LESSON 3 Nationalism plays a key role in state formation,

influencing global diplomacy and the modern system.

A History of Global Politics: Creating an International Sovereignty has been a fundamental principle of state
Order politics for over 400 years.
The world is composed of many countries or states, all of
IMPORTANT EVENTS
them having different forms of governments. As time
passes, global interactions and diplomacy continue to
The Westphalian
grow, contributing to the development of an system provided
international system. Scholars study these deepening stability for the
relationships between states, known as nations of Europe,
Internationalization. until it faced its first
major challenge by
Note: Internationalization does not equal globalization;
Napoleon Bonaparte
the former is just a major part of the latter. who believed in
spreading the
principles of the
The Attributes of Today ’ s Global System French Revolution–
liberty, equality, and
THE FOUR KEY ATTRIBUTES OF TODAY’S POLITICS: fraternity.
Independent and self-governing countries or
states.
These countries interact with each other
Anglo and Prussian
through diplomacy.
armies defeated
Presence of international organizations such as
Napoleon in the Battle
United Nations (UN).
of Waterloo in 1815 that
International organizations also take lives of
completely stopped the
their own.
spread of Napoleonic
code.

HISTORY/ORIGIN OF TODAY’S GLOBAL SYSTEM

A good start to trace back the origin of today ’s global
system is by defining the two non-interchangeable
terms, nation-state.

In layman ’s terms, state refers to a country and

its government, i.e., the government of the Philippines.

A state has four attributes:

- It exercises authority over a specific population,

called its citizens.
- It governs a specific territory.
- It has a structure of government that crafts The Concert of Europe was formed with the alliance of
various rules that people follow. United Kingdom, Austria, Russia, and Prussia, also known
- It has sovereignty over its territory. as “great powers,” that sought to restore the world
monarchical, hereditary, and religious privileges of the
BENEDICT ANDERSON time before the French Revolution and the Napoleonic
- describes the nation Wars. The Concert of Europe collapsed at the dawn of
as an "imagined World War I, 1914, but it still holds significant influence
community" because, over the world politics.
while it is real,
members of the nation
feel connected to one
another despite never
meeting everyone. The
nation is limited by
official boundaries,
with rights and
responsibilities
primarily granted to its
citizens. Others imagine a system of heightened interaction
between various sovereign states, particularly the desire
Nations aim to become states, seeking fulfillment for greater cooperation and unity among states and
through recognized authority and power. Nationalist people. This desire came to beknown as
movements drive the creation of nation-states, pushing internationalism.
for independence and sovereignty.
 STATUTE CREATED
INTERNATIONAL LAW

