CS 110 – Introduction

To Computing

Unit 1: Introduction (Being a

Digital Citizen: At Home, School,
and Work)

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices.

Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1
 Module Objectives

By the end of the module, you should be able to:

• Define digital literacy
• Explain society’s reliance on technology
• Describe how to protect your personal information
• Explain the role of technology in the professional world
• Use technology to find a career
• Define convergence
• Describe the legal and ethical responsibilities of a digital citizen
• Identify the uses of assistive technologies

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 2
 How Technology Impacts You (1 of 4)

• Digital literacy means acquiring current knowledge and

understanding of computers, mobile devices, the web, and related
technologies.
• A digital citizen is a person familiar with how to use technology to
become an educated and productive member of the digital world.
• A computer is an electronic device that operates under the control of
instructions stored in its memory and can accept and process data to
produce information for future use.
• Memory consists of electronic components that store instructions
waiting to be executed by the processor, data needed by those
instructions, and the results of processing the data into information.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3
 How Technology Impacts You (2 of 4)

• The Internet is a global collection of millions of computers linked

together to share information.
• A network is a collection of two or more computers connected to
share resources.
• Wi-Fi (short for wireless fidelity) is a wireless data network
technology that provides high-speed data connections and is
not attached to any device. It is used for mobile devices.
• A server is a powerful, high-capacity computer you access using the
Internet or other networks; it stores files and “serves” them, that is,
makes the files available to users; usually grouped at a location
called a data center.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 4
 How Technology Impacts You (3 of 4)

• An online social network is an online

community where users can share their
interests, ideas, stories, photos, music,
and videos with other registered users
via a social networking website, such as
Facebook, Google Plus, Twitter,
Instagram, or Snapchat.

• Big data is a term that refers to the

large and complex data sources that
defy easy management with traditional
data processing methods.
Figure 1-1 Knowledge of online social
networks is a key component of digital
literacy.
Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 5
 How Technology Impacts You (4 of 4)

• On the way to and from work, you

check the public transportation
app on your phone to get
directions to the nearest subway
station.
• Once there, you scan your phone
to pay your fare and access the
terminal.
• A screen in the station displays
an alert when the train is Figure 1-2 You can use apps to
incoming. find out information about public
transit options.
Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 6
 How Technology Impacts Society (1 of 8)
• The first generation of computers used
vacuum tubes, which are cylindrical
glass tubes that control the flow of
electrons.
− ENIAC (Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Computer)
− UNIVAC (Universal Automatic
Computer)
• Their use and availability were
constrained by:
− their large size
− the amount of power they
consumed
− the heat they generated Figure 1-3 Electronic digital computer
− how quickly they wore out with vacuum tubes.
Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 7
 How Technology Impacts Society (2 of 8)

• In 1978, Steve Jobs and Steve

Wozniak of Apple Computer
Corporation introduced the Apple
II, a preassembled computer with
color graphics and popular
spreadsheet software called
VisiCalc.

Figure 1-4 Apple II computer.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 8
 How Technology Impacts Society (3 of 8)

• The Internet of Things (IoT) is an

environment in which processors are
embedded in every product
imaginable (things), and these things,
in turn, communicate with one
another via the Internet or wireless
networks.
• IoT-enabled devices are often
referred to as smart devices because
of their capability to communicate,
locate, and predict.
• Smart devices often have associated
apps that control and interact with
them. Figure 1-5 Smart devices use IoT to control
home functions, such as a thermostat.
Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9
 How Technology Impacts Society (4 of 8)

• Embedded computers are a part of the IoT.

• An embedded computer is a computer that functions as one
component in a larger product and has a specific purpose.
• Embedded computers are small and have limited hardware on their
own but enhance the capabilities of everyday devices.
• Embedded computers perform a specific function based on the
requirements of the product in which they reside.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10
How Technology Impacts Society (5 of 8)

Figure 1-6 Some of the embedded computers designed to

improve safety, security, and performance in today’s vehicles.
Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 11
 How Technology Impacts Society (6 of 8)

• Automated teller machines (ATMs) are one of the more familiar uses of the IoT.
• ATMs are a type of kiosk, or freestanding booth, usually placed in a public area.
• IoT enables you to manage devices remotely in your home, such as starting the
washing machine at a certain time, preparing a grocery list, viewing potential
intruders via a webcam, or adjusting the room temperature.

