KOMUNIKACJA – EGZAMIN

TOPIC 1
1. Definition of Communication

 What is communication?

o Exchange of messages between a sender and receiver to

achieve a goal.

o Types of messages:

 Verbal: Oral, written, or sign language.

 Non-verbal: Gestures, tone, facial expressions.

o Objectives:

 To inform, convince, or get information.

 What is needed for effective communication?

o Understand the audience and the message goal.

o Use clear, precise, and organized messages.

o Observe and adapt to verbal and non-verbal cues.

o Practice social skills to maintain relationships.

2. Functions of Communication

1. Informative:

o Share information and experiences.

o Develop habits, skills, and values.

2. Affective:

o Add emotional meaning to messages.

o Help form self-images and perceptions of others.

3. Regulatory:

o Guide behaviors and interactions.

o Success depends on self-regulation.

3. Axioms of Communication

1. It is impossible not to communicate:

o Silence, body language, or inactivity also communicate

messages.

2. Content and relational levels:

o Content: What is said (e.g., "How are you?").

o Relational: How it is perceived based on the relationship.

3. Interpretation affects relationships:

o People interpret conversations differently, influencing

dynamics.

4. Digital and analogue communication:

o Digital: Words (spoken or written).

o Analogue: Non-verbal signals like gestures and tone.

5. Symmetrical or complementary communication:

o Symmetrical: Equal roles (e.g., between friends).

o Complementary: Different roles (e.g., teacher-student).

4. Non-Verbal Communication

 Key elements:

1. Body posture:

 Leaning forward shows interest.

 Open posture communicates engagement.

2. Eye contact:

 Proper eye contact conveys interest and confidence.

 Pupil size and blinking reflect emotions.

3. Gestures:

 Types:

 Emblems (e.g., handshake).

 Illustrators (emphasize words).

 Regulators (e.g., nodding to show attention).

  Adaptors (unintentional, e.g., touching hair when
nervous).

 Facial expressions reflect emotions like joy, fear, or

anger.

4. Proxemics (Personal space):

 Zones:

 Intimate: Close family and friends (0-45 cm).

 Personal: Friends and coworkers (45-120 cm).

 Social: Formal interactions (120-360 cm).

 Public: Presentations (360+ cm).

5. Paralinguistics (Voice):

 Volume, tone, and inflection convey emotions.

 Speed and silences impact understanding and attention.

TOPIC 2
1. Empathy

 Definition:

o Understanding others' perspectives without imposing your

own.

o Seeing the world as the other person does.

 How to develop empathy:

o Be willing to listen and learn from others.

o Avoid judging or jumping to conclusions.

o Accept others unconditionally, as they are.

 Empathy vs. Sympathy:

o Sympathy: Neutral and rational; identifies with the other

person's situation.

o Empathy: Affective and personal commitment; emotionally

engaged.
2. Active Listening

 What is active listening?

o An active process of understanding, not just hearing.

o Involves perception, interpretation, evaluation, and response.

 Common mistakes:

o Not paying attention or being distracted.

o Thinking about your response while the other is talking.

o Making premature conclusions or allowing emotions to

interfere.

 Steps of active listening:

1. Perception: Pay attention to the speaker's words and non-

verbal cues.

2. Interpretation: Understand both the content and intent of

the message.

3. Evaluation: Determine the message's importance based on

your experiences.

4. Response: Show outward signs of listening (e.g., nodding,

making comments).

 Benefits:

1. Reduces tension and clarifies misunderstandings.

2. Helps you learn from the speaker and understand their point of
view.

3. Encourages problem-solving and cooperation.

4. Builds trust and avoids conflicts.

3. Practicing Active Listening

 Observation:

o Notice the speaker's words, tone, gestures, and emotions.

 Expression:

o Use verbal (e.g., "I understand," "Can you explain more?") and
non-verbal (e.g., nodding, smiling) cues.
  Strategies:

o Avoid distractions or judgment.

o Be patient and let the speaker finish.

o Create a welcoming and non-urgent environment.

 Examples:

o Ask clarifying questions like: "What do you mean by...?"

o Repeat key points to confirm understanding.

4. Verbal Communication Techniques

1. Paraphrasing:

o Restate the message in your own words.

o Purpose: Show understanding, clarify meaning, and organize

thoughts.

o Example:

 Speaker: "Leading a larger team meant I couldn't work

face-to-face anymore."

 Response: "So, managing a bigger team required you to

change your communication style?"

2. Reflection:

o Focus on emotions in the message.

o Purpose: Acknowledge the speaker’s feelings and encourage

emotional expression.

o Example:

 Speaker: "I’m worried I won’t find a job."

 Response: "You’re feeling anxious about finding work."

3. Summary:

o Combine content (paraphrasing) and emotions (reflection) to

recap key points.

o Purpose: Highlight important ideas, transition topics, and

assess progress.

o Example:
  "You feel excited about changing jobs but are also
unsure about the risks."

4. Clarification:

o Ask for explanations to avoid misunderstandings.

o Examples:

 "Could you repeat that?"

 "If I understand correctly, you’re upset about...?"