 Is central to promoting economic and social

 The League of Nations that Woodrow Wilson development, as well as to advancing
pushed came into being in 1919, and upon its international peace and security.
failure, gave birth to international organizations  Consists of rules and principles governing
that are still around until today, the most the relations and dealings of nations with
popular of which are the World Health each other.
Organization (WHO) and the International NAPOLEONIC CODE
Labour Organization (ILO).
 After Marx died in 1883, his followers  It was drafted by a commission of four
established The Socialist International (SI) was a eminent jurists and entered into force on
union of European socialist. SI’ s achievements 21 March 1804.
included the declaration of May 1 as Labor Day  Implemented by French that forbade birth
and the creation of an International Women ’s privileges, encouraged freedom or religion
Day. and promoted Meritocracy ingovernment
 The SI collapsed during World War I and more services.
radical version emerged: The COMMUNIST INTERNATIONAL
Communist International
(Comintern)established by  Served as the central body for directing
Vladimir Lenin, the leader of Communist parties all over the world.
Bolshevik Party. The  Known also as the Third International (1919–
Comintern served as central 1943), was an international organization that
body for directing Communist advocated world communism.
party all over the world.
THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM
 Lenin ’s successor, Joseph Stalin, dissolved the
Comintern in 1943 and later on, reestablished it "STATE" - are independent political communities each
as the Communist Information Bureau of which possesses a government and asserts
(Cominform). The Cominform, like the sovereignty in relation to a particular portion of the
Comintern before, it helped direct the various earth's surface and a particular segment of the human
communist parties that had taken power in population" (Hedley Bull).
Eastern Europe.
 For the postwar period, liberal internationalism GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM?
would once again be ascendant. And United  Global Interstate system is an
Nations as the center of global governance. institutional arrangement of
governance that addresses
regional or globalized issuer go beyond the
Importance/ Significance of Creating International scope of a nation-state (Chase-Dunn, 1981:20)
Order
WHAT IS AN INTERSTATE SYSTEM?
 It helps set the international agenda, mediating  Chase-Dunn defines an interstate system as a
political bargaining, providing a place for political "system of unequally powerful and competing
initiatives.
states in which no single is capable of imposing
 It acts as catalysts for coalition-formation. control on all others. These states are
Cooperation and coordination among member interaction with one another in a set of shifting
nations will be facilitated. alliance and wars and changes in relative power
 It works to shape the international settlement in of states upsets any temporary set of alliances,
more structured, collaborative and rule-bound leading to a restructuring of the balance of
ways. power.
 It enables collective problem - solving and it also  Thus, an interstate system is the form of
avert protectionist impulses and stabilize world governance for a globalization (Chase-Dunn,
economy. 1981).
Creating international order is challenging due to EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON GOVERNMENTS
disagreements between states, often driven by
cultural differences and conflicting values. If pride  As the world becomes more interconnected
leads to opposition, chaos may arise. However, through politics, trade, and communications,
maintaining communication and diplomacy can the role of nation-states government are also
foster harmony, helping countries respect shifting. Thus, national and local policies not
differences and resolve conflicts. If successful, this only based on local context but also
could lead to global peace and benefits for all international and realities. One example of a
nations. global treaty is the Montreal Protocol on
Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.
  The Montreal Protocol, signed on August 26, World Bank (WB
1987, aims to phase out substances depleting
 An international financial institution that
the ozone layer, with 46 initial signatories. NASA
provides loans countries of the world for capital
projects that ozone levels will return to 1980
projects
levels by 2032, demonstrating the protocol's
success (Watts, 2018). This highlights how  Established during the Bretton Woods
international agreements can address global Conference in 1944.
challenges by adapting and enforcing
international norms.

HOW DOES GLOBALIZATION NEGATIVELY AFFECT

LOCAL GOVERNMENTS AND LOCAL COMMUNITY? OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION
 Globalization can negatively affect local INTERNATIONAL KEY ROLES
governments and communities by encouraging ORGANIZATION
the conversion of agricultural land into industrial International Labor deals with labor problems
zones to attract global investors. While this may Organization (ILO) and international labor
create jobs and income, it displaces farmers and standards and sociaL
harms local agricultural production. Additionally, protection for workers.
global corporations may demand lower taxes Food and Agriculture leads international efforts to
Organization of the defeat hunger, eliminate
and wages, putting financial pressure on the
United Nations (FAQ) food insecurity and
local government and community.
malnutrition, and increase
INSTITUTIONS THAT GOVERN GLOBALIZATION resilience of livelihoods and
food.
As globalization grows, global governance extends UNESCO contributes to peace and
beyond nation-state governments, which struggle to security by promoting
address issues like climate change, cybercrime, and international collaboration
financial crises. Scholars like Dryzek (2012) and Castells through educational,
(2008) emphasize the increasing role of non-state actors scientific, and cultural
in this governance. reforms.
International Civil for regulations of
Aviation Organization international air transport;
(ICAO); International shipping and prevention of
Maritime Organization pollution at sea; developing
(IMO); International standards on ICT;
Telecommunication international intellectual
Union (ITU); The World property rights standards.
Intellectual Property
Organization (WIPO)
NON-STATE ACTORS

- Non-government organizations, volunteer GLOBALISM VS. INTERNATIONALISM

organizations, and interest groups
- The increased number of international GLOBALISM INTERNALIONALISM
organizations are expansion of their functions  Is an ideology based  Defined as
have undeniably restricted a country's on the belief that flow political,
sovereignty to a certain extent. of people, goods, and economic, and
- Several institutions govern international information should cultural
relations and affairs. flow freely across cooperation
national borders. between nation.
INSTITUTIONS THAT GOVERN INTERNATIONAI (Roudometof 2005). (Roudometof
RELATIONS AND AFFAIRS. 2005).

United Nations

 With 192 member states

 Seen as a facilitator of global governance
 Focuses more on the  Emphasizes
 Has regional commissions composed of officials economic aspect of diversity and
from different countries in charge of making the exchanges among celebrates
certain laws that promulgate certain rights for countries and multiculturalism,
economic and social development. society.(Sargent,2008) while globalism
focuses more on
the economic
aspect of the
exchanges
among countries
and society.
(Sargent, 2008)