Figure 1-7 IoT devices can help you with daily tasks, such as grocery shopping.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 12
 How Technology Impacts Society (7 of 8)

• Manufacturing can use sensors to

monitor processes and increase the
quality of finished goods.
• Robotic arms can help ensure
precision during the manufacturing
process.
• Retail can use sensors to track
inventory or send coupons to
customers’ phones while they shop.
• Shipping companies can track the
mileage and location of their trucks
and monitor driving times to ensure
the safety of their drivers. Figure 1-8 Manufacturers can use a tablet
to control a robotic arm.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 13
 How Technology Impacts Society (8 of 8)
• A healthcare provider can use IoT to:
 Connect to a patient’s wearable blood pressure or glucose monitor.
 Send prescription updates and changes to a pharmacy and alert
the patient of the prescription.
 Track and store data provided by wearable monitors to determine
necessary follow-up care.
 Send the patient reminders about upcoming appointments or tests.
• The digital divide is the gap between those who have access to
technology and its resources and information, especially on the
Internet, and those who do not.
• Socioeconomic and demographic factors such as age, income,
location, and education contribute to the digital divide, which can
impact individuals, households, businesses, or geographic areas.
Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 14
 Secure IT: Protect Your Privacy (1 of 5)

• Privacy is defined as the state or condition of being free from public

attention to the degree that you determine.
• Privacy is freedom from attention, observation, or interference, based
on your decision.
• Privacy is the right to be left alone to the level that you choose.
• Identity theft involves using someone’s personal information, such as
their name, Social Security number, or credit card number, to commit
financial fraud.
• The victim is charged for the purchases and suffers a damaged credit
history that can lead to being denied loans for school, cars, and
homes.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 15
Secure IT: Protect Your Privacy (2 of 5)

Figure 1-9 Ways your data can be accessed, collected, and sold.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 16
 Secure IT: Protect Your Privacy (3 of 5)
Table 1-1 How Personal Information Is Stolen.
Technique Explanation

Dumpster diving Personal information from discarded credit card statements, charge receipts, and bank statements can
be retrieved after being discarded in the trash.

Phishing In phishing, attackers attempt to deceive you into revealing personal or financial information when you
respond to an email message or visit a website.

Change of address Using a standard change of address form, the attackers divert all mail to a post office box so that the
form victim never sees the charges made.

Pretexting An attacker who pretends to be from a legitimate research firm asks for personal information.

Stealing Stolen wallets and purses contain personal information that can be used in identity theft.

Data mining Attackers attempt to guess your passwords or password security questions by soliciting a response to a
query on an online social media site that prompts you to enter information such as a pet’s name, home
state, and more.
Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17
 Secure IT: Protect Your Privacy (4 of 5)
Consider the following safeguards to protect your privacy:
• Do not carry passwords/access codes in a wallet or write them on a
check.
• Do not provide personal information either over the phone or through
an email message.
• Keep personal information in a secure location in a home or
apartment.
• Give cautious notifications before permitting a website or app
request to collect data.
• Be cautious about what information is posted on social networking
sites and who can view your information.
• Carefully review financial and billing statements each month as soon
as they arrive.
Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 18
How Technology Impacts the Professional
World (1 of 6)
• An intelligent workplace makes use of technology to connect
employees to the company's network, communicate with one
another, use productivity software and apps, meet via web
conferencing, and more.
• Companies use online collaborative productivity software to enable
employees to share documents, and to make edits or comments.
• Schools use social networking tools to promote school events, work
cooperatively on group projects, and teach concepts such as anti-
bullying.
• Online productivity software enables students to work
collaboratively on projects and send the finished assignment to the
teacher using email, reducing the need for paper printouts.
Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 19
How Technology Impacts the Professional
World (2 of 6)

