CUET-PG 2025

Development and Labour Studies

(PGQP79)
Study Material

Pdf available on Telegram Channel

@gkzarurihai

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 Part 1- Polity
Part III of the Constitution of India is the benchmark for labor laws in India. Also, Part III
(Article 12 to 35) of the Constitution covers the fundamental rights of its citizens which includes
Equality before the law, Religion, Sex, caste, place of birth, the abolition of untouchability,
freedom of speech and expression and prohibition of employment of children in factories.
 Article 14
Equality before the law which is interpreted in labor laws as “Equal pay for Equal work”. It does
not mean that article 14 is absolute. There are a few exceptions in it regarding labor laws such as
physical ability, unskilled and skilled labors shall receive payment according to their merit. In
the case of Randhir Singh vs Union of India, the Supreme Court said that “Even though the
principle of ‘Equal pay for Equal work’ is not defined in the Constitution of India, it is a goal
which is to be achieved through Article 14,16 and 39 (c) of the Constitution of India.
 Article 19 (1) (C)
Constitution guarantees citizens to form a union or association. The Trade Union Act, 1926
works through this Article of the Constitution. It allows workers to form trade unions. Trade
Unions provide the power to raise voice against atrocities done to the workers. Unionization
brings power to the laborers. Trade Unions discuss various labor-related problems with the
employers, they conduct strikes, etc.
 Article 23
Constitution prohibits forced labor. When the Britishers ruled over India, forced labor was
prevalent all over India. They were made to work against their will and weren’t paid according to
their work. The Government at that time were infamous for forced labor and the landlords were
also involved in forced labor. In current times, forced or bonded labor is an offense which is
punishable under the law. The Bonded Labor (Abolition) Act, 1976 prohibits all kinds of bonded
labor and is declared illegal.
 Article 24
Constitution prohibits all forms of child labor. Nobody can employ a child under the age of 14 to
work. Child labor was a massive problem of our country in the earlier times and it still is
happening but at a lower scale. The penalization of article 24 is severe.

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Relevancy of “Directive Principles of State Policy” on Labor Laws
Part IV of the Constitution of India, which is also known as the “Directive Principles of State
Policy” aims to work toward the welfare of its citizens. DPSP cannot be enforced in the court of
law, but it provides a guideline to the legislature for making labor laws in India.
 Article 39 (a) - “The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing; That the
citizens, men and women equally, have the right to an adequate means of livelihood. It
means that every citizen of the country has the right to earn a livelihood without getting
discriminated on the basis of their sex.
 Article 39 (d) - Constitution says that “The State shall, in particular, direct its policy
towards securing; that there is equal pay for equal work for both men and women. Wages
will not be determined on the basis of sex rather it will be according to the amount of
work done by the worker.

 Article 41 - Constitution provides “ Right to Work” which means that every citizen of
the country has the right to work and the state with the best of its abilities will secure the
right to work and education.

 Article 42 - Provides for the upliftment of the working conditions for workers. It talks
about creating a suitable and Humane workplace. This article also talks about maternity
relief, i.e leave provided to women when they are pregnant.

 Article 43 - Talks about the “living wage” for its citizens. Living wage not only includes
the “bare necessities of life” but also the social and cultural upliftment of the person. It
also includes education and insurances for a person. The State shall constantly try to
create opportunities in the fields of Agriculture and Industries with special reference to
cottage industries.

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 Schedules in Indian Constitution

Schedules Features of Schedules

First Schedule of It contains the name of States and Union Territories.Territorial

Indian Jurisdiction of states is also included.
Constitution

Second Schedule The provisions in relation to allowances, privileges, emoluments of:

of Indian
 President of India
Constitution
 Governors of Indian States
 Speaker of Lok Sabha & Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha
 Chairman of Rajya Sabha & Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha
 Speaker and Deputy Speaker of Legislative Assemblies of Indian
States
 Chairman and Deputy Chairman of Legislative Councils of the
Indian States
 Supreme Court Judges
 High Court Judges
 Comptroller & Auditor General of India (CAG)

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Third Schedule It contains the forms of oath and affirmation for:
 Union Ministers of India
 Parliament Election Candidates
 Members of Parliament (MPs)
 Supreme Court Judges
 Comptroller and Auditor General
 State Ministers
 State Legislature Elections’ Candidates
 State Legislature Members
 High Court Judges

Fourth Schedule It contains the provisions in relation to the allocation of seats for States
and Union Territories in the Rajya Sabha

Fifth Schedule It contains provisions in relation to the administration and control of

scheduled areas and scheduled tribes

Sixth Schedule It contains provisions in relation to the administration of tribal areas in the
states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram

Seventh This schedule deals with the three legislative lists:

Schedule
 Union
 State
 Concurrent

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Eighth Schedule It deals with the 22 official languages recognized by the Constitution of
India:
 Assamese
 Bengali
 Bodo
 Dogri (Dongri)
 Gujarati
 Hindi
 Kannada
 Kashmiri
 Konkani
 Mathili (Maithili)
 Malayalam
 Manipuri
 Marathi
 Nepali
 Oriya
 Punjabi
 Sanskrit
 Santhali
 Sindhi
 Tamil
 Telugu
 Urdu

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Ninth Schedule It deals with the state acts and regulations of that deal with land reforms
and abolition of the zamindari system. It also deals with the acts and
regulations of the Parliament dealing with other matters.
Note: 1st Amendment Act 1951 added the Ninth Schedule to protect the
laws included in it from judicial scrutiny on the ground of violation of
fundamental rights. However, in 2007, the Supreme Court ruled that the
laws included in this schedule after April 24, 1973, are now open to
judicial review

Tenth Schedule It contains provisions relating to disqualification of the members of

Parliament and State Legislatures on the ground of defection.
Note: This schedule was added by the 52nd Amendment Act of 1985, also
known as Anti-defection Law

Eleventh It contains the provisions that specify the powers, authority and
Schedule responsibilities of Panchayats. It has 29 matters.
Note:This schedule was added by the 73rd Amendment Act of 1992

