Scribd
Upload
24 views5 pages

HSN 2 marks

The document outlines key characteristics of high-speed networks, emphasizing high bandwidth, low latency, and support for multimedia applications. It compares packet switching and circuit switching, defines important identifiers in ATM, and discusses the significance of congestion control and various Ethernet types. Additionally, it highlights the advantages of ATM cells over Frame Relay and details the services provided by the ATM Adaptation Layer.

Uploaded by

Channel Adithya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
24 views5 pages

HSN 2 marks

The document outlines key characteristics of high-speed networks, emphasizing high bandwidth, low latency, and support for multimedia applications. It compares packet switching and circuit switching, defines important identifiers in ATM, and discusses the significance of congestion control and various Ethernet types. Additionally, it highlights the advantages of ATM cells over Frame Relay and details the services provided by the ATM Adaptation Layer.

Uploaded by

Channel Adithya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

1. List out the key characteristics of High-Speed Networks.

• High bandwidth for faster data transmission.

• Low latency and minimal delay variations.

• Efficient error control mechanisms.

• Support for multimedia and real-time applications.

2. Indicate the importance of Frame Relay.

• Provides cost-effective and efficient data transfer for WANs.

• Uses statistical multiplexing, reducing bandwidth wastage.

3. Compare Packet Switching over Circuit Switching.

Packet Switching Circuit Switching

Connectionless, dynamic routing. Dedicated path, fixed routing.

Efficient bandwidth usage. Wastes bandwidth during idle time.

Suitable for bursty traffic. Better for constant data flow (e.g., voice).

4. Define Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI) and Virtual Path Identifier (VPI).

• VCI (Virtual Channel Identifier): Identifies a specific connection within a virtual path.

• VPI (Virtual Path Identifier): Groups multiple virtual channels into a logical path.

5. Label the protocol stack format of ATM.

ATM Protocol Stack:

1. Physical Layer

2. ATM Layer

3. ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)

4. Higher Layer Applications


6. Generalize the terminology Cell Loss Priority (CLP).

• CLP bit in ATM cells indicates priority.

• CLP = 0: High-priority traffic; CLP = 1: Can be discarded during congestion.

7. Distinguish Gigabit Ethernet from Fast Ethernet.

Gigabit Ethernet Fast Ethernet

1 Gbps speed 100 Mbps speed

Uses fiber or copper Uses copper (CAT5)

Better for high-speed LANs Suitable for smaller networks

8. Recall the concept of backpressure and Choke packet.

• Backpressure: Network congestion control by forcing the sender to slow down.

• Choke Packet: A control packet sent to inform the sender of congestion.

9. Illustrate about Committed Information Rate (CIR).

• CIR is the minimum guaranteed bandwidth in Frame Relay.

• Defines a baseline for reliable data transfer.

10. Infer how packet switching differs from circuit switching.

• Packet Switching: No dedicated path, efficient for bursty traffic.

• Circuit Switching: Dedicated path, better for real-time applications.

11. Justify why congestion control is difficult for Frame Relay networks.

• Frame Relay lacks built-in flow control mechanisms.

• Bursty traffic can overwhelm the network, causing congestion.


12. Defend the reason for using ATM cells over Frame Relay.

• ATM cells are fixed-sized (53 bytes), reducing delay variation.

• More efficient for real-time traffic like voice/video.

13. Reproduce the services provided by AAL.

• Segmentation and Reassembly (SAR).

• Error detection and correction.

• Traffic shaping and multiplexing.

14. Give examples of requirements for high-speed LANs.

• Video conferencing and real-time streaming.

• Cloud computing and data-intensive applications.

15. Record the purpose of Ethernet and its types based on speed.

• Ethernet enables local network communication over wired connections.

• Types:

o Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps)

o Gigabit Ethernet (1 Gbps)

o 10 Gigabit Ethernet (10 Gbps)

16. Express the significance of window size in TCP.

• Determines how much data can be sent before receiving an acknowledgment.

• Affects throughput and congestion control.

17. Generalize the design issues involved in choosing the value of the retransmission timer.

• Too small: Leads to unnecessary retransmissions.

• Too large: Increases delays in detecting lost packets.


18. Define Credit Allocation Scheme.

• Flow control method where the receiver assigns credits to limit the sender's data
rate.

• Ensures buffer overflow prevention.

19. How is packet switching different from circuit switching?

• Packet Switching: Dynamic routing, no dedicated path.

• Circuit Switching: Fixed path, better for voice calls.

20. How is higher-layer service information transferred in an ATM cell?

Higher-layer data is handled by ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL), which segments and
reassembles packets. It maps protocol-specific data into ATM cells. This ensures seamless
transmission over ATM networks.

21. Why is congestion control difficult for Frame Relay networks?

Frame Relay lacks built-in congestion control mechanisms. It depends on


FECN/BECN signals, which may not react fast enough to traffic bursts. This makes network
congestion harder to predict and manage..

22. List the ATM service categories.

1. CBR (Constant Bit Rate) – For voice/video.

2. VBR (Variable Bit Rate) – For bursty applications.

3. ABR (Available Bit Rate) – Adjusts to congestion.

4. UBR (Unspecified Bit Rate) – No guarantees, for low-priority traffic.

23. Draw the protocol stack format of ATM.

1. Physical Layer

2. ATM Layer

3. ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)


4. Higher Layer Protocols

24. Why are ATM cells used over Frame Relay?

ATM uses fixed-size cells, reducing delay variation (jitter). Frame Relay lacks
quality of service (QoS) features, making it inefficient for real-time applications. ATM
ensures low latency and guaranteed performance.

You might also like