Figure 1-10 Interactive whiteboards allow teachers to use a

mouse or touch to manipulate, edit, or add data to a screen.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 20
How Technology Impacts the Professional
World (3 of 6)
• A college or university might use a learning management system to
set up web-based training sites where students can check their
progress in a course, take practice tests, and exchange messages
with the instructor or other students.
• The mobile health (mHealth) trend refers to health care
professionals using smartphones or tablets to access health records
stored on the cloud, and patients using digital devices to monitor
their conditions and treatments, thereby reducing the need for visits
to the doctor’s office.
• Health care also uses 3-D printers to manufacture skin for burn
patients, as well as prosthetic devices and casts.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 21
How Technology Impacts the Professional
World (4 of 6)
• Telemedicine is the use of
telecommunications technology,
including secure web-based
videoconferencing, to diagnose and
treat patients remotely, which
provides rural or remote patients
access to doctors when an in-
person medical visit is not
possible.
Figure 1-11 Telemedicine appointments
can be useful when in-person medical
visits are not possible.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 22
How Technology Impacts the Professional
World (5 of 6)
• Transportation workers use
handheld computers to scan
the codes on packages before
loading them for shipping.
• Computers find an efficient
route for the packages and
track their progress.
• Drivers use GPS to navigate to
the delivery destination,
avoiding traffic and hazardous
conditions. Figure 1-12 The transportation industry
uses code scanning to track packages.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 23
How Technology Impacts the Professional
World (6 of 6)
• Manufacturers use computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) to streamline production
and ship products more quickly.
• With CAM, robots perform tasks that are too dangerous, detailed, or monotonous
for people.
• A company’s computers monitor assembly lines and equipment using machine-to-
machine communications between machines, equipment, and devices to perform
tasks.
• By creating a profile on a career networking site or creating a personal website
that showcases your talents, hiring managers can learn more about you beyond
what you can convey in a traditional, one-page resume.
• You can use social media and job search websites to learn about technology
careers and to promote yourself to potential employers.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 24
How to Use Technology in Your Job Search
(1 of 2)
Create a Professional Online Presence

• Your professional online presence is

often the first thing a recruiter or
interviewer will see.
• Online professional networks can help
you keep up with former coworkers,
instructors, potential employers, and
others with whom you have a
professional connection.
• LinkedIn is a social networking site
designed to provide business and
employment-oriented services. Figure 1-13 LinkedIn is a career-based
online social networking site.
Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 25
How to Use Technology in Your Job Search
(2 of 2)
Consider the following tips when creating an online presence:
• Avoid humorous or informal names for your account profiles, blogs,
or domain names.
• Include a photo that shows your best self.
• Upload a PDF of your resume.
• Include links to videos, publications, or digital content you have
created.
• Proofread your resume, blog, website, or profile carefully to avoid
spelling and grammatical mistakes.
• Enable privacy settings on your social media accounts and never
post anything online that you would not want a potential employer
to see.
Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 26
 How Convergence Impacts Technology
(1 of 6)
• A computer is an electronic device operating under the control of instructions
stored in its memory.
• Computers can accept data (input), process the data according to specified rules,
produce information (output), and store the information for future use.
• Electronic components in computers process data using instructions, which are
the steps that tell the computer how to perform a particular task.
• A set of coded instructions that tell a computer or device what tasks to perform is
referred to as software, a program, or an app.
• Convergence is the increasing integration of technological capabilities into a
growing number of previously unrelated devices. For example, you can access
some of the same email, social networking, and gaming apps and accounts on your
laptop, tablet, and smartphone.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 27
 How Convergence Impacts Technology
(2 of 6)
• A laptop is a thin, lightweight
mobile computer with a screen on
its lid and a keyboard on its base.
• Notebook is another term for
laptop.
• A tablet is a thin, lightweight
mobile device that has a touch
screen and is often associated with
eBook readers.
• An eBook reader, or e-reader, is a
mobile device that is used primarily Figure 1-15 Laptops are portable computers
for reading digital media. that you can use for school or work.
Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 28
 How Convergence Impacts Technology
(3 of 6)
• A desktop, or desktop computer, is a personal computer designed to
be in a stationary location where all its components fit on or under a
desk or table.
• Another type of desktop, called an all-in-one, does not contain a
tower and instead uses the same case to house the display and the
processing circuitry
• A mobile device is a portable or handheld computing device.
• A smartphone is an Internet-capable phone that usually also
includes a calendar, an address book, and games, in addition to apps.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 29
 How Convergence Impacts Technology
(4 of 6)
• Users often purchase a set of
earbuds, which are small
speakers that rest inside each
ear canal, to listen to phone
calls or media without
disturbing those around them.