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 Twelfth It deals with the provisions that specify the powers, authority and
Schedule responsibilities of Municipalities. It has 18 matters.
Note: This schedule was added by the 74th Amendment Act of 1992

Fundamental Duties
The Swaran Singh Committee in 1976 recommended Fundamental Duties, the necessity of
which was felt during the internal emergency of 1975-77. The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976
added 10 Fundamental Duties to the Indian Constitution. The 86th Amendment Act 2002 later
added the 11th Fundamental Duty to the list.
The list of 11 Fundamental Duties under Article 51-A to be obeyed by every Indian citizen is
given in the table below:

S.No 11 Fundamental Duties

1. Abide by the Indian Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National
Flag and the National Anthem

2. Cherish and follow the noble ideals that inspired the national struggle for freedom

3. Uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India

4. Defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so

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5. Promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of
India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities and to
renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women

6. Value and preserve the rich heritage of the country’s composite culture

7. Protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and
wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures

8. Develop scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform

9. Safeguard public property and to abjure violence

10. Strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the
nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement

11. Provide opportunities for education to his child or ward between the age of six and
fourteen years. (This duty was added by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act,
2002)

Sources of the Indian Constitution.

S.No Countries Borrowed Features of Indian Constitution

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1. Australia  Concurrent list
 Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse
 Joint-sitting of the two Houses of Parliament

2. Canada  Federation with a strong Centre

 Vesting of residuary powers in the Centre
 Appointment of state governors by the Centre
 Advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court

3. Ireland  Directive Principles of State Policy

 Nomination of members to Rajya Sabha
 Method of election of the president

4. Japan  Procedure Established by law

5. Soviet Union (USSR) (now,  Fundamental duties

Russia)
 Ideals of justice (social, economic and political)
in the Preamble

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6. UK  Parliamentary government
 Rule of Law
 Legislative procedure
 Single Citizenship
 Cabinet system
 Prerogative writs
 Parliamentary privileges
 Bicameralism

7. US  Fundamental rights
 Independence of judiciary
 Judicial review
 Impeachment of the president
 Removal of Supreme Court and High Court
judges
 Post of vice-president

8. Germany (Weimar)  Suspension of Fundamental Rights during

emergency

9. South Africa  Procedure for amendment in the Indian

Constitution
 Election of members of Rajya Sabha

10. France  Republic

 Ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity in the
Preamble

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 Part 2 - Labour Laws
 Factories Act, 1948
 Trade Unions Act, 1926
 Indian Industrial Disputes Act, 1947
 Minimum Wages Act, 1948
 Payment of Wages Act, 1936
 Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, 2013
 Maternity Benefits Act, 1961
 The Payments of Gratuity Act, 1972
 Payment of Bonus Act, 1965′
 Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act 1946
 Worker’s Compensation Act 1923

Part 3 - E-Sharam Portal

https://youtu.be/ag0kC2uzHDM

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 Part 4 - Important Schemes

Scheme Name Brief Description Year of

Launch

Employees' State Insurance Provides medical benefits, maternity benefits, 1952

Scheme and sickness benefits to employees in the
organized sector.

Employees' Provident Fund Retirement benefit scheme providing a lump 1952

Scheme sum amount to employees upon retirement or
resignation.

Financial assistance to ex- Provides financial aid to ex-servicemen who are 1981
servicemen in penury in a state of penury.

Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay Provides financial assistance and welfare 1982

National Welfare Fund For support to sportspersons in India.
Sportspersons

Mahatma Gandhi National Provides guaranteed employment opportunities 2005

Rural Employment Guarantee and wage security to rural households.
Act

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National Pension Scheme Voluntary retirement savings scheme offering 2004
regular income after retirement.

Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Health insurance scheme for below-poverty-line 2008

Yojana families offering cashless treatment for
hospitalization expenses.

Prime Minister's Employment Credit-linked subsidy program promoting self- 2008

Generation Programme employment opportunities by providing
financial assistance for small businesses.

Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Financial inclusion program providing access to 2014
Yojana banking services, insurance, and pension
schemes for all.

Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Personal accident insurance scheme offering 2015
Yojana coverage for accidental death and disability at a
nominal premium.

Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Life insurance scheme providing a life cover of 2015
Bima Yojana Rs. 2 lakh at an affordable premium.

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Atal Pension Yojana Pension scheme for workers in the unorganized 2015
sector offering fixed monthly pension amounts
based on contributions.

Central Victim Compensation Provides financial assistance to victims of crime 2015

Fund scheme (CVCF) to support their rehabilitation and relief.

Pradhan Mantri Vaya Vandana Pension scheme for senior citizens offering 2017
Yojana guaranteed returns and regular income.

Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Maternity benefit program providing financial 2017
Yojana assistance to pregnant and lactating women for
their healthcare needs.

Ayushman Bharat - Pradhan Health insurance scheme providing cashless 2018

Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana treatment for certain illnesses and
hospitalization expenses.

Atal Beemit Vyakti Kalyan Provides unemployment benefits to insured 2018

Yojana persons covered under the Employees' State
Insurance Scheme.

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Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Pension scheme for workers in the unorganized 2019
Maan-Dhan Yojana (PM-SYM) sector providing a minimum assured pension
Old Age Protection upon reaching the age of 60.

National Pension Scheme for Voluntary pension scheme where individuals 2019
Traders and The Self-employed are eligible to receive a minimum monthly
Persons (NPS) pension of Rs. 3000 upon reaching the age of
60.

Special Portal For Battle A dedicated portal to provide welfare support 2022
Casualties Welfare Fund and financial assistance to the families of battle
casualties.

Sports Fund for Pension to Establishes a fund to provide pensions to -

Meritorious Sportspersons meritorious sportspersons for their
achievements and contributions.

Insurance coverage for LPG Provides insurance coverage for users of LPG -
users (liquefied petroleum gas) for accidents, injuries,
and property damage.

