ENGINEERING

DATA ANALYSIS
2ND SEMESTER SY 2022-2023

ENGR. ALEX M. BALUBAL, MEE, CSEE

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR V

Isabela State University

City of Ilagan Campus
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
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Data Analysis involves gathering
and studying data to form insights
that can be used to make
decisions. The information derived
can be useful in several different
ways, such as ensuring the safety
and efficiency of an engineering
project.

Definition
 Obtaining
Data

TOPIC 1
TOPIC 1 –
Obtaining OBJECTIVES
Data

Upon successful completion of

this topic, students should be
able to:
• understand the different
methods of data collection.
ENGR. ALEX M. BALUBAL, MEE, CSEE
• compare and contrast
between a survey and an
experiment.
TOPIC 1 –
Obtaining 1.1 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
Data

In the engineering environment,

the data are almost always a
sample that has been selected
from the population. An effective
data-collection procedure can
greatly simplify the analysis and
ENGR. ALEX M. BALUBAL, MEE, CSEE
lead to improved understanding of
the population or process that is
being studied.
TOPIC 1 –
Obtaining 1.1 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
Data

The three methods:

1.1.1 Retrospective Study
1.1.2 Observational Study
1.1.3 Designed Experiments

ENGR. ALEX M. BALUBAL, MEE, CSEE

TOPIC 1 –
Obtaining 1.1.1 RETROSPECTIVE STUDY
Data

A retrospective study would use either all

or a sample of the historical process
data archived over some period of time.
It may involve a significant amount of
data, but those data may contain
relatively little useful information about
the problem. Furthermore, some of the
relevant data may be missing, there may
be transcription or recording errors
ENGR. ALEX M. BALUBAL, MEE, CSEE

resulting in outliers, or data on other

important factors may not have been
collected and archived.
TOPIC 1 –
Obtaining 1.1.2 OBSERVATIONAL STUDY
Data

In an observational study, the

engineer observes the process or
population, disturbing it as little as
possible, and records the
quantities of interest. Because
these studies are usually
ENGR. ALEX M. BALUBAL, MEE, CSEE
conducted for a relatively short
period, sometimes variables that
are not routinely measured can
be included.
TOPIC 1 –
Obtaining 1.1.3 DESIGNED EXPERIMENTS
Data

In a designed experiment, the

engineer makes deliberate or
purposeful changes in the
controllable variables of the
system or process, observes the
resulting system output data, and
ENGR. ALEX M. BALUBAL, MEE, CSEE
then makes an inference or
decision about which variables
are responsible for the observed
changes in output performance.
TOPIC 1 –
Obtaining
1.2 PLANNING AND CONDUCTING
Data SURVEYS
A survey is a way to ask a lot of people a
few well-constructed questions. The survey
is a series of unbiased questions that
respondents must answer.
Advantages Disadvantages
• An efficient way of • It depends on the subjects’
collecting information from motivation, honesty, memory,
many people and ability to respond.
• Relatively easy to • Answer choices to survey
administer. questions could lead to
• A wide variety of vague data (i.e, the choice
“moderately agree” may mean
ENGR. ALEX M. BALUBAL, MEE, CSEE
information can be
collected It can be focused different things to different
(researchers can stick to people or to whoever ends up
just the questions that interpreting the data.)
interest them.)
TOPIC 1 –
Obtaining 1.2.1 CONDUCTING A SURVEY
Data

Methods for administering a survey:

•Face-to-face interview or a phone
interview where the researcher is
questioning the subject. A different
option is to have a
•Self-administered survey where the
subject can complete a survey on
ENGR. ALEX M. BALUBAL, MEE, CSEE
paper and mail it back or complete the
survey online. There are advantages
and disadvantages to each of these
methods.
TOPIC 1 –
Obtaining FACE-TO-FACE INTERVIEW
Data
Advantages Disadvantages
• Fewer misunderstood • It can be expensive
questions • Time-consuming
• Fewer incomplete • May require a large
responses staff of trained
• Higher response rates interviewers
• Greater control over • Response can be
the environment in biased by the
which the survey is appearance or
administered attitude of the
•
ENGR. ALEX M. BALUBAL, MEE, CSEE

