Detailed Descriptions of Important Historical Events

 712: Muhammad bin Qasim's Arrival in Sindh

Muhammad bin Qasim, a young Umayyad general, led an expedition to the Indian
subcontinent and successfully captured Sindh. This marked the beginning of Islamic
influence in the region and the spread of Islamic culture and administration.
 714: Conquest of Multan
Following the victory in Sindh, Muhammad bin Qasim advanced to Multan, extending
the Umayyad Empire’s influence deeper into present-day Pakistan.
 717: Conquest of Andalusia by Arabs
The Arab forces, under the command of Tariq ibn Ziyad, crossed the Strait of
Gibraltar and defeated the Visigothic King Roderic, establishing Muslim rule in
Andalusia (modern-day Spain). This conquest laid the foundation for centuries of
Islamic rule and cultural flourishing in the Iberian Peninsula.
 750 (133 AH): The Abbasid Revolution
The Abbasids overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate, establishing a new dynasty with its
capital in Baghdad. This marked the start of the Golden Age of Islam, a period
characterized by significant advancements in science, literature, and trade. The
Abbasids ruled for 508 years, whereas the Umayyad Caliphate had ruled for 91 years
before them.
 757 (140 AH): Abbasid Governor Hisham in Sindh
Hisham, a representative of the Abbasid caliphate, arrived in Sindh to strengthen the
control and administration of the region under the new regime.
 777 (367 AH): Rise of Subuktigin in Ghazni
Subuktigin, a former slave who rose through the ranks, became the ruler of Ghazni,
founding the Ghaznavid Empire. This dynasty would later reach its peak under
Mahmood Ghaznavi.
 972: Completion of Al-Azhar Mosque
The Al-Azhar Mosque in Cairo was completed by the Fatimid Caliphate. It later
became a renowned center for Islamic learning, evolving into Al-Azhar University,
one of the oldest and most prestigious educational institutions in the Muslim world.
 1000-1026: Expeditions of Mahmood Ghaznavi
Mahmood Ghaznavi, the ruler of the Ghaznavid Empire, launched 17 military
expeditions into India. His raids brought immense wealth back to Ghazni and
expanded his influence, while also laying the groundwork for future Muslim rule in
northern India.
 1065: Founding of Madrasa Nizamiyya in Baghdad
Madrasa Nizamiyya, established by Nizam al-Mulk, was one of the earliest examples
of higher learning institutions in the Muslim world. It became a model for future
Islamic madrasas and was notable for teaching Islamic jurisprudence, theology, and
other sciences.
 1198: Pope Innocent III and the Fourth Crusade
Pope Innocent III was a powerful leader of the Catholic Church who initiated the
Fourth Crusade (1202–1204). However, the Crusade diverted from its original goal of
reclaiming Jerusalem and instead sacked Constantinople, leading to a significant
weakening of the Byzantine Empire.
 1215 (June 15): Signing of Magna Carta
King John II of England signed the Magna Carta, a foundational document limiting the
king's absolute power and ensuring certain legal rights. It is often regarded as a
cornerstone in the development of constitutional law.
 1206: Assassination of Muhammad Ghauri
Muhammad Ghauri, the ruler of the Ghurid Empire and an instrumental figure in
establishing Muslim rule in India, was assassinated. His death marked the end of the
Ghurid Empire’s expansion and led to the rise of the Delhi Sultanate.
 1206-1290: The Slave Dynasty
The Slave Dynasty was the first of the Delhi Sultanate, founded by Qutb-ud-din
 Aibak, a former slave of Muhammad Ghauri. Shams-ud-din Iltutmish was a notable
ruler who consolidated power and expanded the sultanate’s territory.
 1290-1320: The Khilji Dynasty
The Khilji Dynasty succeeded the Slave Dynasty and was known for its military
conquests and administrative reforms. Alauddin Khilji, the most notable king,
expanded the empire and repelled Mongol invasions.