Minimum Wages for various Ensures a minimum wage for workers in -

employment roles various employment roles to protect their
economic well-being.

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  What is MGNREGA?
 MGNREGA is a rural wage employment program in India.
 It was known as the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
 It provides for a legal guarantee of at least 100 days of unskilled wage employment in a
financial year to rural households whose adult members are willing to engage in unskilled
manual work at a predetermined minimum wage rate.
 The Ministry of Rural Development (MRD), Govt of India is monitoring the entire
implementation of this scheme in association with state governments.
Key Points
 Launched: 2nd February 2006. The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act was passed on 23rd August 2005
 Type of Scheme: Centrally Sponsored Scheme
 Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Rural Development
 Purpose: To provide at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment to rural
households undertaking unskilled manual work & enhance livelihood security.
 Target Group: Adult members (18+ years) of registered rural households willing to do
unskilled manual labor.

 What is UJALA Scheme?

The UJALA Scheme stands for Unnat Jeevan by Affordable LEDs and Appliances for All. It is
an initiative launched by the Government of India. It aims to promote energy efficiency and
reduce the consumption of electricity.

UJALA Scheme for UPSC – Overview

Scheme UJALA

Full-Form Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All

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 UJALA scheme launch date 1st May 2015

Concerned Ministry Ministry of Power

Objectives of the UJALA Scheme

The primary goal is to encourage efficient lighting and raise knowledge about using efficient
equipment, which decreases electricity bills and aids in environmental preservation.

 What is PM Kisan Samman Nidhi Yojna (PMKSNY)?

The Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi Yojna (PMKSNY) is also known as PM Kisan Yojna.
It is a government of India scheme. It provides income support to all landholding farmer families
in the country, with cultivable land up to 2 hectares. The scheme was launched in December
2018.

Overview of PMKSNY

Scheme PM Kisan

Full-Form PM Kisan Samman Nidhi Yojna

Date of Launch 24th February 2019

Scheme o To provide Financial support to all land-holding eligible farmer

Objective families
o To double the income of farmers by 2022

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  What is Samagra Shiksha Scheme?
The Samagra Shiksha Scheme was launched in the year 2018 by the Ministry of Education. The
scheme aims to ensure the equitable, inclusive, and cost-effective delivery of school education to
many children in India. Under the Samagra Shiksha Scheme umbrella, three schemes are
included: Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan, and the Teacher
Education Program.
Background of the Samagra Shiksha Scheme
The Samagra Shiksha Scheme is a flagship program of the Government of India aimed at
enhancing the quality of education at the school level. It was launched in 2018 by merging three
existing schemes:
o Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA),
o Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA), and
o Teacher Education (TE).
The scheme focuses on providing holistic education, improving learning outcomes, and ensuring
equitable access to education for all children.

 What is National Skill Development Mission (NSDM)?

The Union Cabinet approved the National Skill Development Mission (NSDM) on 1st July 2015.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi officially launched it on 15th July 2015 on World Youth Skills
Day. It was established to provide a strong institutional Framework at the centre and the stage for
the implementation of the scaling activities in the country. It aims to expedite decision-making
across sectors to achieve the skill scale with speed and standard. This initiative consists of the
following:
o National Skill Development Mission.
o Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY).
o National Policy for Skill Development and Entrepreneurship
o Skill Loan Scheme.

 What is Pradhan Mantri Rojgar Protsahan Yojana (PMRPY)?

Pradhan Mantri Rojgar Protsahan Yojana (PMRPY) is a government scheme. It aims to
incentivize employers to create new jobs. The scheme was launched in 2016. The Employees'
Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) administers it.

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 Highlights of Pradhan Mantri Rojgar Protsahan Yojana

Scheme PMRPY

Full-Form Pradhan Mantri Rojgar Protsahan Yojana

Date of August 7, 2016

Launch

Nodal Ministry of Labour and Employment – implemented by the Employees

Ministry Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO)

Duration of PMRPY
The PMRPY will be in operation for a duration of three years. That is, all the new employees
will be covered under the scheme till 2019-20.
Beneficiaries of PMRPY
The intended beneficiaries of Pradhan Mantri Rojgar Yojana are as follows:
o All establishments which are registered with the Employees Provident Fund Organisation
Under EPF Act 1952.
o These establishments must have a valid Labour Identification Number (LIN).

 What is HRIDAY Scheme?

The HRIDAY yojana, being a central sector scheme, relied solely on funding from the central
government. It had a project duration of four years, starting in December 2014 and concluding in
March 2019. A total allocation of Rs. 500 crores was planned for the successful execution of the
scheme. The primary objective of the HRIDAY scheme was to preserve the unique character of
heritage cities while promoting urban development with a strong heritage focus.
o The scheme involved collaborative efforts between the central government and respective
state governments in planning, developing, implementing, and managing twelve selected
heritage cities.

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 o The scheme aimed to conserve and develop heritage sites and focused on urban planning
and fostering inclusive economic growth.

Scheme Name HRIDAY

Scheme Full-Form National Heritage City Development And Augmentation Yojana

Launch Date 21st January 2015

Ministry Department Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs

List of Cities Under HRIDAY Scheme

Following are the 12 heritage cities listed under the HRIDAY scheme for development:
o Ajmer
o Amravati
o Amritsar
o Badami
o Dwarka
o Gaya
o Kanchipuram
o Mathura
o Puri
o Varanasi
o Velankanni

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 o Waranga

 Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM)

The DAY-NRLM is essentially a poverty relief programme of the Central government. It was
launched as ‘Aajeevika – National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM)’ by the GOI’s
Ministry of Rural Development in the year 2011. It was renamed as DAY-NRLM in 2015. The
scheme is an improved version of the earlier Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY).
 The programme is supported partially by the World Bank.

https://youtu.be/CUOn4bpr0HQ?si=hN1vqqfVz6Ms9BSl

 Make in India (MII)

Name of the scheme Make in India

Date of launching 25th September 2014

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 Launched by PM Narendra Modi

