B) Vesalius spent the rest of his life as a court
about a person's overall health.
physician, doing almost no more research.
B) Scientists can even use X-rays of a hair to
C) As Copernicus neared death, he was finally
reveal evidence of breast cancer because the
persuaded to publish by the mathematician
cancer influences hair growth.
Rheticus.
C) Scientists used to think that the cause of
D) Thus, De humani corporis fabrica is an
sudden grey hair growth was solely genetic.
important book with exceptional illustrations.
D) The biggest hair research advances made
E) lt encouraged the publication of many more
in recent years have not been able to slow
books in line with Vesalius's ideas.
down excessive grey hair growth.

E) Grey hair in the forties is regarded as

normal but it can cause psychological
situations like the rejection of getting old.
39. 61.(I)As new technologies have become 40.(I) By increasing children's self-esteem and
available, the opportunities for advertising motivation for achievement, educators can
have broadened. (II) Newspapers and help children overcome learned helplessness.
magazines have been a significant vehicle for (II) The negative attributions that adults make
advertising since the 17th century. (III) When towards children and academic failure seem
radio networks were established in the first to contribute to learned helplessness, which
half of the 20th century, people used refers to the eventual passive acceptance of
advertising to bring in revenue and then in the consistent failure, resulting in the cessation of
1950s television introduced a further medium all voluntary activity. (III) It is particularly
that owes its effectiveness to the wide range evident in children who have been diagnosed
of means that can be used to promote a with a learning disability. (IV) Children who
product. (IV) In the late 20th century, on the believe that academic failure is the result of
other hand, the introduction and extended an ability deficit are unlikely to exert much
use of the Internet and e commerce had an effort to change this seemingly unavoidable
enormous initial growth for the advertising condition. (V) Such children are more likely to
industry. (V) Manufacturers advertise their view failure as a permanent and internal
products on their distribution vans; some also condition.
have special promotional vehicles that they
use in campaigns where they take their
products to public places or special shows to A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
advertise them.

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
1. C 21. B

2. D 22. B

3. B 23. E

4. B 24. E

5. C 25. C

6. B 26. B

7. B 27. C

8. C 28. A

9. C 29. C

10. B 30. A

11. C 31. B

12. D 32. E

13. B 33. C

14. C 34. D

15. B 35. B

16. D 36. A

17. E 37. C

18. B 38. A

19. E 39. E

20. D 40. A