 1320-1414: The Tughlaq Dynasty
Founded by Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, this dynasty was known for ambitious, often
impractical reforms under Muhammad bin Tughlaq, who moved the capital to
Daulatabad and issued token currency. The last king, Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah,
marked the decline of the dynasty.
 1492: Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus, an Italian explorer sponsored by Spain, reached the Americas
in 1492. This event marked the beginning of European exploration and colonization
of the New World.
 1498: Vasco da Gama’s Arrival in India
Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese explorer, was the first European to reach India by sea,
arriving in Calicut. This marked the beginning of the European colonial period in Asia.
 1555: Humayun’s Recapture of Delhi
After being exiled by Sher Shah Suri, the Mughal Emperor Humayun returned to
reclaim the throne of Delhi, restoring Mughal rule in northern India.
 1556: The Second Battle of Panipat
This battle was fought between the Mughal Emperor Akbar and Hemu, a local Hindu
king. Akbar's victory secured Mughal dominance over northern India.
 1558: Construction of Babri Masjid
The Babri Masjid was constructed by Mughal Emperor Babur’s general Mir Baqi in
Ayodhya, a site later known for religious and political controversies.
 1564: Birth of Shakespeare
William Shakespeare, one of the greatest playwrights and poets in English literature,
was born. His works have had a profound influence on English literature and theater.
 1564: Birth of Mujadid Alif Thani
Mujadid Alif Thani, an influential Islamic scholar and reformer, was born. He is known
for opposing the syncretic policies of Emperor Akbar’s Din-i-Ilahi and advocating for a
return to orthodox Islam.
 1576: Battle of Haldighati
The Battle of Haldighati was fought between the Mughal forces led by Akbar and the
Rajput ruler Rana Pratap. The Mughals emerged victorious, but Rana Pratap's
resistance became a symbol of Rajput pride.
 1582: Foundation of Din-i-Ilahi
Emperor Akbar introduced Din-i-Ilahi, a syncretic religious doctrine aimed at merging
elements of different faiths to promote unity among his subjects.
 1600: Establishment of the East India Company
The British East India Company was established to trade in the Indian subcontinent.
Over time, it expanded its influence and played a crucial role in the eventual British
colonization of India.
 1616: Sir Thomas Roe's Visit to Jahangir
Sir Thomas Roe, the first English ambassador, visited the court of Mughal Emperor
Jahangir, laying the groundwork for future British presence and trade in India.
 1634: English Trade in Bengal
The English secured permission to trade in Bengal, leading to the establishment of
significant commercial and political influence in the region.
 1642: Construction of Shalimar Garden
Shalimar Garden in Lahore was built by Shah Jahan, showcasing the architectural
brilliance of the Mughal era and serving as a leisure garden for the emperor.
 1647: Completion of the Taj Mahal
Shah Jahan commissioned the Taj Mahal in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal.
 Completed in 1647, this marble mausoleum is an iconic symbol of love and Mughal
architecture.
 1659-1707: Rule of Aurangzeb
Aurangzeb, the last significant Mughal emperor, expanded the empire to its greatest
territorial extent. However, his strict policies and prolonged military campaigns
weakened the empire and paved the way for its decline after his death in 1707.
 1703: Birth of Shah Waliullah Dehlvi
A prominent Islamic scholar and reformer, Shah Waliullah Dehlvi was known for his
efforts to revive Islamic teachings and unify the Muslim community in India.
 1739: Invasion by Nadir Shah
Nadir Shah, the Persian ruler, invaded India and looted Delhi, taking immense wealth,
including the famous Peacock Throne. This invasion weakened the Mughal Empire
significantly.
 1757: Battle of Buxar
The Battle of Buxar was fought between the British East India Company and the
combined forces of Mir Qasim, Shuja-ud-Daula, and the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam
II. The British victory solidified their power in Bengal and laid the foundation for
future control over India.
 1744-1763: French-British Conflict in the Deccan
A series of conflicts between the French and British in India for dominance over the
Deccan region. This struggle ended with the British emerging as the dominant
European power in India.