Government Ministry Ministry of Commerce and Industry

 The Make in India logo is a lion. It is a lion’s silhouette filled with cogs. This symbolizes
manufacturing, national pride, and strength.
 Key Sectors Under MII
o The initiative focused on 27 sectors, grouped under two broad categories:
 Manufacturing Sectors: Aerospace and Defence; Automotive and Auto
Components; Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices; Biotechnology;
Textiles and Apparels; Chemicals and Petrochemicals; Electronics System
Design and Manufacturing (ESDM); Food Processing; Gems and
Jewellery; Railways, and more.
 Service Sectors: Information Technology (IT) and IT-enabled Services
(ITeS); Tourism and Hospitality; Medical Value Travel; Transport and
Logistics Services; Accounting and Finance Services; Audio Visual and
Legal Services, among others.
Pillars of MII
 New Processes: The "Make in India" initiative identified 'ease of doing business' as a
crucial factor for promoting entrepreneurship. Several measures were implemented to
enhance the business environment, making it more conducive for startups and established
enterprises alike.
 New Infrastructure: The government focused on developing industrial corridors and
smart cities, integrating state-of-the-art technology and high-speed communication to
create world-class infrastructure. Innovation and research were supported through
streamlined registration systems and improved intellectual property rights (IPR)
infrastructure. Efforts were made to identify industry skill requirements and develop the
workforce accordingly.
 New Sectors: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) was significantly opened up in various
sectors including Defence Production, Insurance, Medical Devices, Construction, and
Railway infrastructure. This expansion also included easing FDI regulations in Insurance
and Medical Devices, encouraging international investment and growth.
 New Mindset: The government embraced a role as a facilitator rather than a regulator,
partnering with industry to drive the country's economic development. This shift aimed to
foster a collaborative environment that supported industrial growth and innovation.

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Make in India – Schemes
Several schemes were launched to support the Make in India programme. These schemes are
discussed below:
 Skill India This mission aims to skill 10 million in India annually in various sectors. For
‘Make in India’ to turn into a reality, there is a need to upskill the large human resources
available. This is important because the percentage of formally skilled workforce in India
is only 2% of the population.
 Startup India The main idea behind this programme is to build an ecosystem that fosters
the growth of startups, driving sustainable economic growth, and creating large-scale
employment.
 Digital India This aims to transform India into a knowledge-based and digitally
empowered economy.
 Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) The mission envisages financial
inclusion to ensure access to financial services, namely banking savings & deposit
accounts, remittances, credit, insurance, and pension in an affordable manner.
 Smart CitiesThis mission aims to transform and rejuvenate Indian cities. The goal is to
create 100 smart cities in India through several sub-initiatives.
 AMRUT AMRUT is the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation. It
aims to build basic public amenities and make 500 cities in India more livable and
inclusive.
 Swachh Bharat Abhiyan This is a mission aimed at making India more cleaner and
promoting basic sanitation and hygiene.
 Sagarmala This scheme aims at developing ports and promoting port-led development in
the country.
 International Solar Alliance (ISA) The ISA is an alliance of 121 countries, most of
them being sunshine countries, which lie either completely or partly between the Tropic
of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. This is India’s initiative aimed at promoting
research and development in solar technologies and formulating policies in that regard.
 AGNII AGNII or Accelerating Growth of New India’s Innovation was launched to push
the innovation ecosystem in the country by connecting people and assisting in
commercializing innovations.

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 Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana Gramin (PMAY-G) (Launched in 2016)
 Objective: To provide pucca (permanent) houses with basic amenities to the rural poor by
2024.
 Features: Financial assistance to eligible families for house construction.
 Target: Construction of 2.95 crore houses by 2024.

 Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) (Launched in 2014)

 Objective: To eliminate open defecation and improve solid waste management in urban
areas.
 Key Components: Construction of individual household toilets, public toilets, and
efficient waste management systems.
 Goal: Achieve a clean and hygienic urban environment.

 Pradhan Mantri Suryodaya Yojana (Planned for 2024)

 Objective: This scheme is currently speculative or unclear. Likely to focus on solar
energy or renewable energy development, aligning with India’s sustainability goals.

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 Part 5- IMPORTANT ARTICLES RELATED TO
SCHEDULE CASTE AND SCHEDULE TRIBE.

Constitutional Provisions for Scheduled Tribes

Article Description

Definition

Article  The President must, by public notification, designate the tribes or tribal
342 communities, or sections of or groups within tribes or tribal communities,
that shall be regarded to be Scheduled Tribes for the purposes of this
Constitution.
 Parliament may by law include or exclude any tribe or tribal community,
or part of or group within any tribe or tribal community, from the list of
Scheduled Tribes specified in a notification issued under clause (1), but
except as aforesaid, a notification issued under the said clause shall not be
varied by any subsequent notification.

Article  Unless the context necessitates otherwise, the following terminology in

366 this Constitution have the meanings now ascribed to them, that is to say,
"Schedule" denotes a Schedule to this Constitution.
 "Scheduled Tribes" refers to tribes or tribal communities, or sections or
groups within such tribes or tribal communities, that are declared
Scheduled Tribes for the purposes of this Constitution under Article 342.

Educational, Cultural and Public Employment-related Safeguards

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Article  The state is empowered to make any special provision for the
15(4) advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of
citizens or for the scheduled castes or the scheduled tribes regarding their
admission to educational institutions including private educational
institutions, whether aided or unaided by the state, except the minority
educational institutions.

Article 16  Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment

Article  Provides that the State may make any provision for reservation in issues
16(4A) of promotion in favour of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes if they
are not properly represented in State services.

Article 17  The article abolishes ‘untouchability’ and forbids its practice in any form.
 The enforcement of any disability arising out of untouchability shall be an
offence punishable in accordance with law.

Article 21  Free and compulsory education for all children of the age of 6 to14 years.
A
 Article 21A was added by the Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment)
Act of 2002.

