Scribd
Upload
4 views7 pages

WameedMUCLecture_2021_92422934

The document provides an overview of volumetric analysis, specifically focusing on titration, which is a method for determining the concentration of an unknown solution. Key terms such as equivalence point, endpoint, and titration error are defined, along with the requirements for primary and secondary standards. Various types of titrations, including acid-base, precipitation, complexometric, and redox titrations, are discussed, along with examples of volumetric calculations.

Uploaded by

lutuadamu9
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
4 views7 pages

WameedMUCLecture_2021_92422934

The document provides an overview of volumetric analysis, specifically focusing on titration, which is a method for determining the concentration of an unknown solution. Key terms such as equivalence point, endpoint, and titration error are defined, along with the requirements for primary and secondary standards. Various types of titrations, including acid-base, precipitation, complexometric, and redox titrations, are discussed, along with examples of volumetric calculations.

Uploaded by

lutuadamu9
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

Almustaqbal University college

Medical Laboratories Techniques Department

First year students

Subject :General chemistry - Lecture 8

Lecturer: Assistant professor Dr. SADIQ . J. BAQIR

Volumetric Analysis(Titration)

Titration :

Is a common laboratory method of quantitative chemical analysis that is used to


determine the unknown concentration of a known reactant. Because volume
measurements play a key role in titration, it is also known as volumetric analysis.

SOME TERMS USED IN TITRATION

Equivalence point (Veq):


The point in a titration where stoichiometrically equivalent amounts of analyte and
titrant react (theoritical end of titration).
End point (Vep):
The point of titration at which the completion of a reaction is practically observed
Unfortunately, the endpoint and the equivalence point are not exactly the same.
The difference between the two is called the titration error.
Titration error:
The difference between the end point and the equivalence point
Et = Vep – Veq

1
Titrant:
The standard solution of known concentration added from the burette.
Analyte:
An unknown solution which is to be determined .
Indicator:
A colored compound reagent added to the analyte solution to produce an
observable physical change (usually change in color) at or near the equivalence
point when the titration reaction is complete, and so mark the endpoint e.g:
Phenolphthalein, Methyl Orange, Methyl red, etc.
Back titration :
A technique used to determine the excess of a reagent used in the neutralization
of the sample by a titration with a second reagent
Standard solution:
A reagent of known concentration used to carry out a titrimetric analysis
(titration).
Primary standard:
Is a pure compound from which a standard solution of accurately known
concentration can be prepared directly, without any need for standardization.
Secondary standard:

Is a solution that its concentration is not accurately known so it is to be standardized by


“Primary Standard” before use in titration.

Standardization:
The process of finding the actual concentration of the secondary standard solution by
titrating it with a suitable primary standard solution.

2
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PRIMARY STANDARD MATERIAL

1. Highest purity

2. Atmospheric stability

3. High solubility

4. High formula weight

5. Easily available at reasonable cost

6. Free from hydrated water so that the composition of the solid does not change
with variations in humidity.

Requirments of the standard solutions

1. Sufficiently Stable so its concentration is determined only once

2. React rapidly and completely with the analyte

3. Undergo a selective reaction with the analyte that can be described by a

balanced equation.

Types of volumetric titrations

i. Acid-base ( Neutralization) titration

ii. Precipitation titration

iii. Compleximetric titration

iv. Oxidation-reduction (redox) titration

3
1.Acid- Base titrations:
Many compounds, both inorganic and organic, are either acids or bases and can be
titrated with a standard solution of a strong base or a strong acid. The end points of
these titrations are easy to detect, either by means of an indicator or by following
the change in pH using a pH meter.

2.Precipitation titrations:
In this type of titration, the titrant forms a precipitate with the analyte. An example
is the titration of chloride ion with silver nitrate solution to form silver chloride
precipitate. Again, indicators can be used to detect the end point,...
Cl- + Ag+ → AgCl(s) (white ppt)
2Ag+ + K2CrO4 → Ag2CrO4( brick red ppt)

3.Complexometric titrations:
In complexometric titrations, The titrant is often a chelating agent(Ligand) that
forms a water-soluble complex with the analyte ( metal ion).
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is one of the most useful chelating agents
used for titration. It will react with a large number of elements, and the reaction
can be controlled by the adjustment of the pH. Indicators can be used to form a
highly colored complex with the metal ion.

4.Reduction-Oxidation (Redox) titrations:


The “redox” titrations involve the titration of an oxidizing agent with a reducing
agent, or vice versa. An oxidizing agent gains electrons and a reducing agent loses
electrons in a reaction between them.

4
VOLUMETRIC (Titration) CALCULATIONS

No. of moles A =

No. of moles A = volume(L) x Molarity of A (mol / L )

No. of mmoles A = volume(mL) x Molarity of A (mmol /mL )

mass of A(g) = No. of moles x Molar mass (g/mol)

Example 1:

Calculate the concentration of 100.0 mL of NaOH solution titrated to


the end point with 75.8 mL of a 0.100 M standard solution of HCl.

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

na = 1 nb = 1 ( stiochiometric mole ratios of acid and base)

No of moles = Molarity (M) x volume(L)

No of mmoles = Molarity (M) x volume(mL)

Mb = = 0.0758 M

Example 2:

20 mL of H2SO4 (98 g/mol) was neutralized with 25mL of 0.1M sodium


hydroxide solution. The equation of reaction is

H2SO4 + 2NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2H2O

Calculate (i) molar conc. of acid (M )

(ii) acid content of the solution in grams.


5
Solution:

Concentration of H2SO4 (Ma) = = 0.0625 M

ii) mass of the acid in the solution( g )

mass (g) = Molar conc.(Molarity) x Volume (L)x Molar mass

mass (g) = 0.0625 x( 20x10-3) Lx 98 = 0.1225 g

Example 3 :

A 18.50 mL of hydrochloric acid were neutralized by 25 mL of potassium


hydroxide solution(56 g/mol) containing 7g/liter. what is the molar
concentration of the acid?

HCl + KOH → KCl + H2O

Solution:

Given:

Molarity of KOH = = 0.125 M

Concentration of HCl (Ma) = = 0.169 M

6
Example 4:

50.0 mL portion of HCl solution required 29.71 mL of (0.019M) Ba(OH)2 to


reach an end point with bromocresol green indicator , Calculate the molarity of
HCl .

Solution:

Ba(OH)2 + 2HCl → BaCl2 + 2H2O

1mole 2 mole 1mole

MHCl =

MHCl = = 0.023 M

You might also like