 1747: Foundation of Afghanistan by Ahmad Shah Abdali
Ahmad Shah Abdali, known as the founder of modern Afghanistan, unified various
tribes and established the Durrani Empire, creating a strong state that became a
significant power in the region.
 1761: Third Battle of Panipat
Ahmad Shah Abdali defeated the Marathas in this battle, one of the largest and
bloodiest fough.
Important Historical Events: Detailed Overview
 1766–1769: The First Anglo–Mysore War
This conflict was the first of four wars between the British East India Company and
the Kingdom of Mysore, led by Hyder Ali. The war ended with the Treaty of Madras,
restoring territories to their pre-war states but sowing seeds for future conflicts.
 1770: Discovery of Australia by Captain Cook
Captain James Cook, a British explorer and navigator, charted the eastern coast of
Australia, naming it New South Wales and claiming it for Great Britain. This marked
the beginning of European colonization in Australia.
 1783: Treaty of Paris and American Independence
The Treaty of Paris was signed to officially end the American Revolutionary War. The
treaty recognized the independence of the United States, formally ending British rule
over the colonies.
 1789: Beginning of the French Revolution
The French Revolution began as the people of France, facing severe social and
economic inequalities, rose against the monarchy. This revolution led to the
overthrow of King Louis XVI and marked a significant turning point in European
history, spreading the ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity.
 1793: End of the French Revolution
The revolution culminated with the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte, who stabilized the
nation but marked the end of the radical phase that included the Reign of Terror.
 1799: British Attack on Mysore and Death of Tipu Sultan
The British East India Company, allied with the Nizam of Hyderabad and the
Marathas, attacked Mysore. Tipu Sultan, known as the "Tiger of Mysore," died
defending his capital, Srirangapatna, effectively ending resistance to British
expansion in the south.
 1817 (17th Oct): Birth of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was born in Delhi. He would later become a prominent
educator, reformer, and the founder of the Aligarh Movement, aimed at modernizing
the Muslim community in India through education.
 1828: Founding of Brahmo Samaj
Founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Brahmo Samaj was a social and religious reform
movement in India that aimed to purify Hinduism and promote monotheism and
social reforms like the abolition of Sati.
 1828 (11th Jan): Declaration of Caliphate by Syed Ahmad Shaheed
After defeating the Sikh army, Syed Ahmad Shaheed declared his caliphate, aiming
to establish Islamic governance in the region.
 1829 (29th Sep): Formation of Scotland Yard
The Metropolitan Police Service, commonly known as Scotland Yard, was formed in
London. It became the primary police service for the capital and one of the most
well-known law enforcement agencies in the world.
 1829: Start of the Fraizi Movement
Haji Shariatullah initiated the Fraizi Movement in Bengal, advocating for Islamic
revival and focusing on religious and social reforms to support the underprivileged
Muslim peasantry.
 1830: Capture of Peshawar by Mujahedeen
The Mujahedeen, led by Syed Ahmad Shaheed, captured Peshawar after defeating
Yar Muhammad Khan, emphasizing the struggle against non-Muslim rule.
 1831: Battle Against the Sikh Forces and Martyrdom of Syed Ahmad
Shaheed
Syed Ahmad Shaheed and his followers engaged in battle against the Sikh forces
commanded by Sher Singh. Syed Ahmad and many of his comrades were martyred,
symbolizing the fight for religious freedom and resistance against external rule.
 1837: Arrival of the East India Company in Surat
The East India Company established its presence in Surat, enhancing its trade
operations and setting the stage for further political control in India.
 1837: Publication of “Sayyid-ul-Akhbar” by Sayed Muhammad Khan
This newspaper was launched, contributing to the spread of information and ideas
during the time of growing reformist thought in India.
 1839: Appointment of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan as Naib Munshi
Sir Syed began his career in the British administration as Naib Munshi at Agra,
marking the start of his involvement in public service and intellectual work.