Article 46  This article compels the state to 'promote with great care the educational
and economic interests of the weaker parts of the population, particularly
the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, and to safeguard them from
social injustice and all types of exploitation.

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Economic Safeguards

Article  Clause (1) of this Article says that the provisions of the Fifth Schedule
244 shall apply to the administration and control of Scheduled Areas and
Scheduled Tribes in any state other than Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram,
and Tripura, which are covered by the Sixth Schedule.

Article  Grants in Aid to designated States (STs&SAs) covered under the

275 Constitution's Fifth and Sixth Schedules.

Article  Claims of Scheduled Castes and Tribes to Services and Positions

335

Political Safeguards

Article  Provided that in the states of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and Orissa, there
164(1) must be a Minister in charge of tribal welfare who may also be in charge
of the welfare of Scheduled Castes and backward classes or any other
activity.

Article  Seats in Panchayats are reserved for Scheduled Tribes under Article
243D 243D.

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Article  This article mandates that seats be allocated in every municipality for
243T Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

Article  These articles of the Constitution, respectively, allow for reservations of

330 and seats in the House of the People and in the legislative assembly of the
Article States in favour of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
332
 Reservation for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in local bodies
has been foreseen and provided for under Part IX of the Constitution
related to Panchayats and Part IXA of the Constitution relating to
Municipalities.

Article  National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (STs), a constitutional body in

338-A the sense that it is directly established by Article 338-A of the
Constitution
 To study and monitor any issues concerning the constitutional and other
legal safeguards for STs, as well as to evaluate their effectiveness.
 To look into particular complaints on the infringement of STs' rights and
safeguards.

Article  This article empowers the President to form a committee to evaluate the
340 conditions of the backward classes, the problems they encounter, and to
provide suggestions on how to improve their situation. This was the
article that established the Mandal Commission.

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 Constitutional Provisions for Scheduled Caste

Fundamental Rights

Article Description

Article  The state is empowered to make any special provision for the
15(4) advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of
citizens or for the scheduled castes or the scheduled tribes regarding their
admission to educational institutions including private educational
institutions, whether aided or unaided by the state, except the minority
educational institutions.

Article  Provides that the State may make any provision for reservation in issues
16(4A) of promotion in favour of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes if they
are not properly represented in State services.

Article 17  The article abolishes ‘untouchability’ and forbids its practice in any form.
 The enforcement of any disability arising out of untouchability shall be an
offence punishable in accordance with law.

Article 21  Free and compulsory education for all children of the age of 6 to14 years.
A
 Article 21A was added by the Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment)
Act of 2002.

30
Article 24  Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.
 Child labour is regulated and prohibited in India under this Article.

Directive Principles of State Policy

Article Description

Article 46  This article compels the state to 'promote with great care the educational
and economic interests of the weaker parts of the population, particularly
the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, and to safeguard them from
social injustice and all types of exploitation.

Other provisions

Article Description

Article  This article provides for reservation in Panchayats for Scheduled Castes
243D and Scheduled Tribes in proportion to the number of Scheduled Castes or
Scheduled Tribes in the village.

Article  This article mandates that seats be allocated in every municipality for
243T Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

31
Article  These articles of the Constitution, respectively, allow for reservations of
330 and seats in the House of the People and in the legislative assembly of the
Article States in favour of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
332
 Reservation for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in local bodies
has been foreseen and provided for under Part IX of the Constitution
related to Panchayats and Part IXA of the Constitution relating to
Municipalities.

Article  This Article states that the claims of members of the Scheduled Castes
335 and Scheduled Tribes should be considered in making appointments to
services and posts in connection with the business of the Union or of a
State, consistent with the maintenance of administrative efficiency.

Article  The National Commission for Scheduled Castes is established by Article

338 338.
 The role of the Commission is to oversee the safeguards given for
Scheduled Castes in the Constitution or any other law.
 Its responsibilities also include examining complaints and participating in
the planning process for the socioeconomic development of people of
Scheduled Caste groups, all while exercising all the powers of a civil
court.

Article  This article empowers the President to form a committee to evaluate the
340 conditions of the backward classes, the problems they encounter, and to
provide suggestions on how to improve their situation. This was the
article that established the Mandal Commission.

32
 Laws Related to SC/ST in India.
There are several laws in India aimed at protecting the rights of Scheduled Castes (SC) and
Scheduled Tribes (ST). Here are some key ones:
1. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989: This
Act was enacted to prevent atrocities and hate crimes against SCs and STs. It is also
known as the SC/ST Act or the Atrocities Act1. The Act provides for special courts for
the trial of such offenses and lays down stringent punishments for those found guilty.
2. Constitutional Provisions: The Indian Constitution provides several protections for SCs
and STs. For example, Article 15(4) allows the state to make special provisions for the
advancement of SCs and STs2. Article 17 abolishes untouchability, and Article 46 directs
the state to promote the educational and economic interests of SCs and STs.
3. National Commissions for SCs and STs: Articles 338 and 338A of the Constitution
provide for the establishment of National Commissions for SCs and STs, respectively.
These commissions are tasked with monitoring the safeguards provided for SCs and STs
and ensuring their effective implementation2.
4. Grants-in-Aid to States: Article 275 provides for grants-in-aid to states for promoting
the welfare of SCs and STs.

Part 6 - Important Organizations, acts, commissions.

 International labour organisation (ILO)

https://youtu.be/zpT1141bUbA?si=l-KJPDDYMTtBRhsN
International Labour Organization (Article)

 NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India)

- Established: January 1, 2015
- Purpose: Replaced the Planning Commission to foster cooperative federalism and promote
sustainable development.
- Chairperson: Prime Minister of India (ex-officio).
- Vice Chairperson: Appointed by the Prime Minister.
- Headquarters:New Delhi.

33
- Key Initiatives:
- Aspirational Districts Programme.
- Atal Innovation Mission.
- India’s SDG Index.
- Digital India initiatives.