Can collect additional interviewer

information if any of the
respondents’ answers
need clarifying
TOPIC 1 –
Obtaining SELF-ADMINISTERED SURVEY
Data
Advantages Disadvantages
• Less expensive • Respondents are more likely
than interviews to stop participating mid-way
• Does not require through the survey
a large staff of • Respondents cannot ask the
experienced researchers to clarify their
interviewers answers
• Anonymity and • Lower response rates than in
privacy personal interviews
encourage more • Often the respondents who
ENGR. ALEX M. BALUBAL, MEE, CSEE
candid and bother to return surveys
honest represent extremes of the
responses population – those people
• Less pressure on who care about the issue
respondents strongly, whichever way their
opinion leans.
TOPIC 1 –
Obtaining DESIGNING A SURVEY
Data

Surveys can take different forms.

They can be used to ask only one
question, or they can ask a series of
questions. We can use surveys to test
out people’s opinions or to test a
hypothesis.

ENGR. ALEX M. BALUBAL, MEE, CSEE

TOPIC 1 –
Obtaining 1.2.2 DESIGNING A SURVEY
Data

When designing a survey, the

following steps are useful:
•Determine the goal of your survey:
What question do you want to
answer?
•Identify the sample population: Whom
will you interview?
•Choose an interviewing method:
ENGR. ALEX M. BALUBAL, MEE, CSEE

face-to-face interview, phone

interview, self-administered paper
survey, or internet survey.
TOPIC 1 –
Obtaining 1.2.2 DESIGNING A SURVEY
Data

When designing a survey, the

following steps are useful:
•Decide what questions you will ask in
what order, and how to phrase them.
(This is important if there is more than
one piece of information you are
looking for.)
ENGR. ALEX M. BALUBAL, MEE, CSEE
•Conduct the interview and collect the
information.
•Analyze the results by making graphs
and drawing conclusions.
TOPIC 1 –
Obtaining SAMPLE SURVEY
Data
A survey was done to all BSCE 2-Z
students of ISU-Ilagan. The objective of
the survey was to determine which among
the three mathematics subjects: Differential
Calculus (DC), Integral Calculus (IC), and
Differential Equations (DE) is the most
difficult in their opinion. Factors which
contributed to the difficulty of the subject
ENGR. ALEX M. BALUBAL, MEE, CSEE
were also identified such as: teaching
modality, classroom environment, teacher
factor, student factor, and other factors
identified by the respondents. The results
of the survey are presented below.
TOPIC 1 –
Obtaining SAMPLE SURVEY
Data
Table 1. Frequency Distribution and Rank of the Most Difficult Math Subject
5
Subject Freq Rank
25 15
DC 5 3

IC 15 2

DE 25 1 DC IC DE

Total 45
Figure 1. Pie Distribution of the Most Difficult Math Subject

Table 1 and Figure 1 above show that the most difficult

subject is Differential Equations with a frequency of 25.
This is maybe due to the fact that the subject is the most
trivial and was not covered during their high school. On
the other hand, the least difficult among the three
ENGR. ALEX M. BALUBAL, MEE, CSEE

subjects is Differential Calculus with a frequency of only

5. This is due to the fact that students who graduated
from the STEM strand in high school already have
knowledge on most of the topics being discussed in the
college level.
TOPIC 1 –
Obtaining SAMPLE SURVEY
Data
Table 1. Frequency Distribution and Rank of the Most Difficult Math Subject
25
Subject Freq Rank
20