 1846: Publication of the First Edition of “Asar-us-Sanadid”
Sir Syed's historical and architectural work on the monuments of Delhi, “Asar-us-
Sanadid,” was first published, showcasing his scholarly pursuits.
 1846: Sale of Kashmir to Gulab Singh by the British
After the First Anglo-Sikh War, the British sold Kashmir to Gulab Singh for a sum of
7.5 million rupees, establishing him as the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir.
 1846: Sir Syed Becomes Chief Judge
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan's contributions were recognized, and he was appointed as
Chief Judge, a position that bolstered his standing as an advocate for legal and social
reform.
 1848: Doctrine of Lapse Introduced
This policy, implemented by Lord Dalhousie, allowed the British East India Company
to annex any princely state or territory under British suzerainty if the ruler died
without a direct heir.
 1849: Occupation of Punjab and KPK by East India Company
The British East India Company annexed Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK),
consolidating British control over significant regions in northern India.
 1856: Annexation of Oudh (Awadh)
The British annexed the state of Oudh (Awadh) under the pretext of misgovernance,
further expanding their dominion in India.
 1857 (10th May): War of Independence (Indian Rebellion of 1857)
The first major uprising against British rule erupted, starting in Meerut and spreading
to Delhi, Kanpur, and other regions. Approximately 5,000 British soldiers were killed,
marking a critical point in the struggle for freedom, although it ultimately failed.
 1858: Abolishment of British East India Company
Following the 1857 rebellion, the British Crown dissolved the British East India
Company and took direct control of India, beginning the British Raj.
 1859: Installation of Big Ben at British Parliament
The iconic clock, Big Ben, was installed at the Palace of Westminster, becoming one
of London's most recognized landmarks.
 1860: Establishment of an Educational Institute in Delhi
Efforts to modernize education in Indo-Pak regions began with the establishment of
an educational institution in Delhi, fostering learning and reform.
 1861: Establishment of the First Pakistan Railway Track
The first railway track between Karachi and Kotri was laid, improving connectivity
and aiding the transport of goods and people across regions.
 1865: Abolition of Slavery in the United States
The 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified, formally abolishing
slavery across the country, a significant step toward civil rights.
 1867: Foundation of Dar-ul-Uloom Deoband
Dar-ul-Uloom Deoband was founded as a center for Islamic learning and religious
education, beginning as a small mosque and later expanding to become a major
institution for Islamic scholarship.
 1867: Beginning of the Hindi-Urdu Controversy in Banaras
A linguistic and cultural dispute emerged over the use of Hindi and Urdu in northern
India, reflecting tensions between the Hindu and Muslim communities.
 1869: Sir Syed Ahmad Khan’s Visit to England
Sir Syed traveled to England to study the British educational system and other
aspects of Western culture, inspiring him to implement modern educational reforms
in India.
 1873: End of Monarchy in Afghanistan; Becomes a Republic
Afghanistan saw significant political changes, transitioning from a monarchy to a
republic, though this claim may be anachronistic as Afghanistan's true republic
period began much later.
 1873: Establishment of Gilgit Agency
The British set up the Gilgit Agency as part of their efforts to safeguard the northern
frontiers of India and maintain political stability in the region.
 1875: Founding of Arya Samaj by Dayananda Saraswati
Arya Samaj was founded to revive Vedic teachings and counter the influence of other
religions and social issues within Hinduism, promoting reforms and unity.
 1875: Establishment of MAO High School by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
Sir Syed set up the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental High School in Aligarh, a step
toward creating an educated Muslim middle class. This institution eventually evolved
into the Aligarh Muslim University.
 1876 (25th Dec): Birth of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, was born. He would go
on to play a crucial role in the creation of Pakistan as an independent state.
 1876: Sir Syed Ahmad Khan’s Retirement
Sir Syed retired from his services to focus on educational and social reform, including
the development of the Aligarh Movement.
