Chemistry:

The Study of Change

th
Chang & Goldsby 12 edition
modified by Dr. Hahn

Chapter 1
 Chemistry: A Science for the 21st Century (2)

• Materials and Technology

• Polymers, liquid crystals
• photovoltaic cells – light to electricity 

• Food and Agriculture

• Genetically modified crops
tobacco leaf and tobacco
horn worm
2
 The Study of Chemistry

Macroscopic Microscopic
(real visible world) (chemists view of rusting)

3
 The Scientific Method

The scientific method is a systematic

approach to research.

observation  hypothesis  law  theory

A hypothesis is a tentative explanation for a

set of observations.

Tested modified
4
 The Scientific Method (2)
A law is a concise statement of a relationship
between phenomena that is always the same
under the same conditions.
Force = mass × acceleration

A theory is a unifying principle that explains a

body of facts and/or those laws that are based
on them.

Atomic Theory

5
 Defining Chemistry
Chemistry is the study of matter and the
changes it undergoes.
Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
A substance is a form of matter that has a definite
composition and distinct properties.

6
 Mixtures
A mixture is a combination of two or more substances
in which the substances retain their distinct identities.
1. Homogenous mixture – composition of the
mixture is the same throughout (sugar water,
sweet tea)

2. Heterogeneous mixture –
composition is not uniform
throughout
iron filings
in sand

7
 Mixtures (2)
Physical means can be used to separate a mixture
into its pure components.

magnet (iron
filing & sand)

distillation (water & ethanol) 8

 Elements

An element is a substance that cannot be

separated into simpler substances by chemical
means.
• 114 elements have been identified
• 82 elements occur naturally on Earth
gold, aluminum, lead, oxygen, carbon, sulfur

• 32 elements have been created by scientists

technetium, americium, seaborgium

9
 Elements (2) (memorize listed, except crossed out in red)
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Table 1.1 Some Common Elements and Their Symbols

Name Symbol Name Symbol Name Symbol
Aluminum Al Fluorine F Oxygen O
Arsenic As Gold Au Phosphorus P
Barium Ba Hydrogen H Platinum Pt
Bismuth Bi Iodine I Potassium K
Bromine Br Iron Fe Silicon Si
Calcium Ca Lead Pb Silver Ag
Carbon C Magnesium Mg Sodium Na
Chlorine Cl Manganese Mn Sulfur S
Chromium Cr Mercury Hg Tin Sn
Cobalt Co Nickel Ni Tungsten W
Copper Cu Nitrogen N Zinc Zn
10
 Compounds

A compound is a substance composed of atoms

of two or more elements chemically united in fixed
proportions.

Compounds can only be separated into their

pure components (elements) by chemical
means.

11
 The Classification of Matter
• Matter can be classified according to its
composition: elements, compounds, and mixtures.
A Comparison: The Three States of Matter

13
 Solid Matter

solid has a fixed volume and

rigid shape. Example: Ice, aluminum,
diamond
 Liquid Matter
Liquids have fixed volume but
not fixed shape & assume the
shape of its container.
Example: water, alcohol, gasoline
 Gaseous Matter
• They are free to move
relative to one another.

• These qualities make

gases
compressible
so gases have no fixed
volume and shape.
 Types of Changes
A physical change does not alter the composition
or identity of a substance.
sugar dissolving
ice melting in water
A chemical change alters
the composition or identity of
the substance(s) involved.

hydrogen combines with

oxygen to form water

17
Physical and Chemical Changes
 Extensive and Intensive Properties
An extensive property of a material depends upon
how much matter is being considered.
• mass
• length
• volume

An intensive property of a material

does not depend upon how much
matter is being considered.
• density
• temperature
• color 19
 Matter
Matter - anything that occupies space and has mass

mass – measure of the quantity of matter

SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg)
1 kg = 1000 g = 1 × 103 g
weight – force that gravity exerts on an object

weight = 𝑐𝑐 × mass 1 kg bar will weigh

on earth, 𝑐𝑐 = 1.0 1 kg on earth

on moon, 𝑐𝑐 ~ 0.1 0.1 kg on moon

20
 International System of Units (SI)
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Table 1.2 SI Base Units

Base Quantity Name of Unit Symbol

Length meter m
Mass kilogram Kg
Time second s
Electrical current ampere A
Temperature kelvin K
Amount of substance mole mol
Luminous intensity candela cd

21
 Prefix Multipliers
• The International System of Units uses the
prefix multipliers shown in the next table with
the standard units.

• These multipliers change the value of the unit by

the powers of 10 (just like an exponent does in
scientific notation).

