PATTERNS OF

 technique that the writers use in developing ideas that

are logically arranged.
 transitional devices -help you determine the difference
of one pattern from another.

1. CHRONOLOGY
 pattern that organizes ideas or events according to the
time it happened.  According to Dayagbil et al, 2016, the use of
 Chronology comes in two forms such as narration and description plays an important role to elucidate the
process. nature of people, places and things.
a. Narration  A series of detailed observation about the subject can
 used to describe how, when, and where an event help you create a good descriptive paragraph.
actually happened.  This involves the use of adjectives and adverbs in the
 It is used to tell a story or focus on a set of related paragraph.
events.  The kind of words we used to describe how your
• contains plot which gives direction in making a story subject looks, sounds, feels, smells or even tastes like
• sequential presentation of events are called sensory languages. It also concerns how you
• signal words will arrange the details to provide an image of the
• action words scene, the person or the object you are trying to
b. Process describe in your text.
 arranges details or information based on steps or
 Description
The description provides details about the main idea.
 Sensory Languages
are styles or techniques in a language where the
author uses his knowledge to connect an audience to
the senses.
 Modifiers
stages. are elements that improve or enhance the meaning of
a clause or sentence.
 Objective description
 NARRATION is a writing pattern that is used to It presents the picture or evidence of an idea without
being biased to the other choices.
 Subjective
influenced by other individuals, ideas, or elements. It
may be based on their opinions, personalized experience,
or feelings.
DEFINITION
 explains not just what something means or is, but also what
something does, what something is used for, what
tell story. something looks like, etc.
 A narrative text contains the PLOT which gives  Definitions provide concise but exact meanings of unfamiliar
direction in the story. words and explain special meanings for familiar words.
 TRANSITIONAL DEVICES are words or  They are often used to explain technical words and
phrases that help carry a thought from one concepts. What to define always depends on the needs of
sentence to another, from one idea to another, the reader and the purpose of communication.
or from one paragraph to another.  It can be done in either of the two distinct methods of
 Most of the common transitional words to definition
show SEQUENCE of events are first,
next, then, after and suddenly.
 The CHRONOLOGICAL ORDERING of events
helps to show the reader how the story moves.  First, informal definition as either denotation or
connotation.
DESCRIPTION  Denotation is the dictionary meaning of the word.
 illustrates the appearance and characteristics of a For example: Rose is a family of prickly shrub with pinnate
specific object, person, or location through using leaves and showy flowers.
sensory images, symbolism and some figures of  Meanwhile, connotation is the secondary meaning of a
speech. word and not necessarily included in the dictionary. Rather
it is how a writer understands a word based on their own
personal or consensual experiences.
In the example: A dozen of pink roses is usually given to
their beloved ones. Instead of literally referring to flowers,
love and romance are connoted.
 Second, formal definition consists of three principal parts:
the species (WORD) n + Genus (CLASS) + Differentiae.
 The WORD is the name of the object, process, or concept
defined. This is usually followed by “is” and “are” and the
CLASS or general group to which the objects belongs.
For example: Skimming (species) is a reading technique  Remember that you can use both exemplification and
(class) of allowing the eyes to travel over a page very classification in developing a paragraph by simply
quickly, stopping only here and there to gain an idea identifying categories on a particular subject and providing
(differentiae) examples or illustration to explain and clarify meaning. 1

COMPARISON AND CONTRAST

 Comparison in writing discusses elements that are similar
while contrast in writing discusses elements or ideas that are
different.
 A compare-and-contrast essay, then analyzes two subjects
comparing them, contrasting them, or both. However, its
purpose is not to simply state the obvious but rather to
illustrate subtle differences or unexpected similarities
between two subjects.
 As a writer, you should help the readers see how these two
ideas are similar or different by showing them its advantages
and disadvantages, so they are able to weigh the pros and
cons before they make judgment or decision.
 organizes ideas through citing the similarities and
differences of people, things, and events being discussed
 can be done separately describing only one item first
followed by the second item and side by-side discussing
both items based on each point of comparison.
EXEMPLIFICATION
 Exemplification (or illustration) is the most
common and effective pattern to explain an idea
or point.
 In developing this kind of paragraph, the writer
develops a general statement –the topic
sentence, with one or more examples to support
it.
 provides concrete or authentic examples and
illustrations in order to further clarify or explain
the concept or main idea of the text

CAUSE AND EFFECT

 a pattern that explains why something happens
and the results produced by a particular event
or phenomenon
 Here are some transitional expressions in writing  Cause and Effect is a text development pattern
effective exemplification paragraphs: for which explains why something happens. It also
instance, namely, to be specify, to clarify, to states what results a particular event produces. It
illustrate, for example, in short, as an example. usually gives a statement emphasizing the cause
CLASSIFICATION AND DIVISIONS and another emphasizing the effect.
 uses criteria or standards in organizing ideas
into divisions, classes or categories
 is used when a writer needs to sort out or
arrange subjects to groups or categories based
on their common and shared characteristics.
 Here are some transitional expressions in writing
effective classification paragraphs: classified as,
one kind, the last group, another kind, another,
final type, the first category, are categorized as,
the next part.

 The following guide questions can be used for cause-effect

development:
 • Why did it happen?  Lastly, a conclusion restating the main argument of the text
 • What caused it? will be the end of the text. This will be your final statement
 • What does it cause? to persuade your readers.
 • What are the effects?  Some guide questions in constructing a persuasive text
 • How is it related to something else? include:
 Further, in developing your texts you can use signal words  What is the issue?
like as a consequence of, as a result of, because, because  What is your position or opinion?
of, now that and since to express cause while accordingly,  What is the opposing position/opinion?
consequently, hence, so, therefore, and this resulted in to  What are some reasons for your position/opinion?
signify effects.  What are some cases or examples that support this?
 a pattern that organizes ideas using enumeration without
PROBLEM-SOLUTION requiring items to be in sequence because it does not
 presents a problem, usually discussing several aspects of the observe the element of time.
problem, then concludes by discussing solutions to the
problem.
 a pattern that gives focus on discussing either a problem or
a solution to a particular situation

The solutions may be presented in various ways and you

have to think about which way would be the most
appropriate for the particular problem you are discussing.

PERSUASION
 a pattern that persuades the readers to agree to an
argument or claim about a particular issue through
presenting a set of evidence leading to a reasonable
conclusion
 Persuasive text can be in the form of an argument,
discussion, exposition, review or even an advertisement.
 In developing your own persuasive text, a writer must first
state the issue. This will serve as a background information
about the topic. Then, it should be followed by a clear,
strong and specific argument.
 An argument is one’s claim or position that can either
support or reject the issue previously stated. Arguments
shall be supported with a well-researched evidences, which
will give details on how and why it supports the argument.
Evidences can be factual, logical, statistical or anecdotal in
nature. It can also explain counterarguments not because
the writer wants to prove which claims are wrong or right
but to enlighten the readers about other positions.