 1877: Establishment of MAO College
The Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College was established, with Lord Lytton, the
Viceroy of India, inaugurating it. This college was a major step in promoting Western-
style education among Muslims.
 1877 (9th Nov): Birth of Allama Iqbal
Allama Iqbal, the renowned poet-philosopher and visionary of Pakistan, was born in
 Sialkot. His writings and ideas would inspire the demand for an independent Muslim
state in the subcontinent.
  1878: Birth of Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar
Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar, an influential Indian Muslim leader, journalist, and a
key figure in the Khilafat Movement, was born. His efforts played a major role in
advocating for Muslim rights and unity during British rule.
  1881: First Census in the Subcontinent
The British conducted the first comprehensive census in the Indian subcontinent,
providing data on demographics, social structure, and religious affiliations, which
would later influence administrative policies.
  1884: Establishment of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)
GMT was established as the world's time standard. This development was critical for
navigation and global communication, positioning Greenwich, London, as the prime
meridian.
  1884 (24th Dec): Founding of Anjuman-e-Himayat-e-Islam
This organization was established to promote Islamic education and welfare among
the Muslims of British India, contributing to social and educational reforms.
  1885 (28th Dec): Founding of the Indian National Congress (INC)
The Indian National Congress was founded by A.O. Hume, a retired British official.
The INC was created to form a platform for civic and political dialogue, which later
played a pivotal role in India's struggle for independence.
  1886: Founding of Muhammadan Educational Conference
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan initiated this platform to discuss and promote educational
reforms among Muslims in British India, contributing significantly to modernizing
Muslim society.
  1888: Sir Syed Ahmad Khan Received Knighthood
The British government awarded Sir Syed with the title of Knighthood in recognition
of his services, particularly his efforts in education and social reform.
  1892: Indian Council Act Enacted
This act expanded the size of the central legislative council and allowed Indians to
participate in the legislative process, marking a step toward limited political
representation.
  1893: Settlement of the Durand Line
The Durand Line agreement was signed, establishing the boundary between British
India and Afghanistan. This demarcation has had long-standing geopolitical
implications.
  1894: Establishment of Nadva-Tul-Ulema
A group of Muslim scholars founded Nadva-Tul-Ulema in Lucknow to counteract the
effects of British education and foster Islamic scholarship and unity among various
Islamic schools of thought.
  1898 (27th March): Death of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan passed away, leaving behind a legacy of educational and social
reform, most notably the Aligarh Movement and the founding of Aligarh Muslim
University.
  1901: Nobel Prize First Awarded
The prestigious Nobel Prize was awarded for the first time, recognizing outstanding
contributions to various fields including physics, chemistry, and peace efforts.
  1905: Partition of Bengal
Lord Curzon ordered the partition of Bengal to improve administrative efficiency,
which led to significant protests and became a key moment in Indian nationalist
sentiment.
  1906: Quaid-e-Azam Joined the Indian National Congress
Muhammad Ali Jinnah, later known as Quaid-e-Azam, initially joined the Indian
National Congress and advocated for Hindu-Muslim unity and reforms within the
British system.
  1906: Shimla Deputation
A group of prominent Muslim leaders met the Viceroy of India, advocating for Muslim
political rights and separate electorates. This event laid the foundation for the All
India Muslim League.
  1906: Founding of All India Muslim League
The All India Muslim League was established in Dhaka to safeguard Muslim political
rights and interests. It later became instrumental in the movement for an
independent Muslim state, Pakistan.
  1907: First Session of All India Muslim League
The League's first session was held in Karachi, where members discussed political
issues and strategies to ensure Muslim representation.
  1908: Founding of the All India Muslim League in London
Syed Ameer Ali established a branch of the All India Muslim League in London to
advocate for the interests of Indian Muslims on an international level.
  1909: Minto-Morley Reforms (Indian Council Act)
These reforms introduced separate electorates for Muslims and increased Indian
representation in legislative councils, marking a significant development in colonial
self-governance.