DC 5 3 15

10
IC 15 2
5
DE 25 1
0
DC IC DE
Total 45
Figure 1. Frequency Distribution of the Most Difficult Math Subject

Table 1 and Figure 1 above show that the most difficult

subject is Differential Equations with a frequency of 25.
This is maybe due to the fact that the subject is the most
trivial and was not covered during their high school. On
the other hand, the least difficult among the three
ENGR. ALEX M. BALUBAL, MEE, CSEE

subjects is Differential Calculus with a frequency of only

5. This is due to the fact that students who graduated
from the STEM strand in high school already have
knowledge on most of the topics being discussed in the
college level.
TOPIC 1 –
Obtaining SAMPLE SURVEY
Data
Table 2. Frequency Distribution and Rank of Factors Affecting
Difficulty in Math Subjects
9
13 1
Factors Freq Rank 1
4
Teaching Modality 18 1
1 2
Classroom Environment 1 5 18
Teacher Factor 13 2
Student Factor 9 3
Teaching Modality Classroom Environment Teacher Factor
Other Factors (Lovelife) 2 4 Student Factor Other Factors (Lovelife) Other Factors (Bullying)
Other Factors (Bullying) 1 4 Other Factors (Workload)
Other Factors (Workload) 1 4
Total 45 Figure 2. Pie Distribution of Factors Affecting Difficulty in Math Subjects

Table 2 and Figure 2 above show that teaching

modality is the factor that mostly contributed to the
difficulty in learning math subjects since all the three
math subjects were taught online during the COVID-19
ENGR. ALEX M. BALUBAL, MEE, CSEE
pandemic.
The second factor that caused difficulty is teacher
factor since according to the respondents the
instructors who handled their math subjects are all
newbies and they cannot explain fully well the topics
covered.
TOPIC 1 –
Obtaining SAMPLE SURVEY
Data
Table 2. Frequency Distribution and Rank of Factors Affecting
Difficulty in Math Subjects
9
13 1
Factors Freq Rank 1
4
Teaching Modality 18 1
1 2
Classroom Environment 1 5 18
Teacher Factor 13 2
Student Factor 9 3
Teaching Modality Classroom Environment Teacher Factor
Other Factors (Love life) 2 4 Student Factor Other Factors (Lovelife) Other Factors (Bullying)
Other Factors (Bullying) 1 4 Other Factors (Workload)
Other Factors (Workload) 1 4
Total 45 Figure 2. Pie Distribution of Factors Affecting Difficulty in Math Subjects

The third factor that caused difficulty is student factor

since according to the respondents who are not STEM
graduates, they need to cope up with their classmates
who are STEM graduates.
ENGR. ALEX M. BALUBAL, MEE, CSEE Other factors that were identified by the respondents
that are not included in the questionnaire are love life,
bullying, and workload.
 ANY
QUESTIONS
CLASS?

Q&A
TOPIC 1 –
Obtaining ASSESSMENT
Data
(Quiz after completion of Topic 1)

ENGR. ALEX M. BALUBAL, MEE, CSEE

TOPIC 1 –
Obtaining GROUP ASSIGNMENT #1
Data
Conduct a face-to-face interview or self-
administered survey to all the students of
BSCE 2-B and create at least three
questions covering a topic of your choice.
Analyze the results of your survey by
making tables and/or charts and draw
conclusions. Do not use exactly the same
survey as with the example above. Submit
ENGR. ALEX M. BALUBAL, MEE, CSEE
a printout of the results of your survey on
March 8, 2023.
 See you in the
next topic:
Design of
Experiments

TOPIC 1 (continuation)
TOPIC 1 –
1.3 PLANNING AND CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS:
Obtaining
INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS (DOE)
Data

Design of Experiments (DOE) is

defined as a branch of applied
statistics that deals with planning,
conducting, analyzing, and
interpreting controlled tests to
evaluate the factors that control the
value of a parameter or group of
ENGR. ALEX M. BALUBAL, MEE, CSEE parameters. DOE is a powerful data
collection and analysis tool that can
be used in a variety of experimental
situations.
 Probability and Statistics for Engineers and Scientists, Sixth
Edition. Ronald E. Walpol, Ramond H. Myers, Sharon L. Myers.
Pearson Education Asia Pte Ltd, 2000.

Statistics for Engineers and Scientists, Fourth Edition. William

Navidi. McGraw-Hill Education, 2015.

Statistical Methods for Practice and Research, Second Edition.

Ajai S. Gaur, Sanjaya S. Gaur. Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd,
2009.

Various internet sources.

REFERENCES