 TRIFED (Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India)

- Established: 1987.
- Purpose Promote the socio-economic development of tribal communities through marketing
and development of their products.
- Parent Ministry:Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India.
- Headquarters: New Delhi.
- Key Programs/Initiatives:
- Van Dhan Yojana.
- TRIFOOD projects (value addition to minor forest produce).
- Promotion of tribal handicrafts through the Tribes India network.

 Reserve Bank of India (RBI)

- Established: April 1, 1935, under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.
- Purpose: Central bank of India, responsible for monetary policy, financial stability, and
currency issuance.
- Headquarters: Mumbai, Maharashtra.
- First Governor:Sir Osborne Smith.
- First Indian Governor:C.D. Deshmukh.
- Current Governor:Shaktikanta Das (as of January 2025).
- Key Functions:
- Issuer of currency.
- Regulates banking and financial systems.
- Manages foreign exchange.

34
  Goods & Services Tax (GST) Council
-Established:September 15, 2016 (Notified under Article 279A of the Indian Constitution).
- First Meeting:September 22-23, 2016.
- Purpose: Makes recommendations to the Union and State Governments on GST-related issues,
including tax rates, exemptions, and laws.
- Chairperson: Union Finance Minister (currently Nirmala Sitharaman as of January 2025).
- Members: Union Minister of State for Revenue and Finance Ministers of all states/UTs.
- Key Features of GST:
- Simplified indirect taxation.
- "One Nation, One Tax."
- Centralized tax on goods and services across India.

 About NSSO (Now NSO- National Statistical Office)

National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) - Merger of NSSO with Central Statistics Office (CSO)
 National Comission on SC/ST/OBC
https://youtu.be/urnAf4jhf7c?si=f3hGIv2I67EZmjnM
 Human Rights Comission
https://youtu.be/vCBhixTCsIg?si=FL1N6OvkluS6gksU
 Child Protection Acts In India.
Children Protection Laws In India - LAW INSIDER INDIA- INSIGHT OF LAW (SUPREME
COURT, HIGH COURT AND JUDICIARY (Article)

35
 Part 7 - Economy
 GDP ,GNP, NDP, NNP
https://youtu.be/6sUmCjoTl_c?si=yqMF8YGSgchejmFP

 Five Year Plan

https://youtu.be/AJJkWRC6XIg?si=UcExOMJcDD-s_Qnw

 Five Year Plan MCQs

https://youtu.be/hiP45_Xlx9w?si=MAy4GyJh0J4-N_yV

 Economy MCQs Playlist

https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLr1T5ifv-
3bH51ImeEmIovi7x4tU1L1AO&si=Z4IXOnj1VRHmUh2A
https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLDMzCO_MhA2ljyld4oLY8f_MdmXdWJ95i&si=sp
GNZpLJRGpwwfN-

 INDEX 2024 -
https://youtu.be/FwKVnsBV6lM?si=BgU47vLFkEOtXRuj

 Human Development Index- meaning and its indicators (Article)

About the Human Development Report:
 First Released: 1990
 Objective: To explore global development issues through the lens of the human
development approach, which emphasizes improving people's well-being and expanding
their choices, rather than just focusing on economic growth.
 Produced by: The Human Development Report Office (HDRO) for the UNDP.
 Themes: Each year, the report explores a specific theme such as inequality, climate
change, gender, or sustainability, providing insights and recommendations.
Human Development Index (HDI):The HDI is a composite index included in the HDR to
measure and rank countries' development levels based on three dimensions:
1. Health:
o Measured by life expectancy at birth (linked to SDG 3: Good Health and Well-
being).

36
2. Education:
o Expected years of schooling (linked to SDG 4.3: Equal access to education).
o Mean years of schooling (linked to SDG 4.4: Skill development for employment).
3. Standard of Living:
o Measured by gross national income (GNI) per capita (linked to SDG 8.5: Decent
work and economic growth).

 The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)

37
  Types Of TAXES in India.
Taxation in India: Types of Taxes in India - Shiksha Online

 Types of Poverty
https://youtu.be/RA2Yg5Fsq0M?si=csd7UdgSBx8YfiGE
 Types of Unemployement and its calculation method
https://youtu.be/iCdaubzyLo8?si=KpQF0ycmijthsgaM
 Committees related to poverty
https://youtu.be/IU6UGDZgcDc?si=Socwrmj1JnTHQqkm
 Committees related to unemployment
https://youtu.be/_hFmYD5FhvM?si=j5gCW39WJWlF-Wbf

 Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) in India administers the following Acts and
Codes:
Administered by MCA:
1. The Companies Act, 2013 - Regulates incorporation, functioning, and management of
companies in India.
2. The Indian Partnership Act, 1932 - Governs partnerships and outlines rights, duties,
and liabilities of partners.
3. Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 - Provides a unified framework for resolving
insolvency and bankruptcy issues in India.
4. The Competition Act, 2002 - Promotes fair competition and prevents anti-competitive
practices in markets.

38
 Part 8 - Political Thoughts
 Indian Political Thinkers

https://youtu.be/gh8GNTXrOK8?si=VaIc8SStCcuj4dv5

 Western Political Thought | All thinkers | Playlist

https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwsLMzG8rnWOEWP4nN7k8hZkhl_y9eLKz

 Socialism

https://youtu.be/6i0PAmvMSPY

 Liberalism

https://youtu.be/zUPQZSRh3uU

 Classical Liberalism

https://youtu.be/FGumL9CWMIg

 Modern Liberalism

https://youtu.be/Z7-OyI3B_L8

 Conservatism

https://youtu.be/ViBj-PWMnpQ

 Neo liberalism

https://youtu.be/C9Zu4pmHUAo

39
 Part 9 - Books by Famous Economists

The Wealth of Nations Adam Smith

The Invisible Hand Adam Smith

The Theory of Moral Sentiments Adam Smith

The Money Game Adam Smith

The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money J.M. Keynes

The Economic Consequences of the Peace J.M. Keynes

Essays in Persuasion J.M. Keynes

A Treatise on Money J.M. Keynes

Indian Currency and Finance J.M. Keynes

Capitalism and Freedom Milton Friedman

Money Mischief Milton Friedman

Why Government is the Problem Milton Friedman

There is no such thing as a Free Lunch Milton Friedman

Price Theory Milton Friedman

The Road to Serfdom F.A. Hayek

The Pure Theory of Capital F.A. Hayek

The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism F.A. Hayek

The Constitution of Liberty F.A. Hayek

Das Kapital Karl Marx

40
Theories of Surplus Value Karl Marx

Wage, Labour and Capital Karl Marx

The Poverty of Philosophy Karl Marx

Principles of Economics Alfred Marshall

Money, Credit and Commerce Alfred Marshall

Principles of Political Economy Thomas Malthus

Sigmund Freud's major works with their publication years

1. Studies on Hysteria (1895)

2. The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)

3. The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901)

4. Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905)

5. Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious (1905)

6. Totem and Taboo (1913)

7. Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis (1916-1917)

8. Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920)

9. The Ego and the Id (1923)

10. Civilization and Its Discontents (1930)

11. Moses and Monotheism (1939)

12. On Narcissism: An Introduction (1914)

13. Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety (1926)

14. The Future of an Illusion (1927)

15. An Outline of Psychoanalysis (1940, posthumously published)

41
Works by Karl Marx along with their publication years:

1. The German Ideology (1846, unpublished during his lifetime)

2. The Communist Manifesto (1848, co-authored with Friedrich Engels)

3. The Class Struggles in France, 1848–1850 (1850)

4. The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (1852)

5. A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (1859)

6. Capital: Critique of Political Economy, Volume I (1867)

7. The Civil War in France (1871)

8. Critique of the Gotha Program (1875, published posthumously in 1891)

9. Capital: Critique of Political Economy, Volume II (1885, edited and published

posthumously by Friedrich Engels)

10. Capital: Critique of Political Economy, Volume III (1894, edited and published
posthumously by Friedrich Engels)

42
 Part 10 - Top Nine Trade Unions of India
S. Trade Union Year of H. Q.
No. Establishment

1. All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) 1920 New Delhi

2. Indian National Trade Union Congress May 3, 1947 New Delhi

(INTUC)

3. Bhartiya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS) July 27, 1955 New Delhi

4. Centre for Indian Trade Unions (CITU) 1970 New Delhi

5. Hind Mazdoor Sabha (HMS) Dec. 24, 1948 New Delhi

6. All India Trade Union Centre (AIUTUC) April 26-27, 1958 Kolkata

7. Self-employed Women's Association of India 1972 Ahmedabad

(SEWA)

8. Trade Union Coordination Centre 1970 NA

9. All India Central Council of Trade Union May 1989 NA

43
 Part 11 - Important Revolutions in India:
Agricultural Revolutions
Name of the Products Father of Revolutions in India
revolution

Green revolution Integration of ecological principles in M.S.Swaminathan

technology development

Protein Higher Production (Technology-driven Coined by Narendra Modi and

revolution 2nd Green Revolution) Arun Jaitely

Yellow Oilseed Production (Especially Mustard Sam Pitroda

revolution and Sunflower)

Black revolution Petroleum products -

Blue revolution Fish and aquarium products Dr Arun Krishnan

Brown Leather / Cocoa / Non-Conventional -

revolution Products

Golden fibre Jute products -

revolution

Golden Fruits / Honey Production / Horticulture Nirpakh Tutej

revolution Development

Grey revolution fertilisers -

Pink revolution Onion Production / Pharmaceuticals / Durgesh Patel

Prawn Production

44
 Silver revolution Egg Production / Poultry Production Indira Gandhi (Mother of the
Revolution)

Silver fibre Cotton -

revolution

Red revolution Meat Production / Tomato Production Vishal Tiwari

Round Potato -
revolution

Green revolution Foodgrains M.S. Swaminathan

White revolution Milk products Verghese Kurien

 Revolutions (eg. Green,White Revolution etc.)

https://youtu.be/PtPu5bwOf3E?si=VA6hL-nTxAQ_Dxrr
 Colour Revolutions MCQs.
https://youtu.be/MiWepbn1kAY?si=JZDQUGx8Vdp7YN_3
 Indian National Movement (1857-1947)
https://youtu.be/x1ajRjMhP5Y?si=4tmQhcAXHr-_H3WU
 AIFI - All India Financial Institutions.
https://youtu.be/lLAYyn4nkLU?si=f_jGuyOBJv3EC12g

45
Part 12 - Maharatana and Navaratana Companies in
India.

 According to the recent ratings

 Maharatna- 10
 Navaratna-14
 Miniratnas-74

46
 Part 13 - Psychology

 Freud’s Psychosexual Theory and 5 Stages of Human Development.

Freud’s Psychosexual Theory and 5 Stages of Human Development (Article)

47
  Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Article)
 Thinkers - Freud, Adler, Jung, Klein,Erikson,Karen
Horney
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1YD841T20NTXRMR2MFlVFh
e4vrezt5Fuu/view?usp=drive_link (Articles )

48
 Defense Mechanism
 Defense Mechanisms In Psychology Explained (+ Examples)

49
Part 14 -
Social and
Religious
Movements
in India

50
 Part 15 - Sociology
 Article - Types of Family, Types of Family in Sociology, Type of Family,
Forms of Family, Types of Family in India, Family Structures Sociology

 List of family- and marriage-related terminologies commonly used in

sociology.

Family-Related Terms

1. Nuclear Family

o A family consisting of two parents and their dependent

children.

2. Extended Family

o A family that includes relatives beyond the nuclear

family, such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, and
cousins.

3. Joint Family

o A type of extended family where multiple generations

live together in the same household.

51
4. Blended Family

o A family formed by merging two families, typically

after remarriage, involving children from previous
relationships.

5. Family of Orientation

o The family into which a person is born or adopted.

6. Family of Procreation

o The family that a person establishes through marriage

and having or adopting children.

7. Patriarchal Family

o A family structure where the father or eldest male is

the head of the household.