  1910–1916: Lord Hardinge's Viceroyalty in India
Key events during his reign included moving the capital from Calcutta to Delhi and
the visit of King George V to India, showcasing the British Empire’s control.
  1911 (14th Jan): Publication of Comrade by Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar
Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar launched Comrade, an influential English newspaper
advocating for Muslim rights and unity from Calcutta.
  1911: Calcutta Ceased to be the Capital
The British administration officially moved the capital of India from Calcutta to Delhi,
reflecting strategic and political shifts.
  1912 (July): Publication of Al-Hilal
Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad issued Al-Hilal, an influential Urdu newspaper that
focused on inspiring political consciousness among Indian Muslims.
  1913: Muslim League's Call for Self-Rule
The All India Muslim League officially demanded self-rule for India, aligning its
objectives more closely with nationalist movements seeking independence.
  1913: Quaid-e-Azam Joined the Muslim League
Jinnah joined the Muslim League while remaining a member of the Congress, seeking
to bridge the gap between both communities and advocate for the rights of Muslims.
  1916: Joint Session of Congress and Muslim League
Both parties held a joint session, signifying cooperation between Hindus and Muslims
for shared political objectives.
  1916 (Dec): Congress Accepted Separate Electorates
The Congress accepted the demand for separate electorates for Muslims, a
significant development aimed at addressing communal representation.
  1917: Bolshevik Revolution in Russia
The Russian Revolution, led by Vladimir Lenin, resulted in the overthrow of the
Russian monarchy and the establishment of a communist government, influencing
global politics.
  1918 (11th Nov): Armistice Treaty Ended World War I
Germany signed the Armistice Treaty, ending World War I. This event reshaped
global alliances and set the stage for future geopolitical changes.
  1919: Start of the Khilafat Movement
Led by the Ali brothers, the Khilafat Movement aimed to protect the Ottoman
Caliphate and represented Muslim political unity against British policies post-World
War I.
  1919: Resignation of Quaid-e-Azam from the Imperial Legislative Council
Jinnah resigned from the council in protest of the oppressive British policies and the
lack of meaningful reforms.
   1919: Jallianwala Bagh Incident
British troops under General Dyer opened fire on a peaceful gathering in Amritsar,
killing hundreds. This massacre intensified the Indian struggle for independence.
  1919: Announcement of Montague-Chelmsford Reforms
The British government introduced reforms aimed at self-governance but fell short of
Indian aspirations, leading to widespread dissatisfaction.
  1919: Armistice Between Turkey and Allies
An armistice was signed between Turkey and the Allied Powers, marking the end of
hostilities in World War I and impacting the Ottoman Empire's fate.
  1920: Non-Cooperation Movement
Initiated by Mahatma Gandhi, this movement involved a mass refusal to comply with
British laws and institutions, promoting non-violent resistance.
  1920: Gandhi Assumed Leadership of Congress
Mahatma Gandhi became the leader of the Indian National Congress, steering the
party toward more active and non-violent resistance against British rule.
  1920: Resignation of Quaid-e-Azam from Congress
Jinnah resigned from the Indian National Congress due to ideological differences with
Gandhi’s non-cooperation approach and the increasing Hindu dominance in the
party's policies.
1920: Indian Muslims Migrated to Afghanistan
Many Indian Muslims migrated to Afghanistan during this period, disillusioned by British
colonial rule and feeling let down by the Khilafat Movement, which sought to defend the
Ottoman Caliphate.
1920: MAO College of Aligarh Became a University
The Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, founded by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan to advance
the education of Muslims in India, gained university status and became Aligarh Muslim
University. This institution played a crucial role in the socio-political upliftment of the
Muslim community in India.
1921: Moplah Rebellion in Malabar
The Moplah rebellion was an uprising by the Muslim Mappila community in the Malabar
region against British authorities and local landlords. It was marked by significant violence
and was both an anti-colonial and socio-religious conflict.