• For example, the kilometer has the prefix kilo

meaning 1000 or 103.
Prefix Multipliers

memorize the
red arrow ones
SI Prefixes to memorize
• Kilo K 103
• centi c 10-2
• milli m 10-3

Larger exponential number move decimal 

Smaller exponential number move decimal 

Kilo 1.000 move 3  1000.

centi 001.0 move 2  0.01

milli 0001.0 move 3  0.001

 Density
Density – SI derived unit for density is kg⁄m3
1 g⁄cm3 = 1 g⁄mL = 1000 kg⁄m3

usual unit of density is

mass
density =
volume

𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑑 =
𝑉𝑉
25
Densities of Some Substances
Table 1.4 Densities of Some
Substances at 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐℃

Density
Substance
(g/cm3)
Air* 0.001
Ethanol 0.79
Water 1.00
Graphite 2.2
Table salt 2.2 Do not
Aluminum 2.70 memorize.
Diamond 3.5
Iron 7.9
Lead 11.3
Mercury 13.6
Gold 19.3
Osmium† 22.6
26
*Measured at 1 atmosphere.
†Osmium (Os) is the densest element known
Example 1.1

Gold is a precious metal that is chemically unreactive.

It is used mainly in jewelry, dentistry, and electronic devices.

A piece of gold ingot with a mass of 301 g has a volume of

15.6 cm3. Calculate the density of gold. (d = mass/volume)

Both
class end
here
8/9/17 W
Example 1.1(2)

Solution We are given the mass and volume and asked to

calculate the density. Therefore, from Equation (1.1), we write

𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑑 =
𝑉𝑉
301 g
=
15.6 cm3

= 19.3 g⁄cm3
Example 1.2
The density of mercury, the only metal that is a liquid at room
temperature, is 13.6 g/mL. Calculate the mass of 5.50 mL of the
liquid. (density = mass / volume)
Example 1.2 (2)

Solution We are given the density and volume of a liquid and

asked to calculate the mass of the liquid.
We rearrange Equation (1.1) to give

𝑚𝑚 = 𝑑𝑑 × 𝑉𝑉
g
= 13.6 × 5.50 mL
mL
= 74.8 g
A Comparison of Temperature Scales

K = ℃ + 273.15
273.15 K = 0 ℃
373.15 K = 100 ℃

9
℉ = × ℃ + 32
5
32 ℉ = 0 ℃
212 ℉ = 100 ℃

31
Example 1.3

(a) Solder is an alloy made of tin and lead that is used in

electronic circuits. A certain solder has a melting point of
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐℃. What is its melting point in degrees Fahrenheit?

9
℉ = 5 × ℃ + 32 oC  oF

(b) Mercury, the only metal that exists as a liquid at room

temperature, melts at 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟗𝟗℃. Convert its melting point to
kelvins. K = ℃ + 273.15 oC  K
Example 1.3 (2)
Solution These problems require that we carry out temperature
conversions, so we need Equations (usually provided
somewhere on exam or quiz). Keep in mind that the lowest
temperature on the Kelvin scale is zero (0 K); therefore, it can
never be negative.

a) This conversion is carried out by writing

9℉
× 224℃ + 32℉ = 435℉
5℃

b) The melting point of mercury in kelvins is given by

1K
−38.9℃ + 273.15℃ × = 234.3 K
1℃
 Scientific Notation
The number of atoms in 12 g of carbon:

602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000
6.022 × 1023
The mass of a single carbon atom in grams:

0.0000000000000000000000199
1.99 × 10−23
N × 10𝑛𝑛
N is a number n is a positive or
between 1 and 9 negative integer
34
 Scientific Notation (2)
568.762 0.00000772
⟵ move decimal left ⟶ move decimal right
𝑛𝑛 > 0 𝑛𝑛 < 0
568.762 = 5.68762 × 10𝟐𝟐 0.00000772 = 7.72 × 10−𝟔𝟔

Addition or Subtraction
1. Write each quantity with 4.31 × 10𝟒𝟒 + 3.9 × 10𝟑𝟑 =
the same exponent n
4.31 × 10𝟒𝟒 + 0.39 × 10𝟒𝟒 =
2. Combine N1 and N2
3. The exponent, n, remains 4.70 × 10𝟒𝟒
the same

end class 8/11 10 am class 35

 Scientific Notation (3)

Multiplication
4.0 × 10−5 × 7.0 × 103 =
1. Multiply N1 and N2
4.0 × 7.0 × 10−5+3 =
2. Add exponents 𝑛𝑛1 and 𝑛𝑛2
28 × 10−2 =
28 × 10−1

Division 8.5 × 104 ÷ 5.0 × 109 =

1. Divide N1 and N2 8.5 ÷ 5.0 × 104−9 =
1.7 × 10−5
2. Subtract exponents 𝑛𝑛1 and 𝑛𝑛2

36
 Significant Figures
• Any digit that is not zero is significant
1.234 kg 4 significant figures
• Zeros between nonzero digits are significant
606 m 3 significant figures
• Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not significant
0.08 L 1 significant figure
• If a number is greater than 1, then all zeros to the right of the
decimal point are significant
2.0 mg 2 significant figures
• If a number is less than 1, then only the zeros that are at the
end and in the middle of the number are significant
0.00420 g 3 significant figures
37
Example 1.4
Determine the number of significant figures in the following
measurements:

(a)478 cm

(b)6.01 g end class 8/11 9 am class

(c)0.825 m

(d)0.043 kg

(e)1.310 × 1022 atoms

(f)7000 mL