PHYSICS

CHAPTER-10

WAVE OPTICS
Chapter--10: Wave Optics

Wave optics: Wave front and Huygen's principle, reflection and refraction

wave at a plane surface using wave fronts. Proof of laws of

of plane

reflection and refraction using Huygern's principie. Interference, Young's

double slit experiment and expression for fringe width (No derivation final

expression only), coherent sources erd ained interference of light,

diffraction due to a single slit, width of certral Imsme (qualitativetreatment

only).

Fania Nagreen
XH:MA

1
 Q3:-Disco
lens

WAVE OPTICS
Wave front: If sOurce is at
Q1:-Dis tinguis h between wave II) Plane
front and
ray A portion of Linear source]
of light. What are spherical, Cylindrical
infinity[

and Wave fronts? Give their examples, diectien

Sketch wave fronts corresponding to

parallel, converging and diverging ray of

light. Wave
colledtierof-points
ont
The Locus of all points which are at same Plane wavefronts
phase of vibration is called Wave front. antinit waefont
You canconide nbinite waweset Q2:-State Huygens's principle
of
An arrow drawn perpendicular to wave front in
wavelets. Describe
secondary
the direction of propagation of wave is called construction for
Huygens's
Ray of light.
in a
light propagation of wave fronts
You cancomidentiite nay of
Different types of Wave front: medium.

I) SphericalWave front: It is from apoint Huygen's Assumption prirmoy

on alwavefront is a source of
source, ij Each point

secondary waves or wavelets.

lij The secondary wavelets spread out in all

directions with the speed of light in the

given medium.
forward direction
t li) Tangential surface in

gives new secondary wavelets at that

mwahdu
instant.

constructien for 1
sgcmstrdcal

EA
Divergin
Coavergins
spherical uave
spherical wareftont

II) Cylindrical

linear source.
Wave

(u front:- It is from a

tube'glt)

2°wawel

FB D

(a) pherical. (b) plane wavefront.

Cyliadricl wiveftsut

Yeu cam ongen nfite c wfnt duiestion ery 2

is

incidence, reflections respectively and 'v be

at Q3:-Discussthe action ofa prism, a convex
speed of through the medium. Let"r"
lens and a concave mirror, when a plane the light

be the time taken by the wave frontto advance

wave front is incident oneach of them.
from point B to C,

Inident Refracted
wavefiont wavefront Then distance BC myT

To construct a reflected wave front draw a

Cysmg' gcmpas4 )
sphere'of radius v
rfrom point A to E, as

shown in figure and CE represents tangent

Refraction of a plane wavefront through a prisn. plane, which will be reflected wave front.

Here AE= BC =VI

-Inident
wàvefront
Refracted
wavefront <ABC=qoAEC
Now,consider triangles AEC and ABC, they

are congruent triangles. Hence Zi= LT

<BAc=2EcA
Q5:-Derivethe laws of refraction oflight on
the basis of Huygen's Wave theoryof light.
Refraction of a plane wravefront through a convex lens.

a]:-The Ray from rarer to Denser:

-Reflected
-Inddent
wayefront wavefront
Inctdent wavefront

Medium homal
l
P A
Refection of a plane wavefront from a concave minor.
Medium 2
Refracted
wavefrant
Q4:-Derive the laws of reflection of Ilight on

the basis of Huygen's Wave theory of light.

(2ma3) Ray towardy nomal
A plane wave AB is incident at an angle 'i on
Incident
the surface PP1 separating medium 1 and
wavefront
medium 2. The plane wave undergoes
Reflected
B refraction and CE represents the refracted
wavefront
wavefront. Since Medium-2 is denser, ray
q0
M bends towardsthe normal. [V1>V2].

Let "t" be the time taken by the wave front to

Consider a plane AB incident on a reflecting advance from point B to C,

surface MN. Let ", 'r are the angle of
Then distance BC =V1 T
 Then
o
up the frequency
which take forced
In oscillators,
order to the causing
determine the shape of
(light)
agency
the external
refracted
wavefront, we draw a sphere of of light emitted
The frequency
radius V2 T from the point oscillations.
A in the second equals its
frequency
oscilator
medium, by a charged of
Thus, the frequency
Let CErepresenta tangent plane drawn from of oscillation, of
frequency
the point G on to the sphere, light equals the
Then, CE would scattered

representthe refracted wavefront. incident

froma rarer toa denser

Consider the triangles ABC and AEC, light travels
b) When
but no
BC speed decreases
sin i medium, the
AG AC
carried by the
light
and in the energy
reduction

sin r=
AE
AC
E
AC
wave because, eneray
carried by a wave
of the wave, not
where i and rare the angles of incidenceand refraction, depends on the amplitude
respectively. Thuswe obtain
sint on the speed of wave propagation
sinr
c) Inthe wave picture of light, intensity of light

sinl determined by the square of the

is
n24
sinr
amplitude of the wave. But in photon

picture of light intensity of light is

This is Snell's law of refraction.
determined by the number of photons
b]:-The Ray from Denser to rarer: crossing an unit area per unit time.