8. Matriarchal Family

o A family structure where the mother or eldest female

is the head of the household.

9. Patrilineal Descent

o A system of tracing lineage and inheritance through

the male line.
52
 10. Matrilineal Descent

 A system of tracing lineage and inheritance through the

female line.

11. Kinship

 The network of relationships formed by blood, marriage, or

adoption.

12. Fictive Kin

 Relationships that are socially recognized as family ties but

are not based on blood or marriage.

Marriage-Related Terms

1. Monogamy

o A marriage system where an individual has only one

spouse at a time.

2. Polygamy

o A marriage system where an individual has multiple

spouses simultaneously.
53
 o Polygyny: One man married to multiple women.

o Polyandry: One woman married to multiple men.

3. Endogamy

o Marriage within a specific social, cultural, or ethnic

group.

4. Exogamy

o Marriage outside one's social, cultural, or ethnic

group.

5. Arranged Marriage

o A marriage arranged by families or a third party, often

based on cultural or social considerations.

6. Love Marriage

o A marriage based on mutual attraction and personal

choice, as opposed to family arrangement.

7. Hypergamy

o Marrying "up" into a higher social or economic class.

54
8. Hypogamy

o Marrying "down" into a lower social or economic

class.

9. Consanguineous Marriage

o Marriage between individuals who are closely related

by blood.

10. Cohabitation

 A living arrangement where an unmarried couple lives

together in a long-term relationship.

11. Civil Union

 A legally recognized partnership that offers similar rights to

marriage, typically for same-sex couples.

12. Dowry

 Property or money brought by a bride to her husband's

family as part of the marriage.

13. Bride Price

 Payment made by the groom or his family to the bride’s

family as part of marriage customs.
55
14. Levirate Marriage

 A custom where a widow marries her deceased husband's

brother.

15. Sororate Marriage

 A custom where a widower marries his deceased wife's

sister.

Family and Marriage Patterns

1. Patrilocal Residence

o A married couple lives with or near the husband's

family.

2. Matrilocal Residence

o A married couple lives with or near the wife's family.

3. Neolocal Residence

o A married couple establishes a new, independent

household.

56
 4. Avunculocal Residence

o A married couple lives with or near the husband's

maternal uncle.

5. Serial Monogamy

o A pattern where individuals have multiple spouses

over a lifetime, but only one at a time.

Primary characteristics of caste:

1. Hereditary Membership

 Caste is an ascribed status, meaning individuals are born

into a caste and remain within it for life. Membership is
determined by birth and cannot be altered by personal
achievements or efforts.

2. Endogamy

 Members of a caste typically marry within their own caste

(endogamy). Inter-caste marriages are discouraged and, in
traditional societies, often prohibited.

57
3. Hierarchy

 Castes are arranged in a hierarchical order, with some

castes considered "superior" or "pure" and others "inferior"
or "polluted." The Brahmins traditionally occupy the top
position, while "untouchables" or Dalits are at the bottom.

4. Occupation-Based Division

 Each caste traditionally has a specific occupation

associated with it, such as priests (Brahmins), warriors
(Kshatriyas), traders (Vaishyas), and laborers (Shudras).
Over time, occupational roles have become less rigid.

5. Purity and Pollution

 Castes are governed by notions of ritual purity and

pollution. Higher castes are considered "pure," while lower
castes are often deemed "polluted." Physical contact or
proximity with "polluted" castes was traditionally avoided.

6. Social Restrictions

 There are strict social restrictions regarding food, dress,

speech, and religious practices. For example, sharing food
58
 or water between higher and lower castes was traditionally
restricted.

7. Segmental Division of Society

 Society is divided into distinct castes, each functioning as a

separate unit with its own norms, rules, and governance.
Castes act as closed groups, with limited interaction
between them.

8. Jati and Varna

 The caste system is composed of two related concepts:

o Varna: A broad theoretical classification into four

main groups (Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudra).

o Jati: Sub-categories within the varna, reflecting local,

regional, and occupational diversity.

9. Inflexibility

 Movement between castes (social mobility) is traditionally

not allowed. People are expected to adhere to the customs
and rules of their caste.

59
10. Sanctions

 Violations of caste norms are often met with strict

sanctions, such as social ostracism, excommunication, or
punishment from caste councils (panchayats).

11. Caste Councils (Panchayats)

 Each caste has its own governing body or council to

enforce rules, settle disputes, and maintain social order
within the group.

12. Religion as a Basis

 The caste system is deeply rooted in Hindu religious texts

like the Manusmriti, which justify and codify caste
hierarchies. It is often linked with the doctrine of karma
and dharma.

13. Cultural Distinctiveness

 Each caste has its own unique traditions, rituals, dietary

preferences, and customs, contributing to cultural diversity
within the broader society.

60
14. Caste-based Social Mobility (Sanskritization)

 While rigid, some castes have attempted upward mobility

by adopting the practices and lifestyles of higher castes, a
process known as Sanskritization.

15. Regional Variations

 The caste system varies significantly across regions in

terms of hierarchy, customs, and rigidity. For instance, the
caste structure in northern India differs from that in
southern India.

16. Political and Economic Dimensions

 The caste system has significant implications for politics,

economy, and access to resources, often determining social
power and privilege.

 Social Stratification

https://youtu.be/r7tpO6pi3Rw?si=8-A7G5XwHfs4EcpS

 26 Important Sociological Thinkers

https://www.youtube.com/live/qUWhtn0LMUo?si=BmzcDLcez4hnoxSt

61
  Social Group

https://www.youtube.com/live/ezxgeX-ZxD4?si=qX2tkwYGJVzjvdQS

 Sanskritization, Westernization, Modernization.

https://youtu.be/Zd2hG2XZjBQ?si=-DOn_Ah-X00U5b0K

THANKS FOR WATCHING

ALL THE BEST
By Youtube - Sunidhi Sahni
@dekhrahebinod

Pdf available on Telegram Channel.

@gkzarurihai

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