Figure 1-16 Earbuds enable you to listen to

your devices without disturbing others.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 30
 How Convergence Impacts Technology
(5 of 6)
Media and Gaming Devices
• A digital camera is a camera that creates a digital image of an
object, person, or scene.
• A digital media player is an application that lets you play audio and
video files; most tablets and smartphones include media players.
• One can download digital media to your device, or you can play the
media while it streams.
• Streaming is a way of receiving audio and video content on your
device as it is being downloaded from the web.
• A wearable device, or wearable, is a small, mobile computing
consumer device designed to be worn.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 31
 How Convergence Impacts Technology
(6 of 6)
Media and Gaming Devices

• An activity tracker is a device that monitors heart rate, measures

pulse, counts steps, and tracks sleep patterns.
• A smartwatch can communicate with a smartphone to make and
answer phone calls, read and send messages, access the web, play
music, work with apps, such as activity trackers and GPS, and more.
• A game console is a hardware device that allows you to play video
games, either single player or multiplayer.
• A handheld game device is small enough to fit in one hand, making it
more portable than a game console.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 32
What Does it Mean to be a Digital Citizen?
(1 of 13)
Digitally literate people know how to copy and paste information from one source
into another. Digital citizens, however, know when it is appropriate to copy and
paste information, how to properly credit the source, and the ramifications of
violating copyright restrictions.

Figure 1-17 Determining how to use technology involves several gray areas.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 33
What Does it Mean to be a Digital Citizen?
(2 of 13)
• Netiquette is a term that describes the rules of Internet etiquette.
• Netiquette includes the code of acceptable behaviors users should
follow while on the Internet; that is, it is the conduct expected of
individuals while online.
• Netiquette includes rules for all aspects of the Internet, including
the web, social media, Internet messaging, chat rooms, online
discussions, and methods to transfer or store files.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 34
What Does it Mean to be a Digital Citizen?
(3 of 13)
Legal and Ethical Responsibilities of a Digital Citizen

• Digital ethics is the set of legal and moral guidelines that govern the
use of technology, including computers, mobile devices, information
systems, and databases.
• Cyberbullying is a form of bullying that involves digital devices and
platforms such as social media sites, online forums, messaging apps,
and email.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 35
What Does it Mean to be a Digital Citizen?
(4 of 13)

Figure 1-18 Technology raises many ethical and legal questions.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 36
What Does it Mean to be a Digital Citizen?
(5 of 13)
Legal and Ethical Responsibilities of a Digital Citizen

• Adherence to the cyber security laws. Zambia like other nations has
statutes that protect against cyberbullying. Cyberbullying can be
defined as bullying “through the transmission of a communication,
including but not limited to, a message, text, sound, or image by
means of an electronic device.”
• Distracted driving means driving a vehicle while focusing on other
activities, typically involving an electronic device such as a cell
phone.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 37
What Does it Mean to be a Digital Citizen?
(6 of 13)

Figure 1-19 Tips for avoiding distracted driving.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 38
What Does it Mean to be a Digital Citizen?
(7 of 13)
How Companies and Schools Can Protect Themselves

• Schools, businesses, and organizations have an obligation to protect

themselves, their employees, their customers, and their information.
One method organizations use to lay out their expectations and rules
for digital citizenship is by enacting Acceptable Use Policies (AUPs).
• An AUP is a document that lists guidelines and repercussions of
using the Internet and other digital company resources, including
network storage and email servers.
• An AUP is distributed in part to reduce an organization’s liability and
to clarify what is and is not a fireable offense.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 39
What Does it Mean to be a Digital Citizen?
(8 of 13)

Figure 1-20 Acceptable use policies outline rules for using technology.
Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 40
What Does it Mean to be a Digital Citizen?
(9 of 13)
How Companies and Schools Can Protect Themselves

• The Internet makes it easier to plagiarize, which is copying or using

someone else’s work and claiming it as your own.
• Cyberbullying, which is known to be extremely harmful to its victims,
is an issue that schools, students, families, and communities are
struggling to deal with.
• To help discourage plagiarism of other people's work, teachers often
require students to submit papers using a service, such as Turnitin,
that automatically checks for plagiarized passages; Turnitin can also
help students check for uncited passages and more before
submitting.
Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 41
What Does it Mean to be a Digital Citizen?
(10 of 13)

Figure 1-21 Schools use technology to predict and prevent plagiarism.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 42
What Does it Mean to be a Digital Citizen?
(11 of 13)
• The practice of green computing
involves reducing electricity
consumed and environmental
waste generated when using
computers, mobile devices, and
related technologies.