Q5:-State and explain principle of

Incident wavefront

Medium 1
superpositionof wave.
AE AE
When two or more waves travels

simultaneously in a medium, the resultant

Medium 2A
displacement at each point of the medium at
Refracted wavefront
any instant is equal to vector sum of
E
displacement due to individual waves

5Ray
Refraction of
aa
a plane
fon msmal
wave incident on a rarer

medium for which v2 > v1. The plane wave

bends away from the normal.

Note:-1 Assertion Raoyen Tye Quesn

A
N
a) When monochromatic light is incident

on a surface separating two media, the

reflected and refracted light both have the (a) b)

same frequency as the incident frequency.

Let Y1, Y1, Y1....Yn are the displacement
this is because Atoms may be viewed as
of individual waves
the

frequency
causing

ght
Displacenment of the resultant Wave (Y) | KA?

forced
emitted =h+h+ 2/,,cos0
Illustration
for Constructive and destructive
quency
Interference: For Maximum Intensitycos) +1
of

For Minimum Intensity cos) = -1

Second wave Inin {/-/,Y

Note:

Imax
Resultant wave Imin

Imax (aj taz)?

Imin (aj-az)2
Illustration of priniple of superpasition of waves.

Constructive Interference:

Q6:-Derive an expression for Intensity at

cos) = +1
any point on the screen and hence write

conditions forconstructive and destructive cosØ =(2n n) =+1

Interference.
where n= 0,1,2,3...

Consider two waves y1 and y2 are their

Ø =0, 2,4n ,6 .....
displacements

phase difference Ø Will be even multiple of

=a1sinwt
y1

We know =2n7
y2 =azsin(wt+Ø)
general
According to principle
ne meed
of superposition
vten
Phase difference [oj= [6]ula dbteee plaase
fo

Y= y1+ Where Path Difference." 8 " is path difference

y2

On solving
Phase difference[Ø] Path Difference [8]
0
phae ditbeence 2T
Y= Asin(wt+é) b/w twswavey
4T 22
67 32
Where A is the amplitude of the resultant wave
-027 7, T
6
A=/a t až +2a,a,cos0 Path Difference [8] = 0,2, 21,32.....
Intensity of the wave is Path Difference 8=na, where n = 0,1,2,3,..
ampliude
Latuity
dat
 Path difference is the integral Multiple of
Need of

|
Coherentsources:

2.
of a wave
Destructive Interference: We know resultant intensity

cosØ = -1 =h+h + 2/1,l,cosØ

O =T, 3Tt, 51t ..... If cosØ = +/-1

Phase difference = odd multiple of r (V,+/l,) and Imin {/l,-,)2

Imax

cosØ =(2n+1) = -1
This shows intensity varies between Imax and Imin

If cosp=0

where n= 0,1,2,3..
Imax = Imin = (1, + 1)
Phase difference[0] Path Difference [] Here intensity not changing, a bright
N2
3 can be visible on the screen,
37 illumination
2
5
57t hence no interference.
7 Only Coherent sources can make

cosp =+/-1. Therefore Coherentsourcesare

essential for Interference.

P. Difference =(2n+1);
-Whytwo independent sources cannot be
Where n =0, 1, 2, 3.... coherent. mai
Two sources are said to be coherent if they
Note:
waves of same frequency with a
produce

When I1=l2=lo constant phase difference. Two different

atoms that will oscillate

sources have different

Resultant Intensity ()= 2lo(1+ cosØ)

independently and emit light.

monochromatic waves
Or |=4locos? Q7a:-Two plane

same direction with

propagating in the

do you meant by Coherent sources. phase by

Q7:-What amplitudes A and 2A and differing in

Why two
Explain its importance. amplitude of
n/3 rad superpose. Calculate the

independent sources cannot be

coherent.

Two sources of
|lightwith same
light,

frequency,
which

same
continuously

amplitude
emit

with
the resultant wave.[W7A]

Q7b:- Two sources of intensity | and 4|are

Find the
used in an interference experiment.
or constant initial phase difference are
zero waves from
intensity at the points where the

called coherent sources.

two SOurces superimpose with phase
1. Two sources of light must be obtained
difference () zero. (i) r/2(i)[91, 51,|]
from single source.
Q7c:-In a Young's double slit experiment, the
2. Two SOurces must be give
intensity of light at a point on the screen where
monochromaticlight.
Amplihude the path difference is k unit.Find the intensity