Figure 1-22 Look for the ENERGY STAR logo

when purchasing appliances or devices.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 43
What Does it Mean to be a Digital Citizen?
(12 of 13)
• You can avoid electronic waste by not replacing devices every time a
new version is released and by recycling devices and products such
as ink and toner cartridges when they no longer provide value.
• Your green computing efforts should include:
• Purchasing and using products with an ENERGY STAR label
• Shutting down your computers and devices overnight or when
not in use.
• Donating computer equipment
• Using paperless communication
• Recycling paper, toner and ink cartridges, computers, mobile
devices, and printers
• Telecommuting and using videoconferencing for meetings
Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 44
What Does it Mean to be a Digital Citizen?
(13 of 13)
• Organizations can implement a variety of measures to reduce electrical waste,
such as:
 Consolidating servers
 Purchasing high-efficiency equipment
 Using sleep modes and other power management features for computers and
devices
 Purchasing computers and devices with lower power consumption processors
and power supplies
 Recycling or properly disposing of obsolete or discarded technology
 Using outside air, when possible, to cool the data center or computer facility
 Allowing employees to telecommute in order to save gas and reduce vehicle
emissions

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 45
Ethics and Issues: Who Is Responsible for
Providing Assistive Technologies?
(1 of 5)
• The ever-increasing presence of computers in everyone’s lives has
generated an awareness of the need to address computing
requirements for those with limitations, such as intellectual
disabilities, mobility issues, and hearing and visual disabilities.
• Accessibility is the practice of removing barriers that may prevent
individuals with disabilities from interacting with data, a website, or
an app.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 46
 Ethics and Issues: Who Is Responsible for
Providing Assistive Technologies?
(2 of 5)
• Assistive technology is any device, software, or
equipment that helps people work around their
challenges.
• Visually impaired people can change screen settings,
such as increasing the size or changing the color of
the text, to make the words easier to read.
• Changing the color of text also can address the needs
of users with certain types of color blindness.
• A screen reader is a technology that uses the audio Figure 1-23 Individuals with
output to describe the contents of the screen.
visual challenges can use a
Braille printer.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 47
Ethics and Issues: Who Is Responsible for
Providing Assistive Technologies?
(3 of 5)
• A screen reader will read the
alternative text aloud so that the
user understands the image and its
purpose.
• Hearing-impaired people can
instruct programs or apps to display
words or other visual clues instead
of sounds, such as for a notification
from an app.
• Mobility issues can impact a user’s
ability to interact with hardware,
such as a keyboard or a mouse. Figure 1-24 Screen readers use alt text to
describe an image.
Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 48
Ethics and Issues: Who Is Responsible for
Providing Assistive Technologies?
(4 of 5)
• Users with limited hand mobility can use an on-screen keyboard, a keyboard with
larger keys, or a hand-mounted pointer to control the pointer or insertion point.
Alternatives to mouse buttons include a hand pad, a foot pedal, a receptor that
detects facial motions, or a pneumatic instrument controlled by puffs of air.
• Users with intellectual disabilities might struggle with reading words on a screen,
handwriting, or retaining information. Technologies that help these users learn or
perform tasks include:
• Speech recognition programs so that the user can input data or information
verbally
• Graphic organizers enable a user to create an outline or structure of information
• Audio books to read information aloud to the user instead of reading it on a
printed page or on the screen.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 49
Ethics and Issues: Who Is Responsible for
Providing Assistive Technologies?
(5 of 5)
Legal Requirements
• The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is a law that requires any
company with 15 or more employees to make reasonable attempts to
accommodate the needs of physically challenged workers.
• The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is a law that
requires that public schools purchase or acquire funding for adaptive
technologies.
• These laws were put in place to ensure that people with disabilities
can access resources, information, and services using the
appropriate technology.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 50