1922 (February): Gandhi Called Off the Non-Cooperation Movement
Mahatma Gandhi suspended the non-cooperation movement after the Chauri Chaura
incident, where violence erupted, leading to the deaths of policemen. Gandhi believed that
the movement had strayed from its non-violent path.
1922: The Title of “Sir” Given to Allama Muhammad Iqbal
The British government conferred the title of “Sir” on Allama Iqbal in recognition of his
literary and scholarly contributions. Iqbal was a renowned philosopher and poet who later
became a key figure in advocating for a separate Muslim state.
1922: Launch of Reader’s Digest Magazine
Reader’s Digest was first published in 1922 and quickly became one of the most popular
general-interest magazines globally. Founded by DeWitt Wallace and Lila Bell Wallace, the
magazine was known for its concise articles that covered a broad range of topics including
current events, human interest stories, and advice on health and lifestyle.
1924: End of the Ottoman Caliphate
The abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk marked the end of
Islamic Caliphate rule after centuries. This decision significantly affected Muslims
worldwide and catalyzed various political movements in different regions.
1924: Inaugural Winter Olympic Games
The first Winter Olympics were held in Chamonix, France, setting the stage for regular
international winter sports competitions.
1926: Allama Iqbal Elected to Punjab Legislative Assembly
Allama Muhammad Iqbal was elected as a member of the Punjab Legislative Assembly,
enhancing his influence as a political leader and advocate for Muslim rights in British India.
1927: Arrival of the Simon Commission
The British government formed the Simon Commission to assess the effectiveness of the
Government of India Act 1919. The commission faced widespread protests as it did not
include any Indian members. Its final report was submitted in 1930.
1930: Allama Iqbal's Historic Address at Allahabad
At the annual session of the All India Muslim League, Allama Iqbal delivered a speech that
laid out the vision for an independent state for Muslims in northwestern India. This address
is considered a cornerstone in the ideological foundation of Pakistan.
1931 (5th March): Gandhi-Irwin Pact Signed
The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was an agreement between Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin, then
the Viceroy of India, which ended the civil disobedience movement and led to the
participation of the Indian National Congress in the Round Table Conference in London.
1933: Publication of “Now or Never” by Chaudhary Rehmat Ali
Chaudhary Rehmat Ali, a Cambridge student, issued a pamphlet titled “Now or Never,”
which proposed the creation of a separate state for Muslims and introduced the name
"Pakistan." He also established the Pakistan National Movement.
1934: Quaid-e-Azam Became Permanent President of the Muslim League
Muhammad Ali Jinnah became the permanent president of the All India Muslim League,
which he led until Pakistan’s independence, providing strong and visionary leadership for
31 years.
1935: Right to Vote for Women
The Government of India Act 1935 granted limited suffrage to women, marking an
important step toward gender equality in Indian politics.
1935: Sindh Separated from Bombay
The administrative separation of Sindh from the Bombay Presidency allowed it to become a
separate province with its own governance.
1937: Founding of the Punjab Public Service Commission
The Punjab Public Service Commission was established to oversee the recruitment of civil
servants, bolstering governance and administrative efficiency in the province.
1937: Separation of Burma from India
Burma (modern-day Myanmar) was separated from British India and became a distinct
administrative entity, changing the colonial political landscape.
1937: Women Joined the Muslim League
The Muslim League began to include women in its membership and activities, symbolizing
a shift toward greater political engagement for women within the Muslim community.
1937: Enforcement of the Government of India Act 1935
This act introduced a federal structure and expanded provincial autonomy in British India
but retained significant control for the British government.
1938: Slogan of “Quaid-e-Azam” Raised
Mian Mazhar-ud-Din raised the title "Quaid-e-Azam" (Great Leader) for Muhammad Ali
Jinnah, highlighting his leadership status among Indian Muslims.
1938: Death of Allama Muhammad Iqbal
Allama Iqbal passed away, leaving a legacy as a philosopher, poet, and thinker whose
vision played a significant role in inspiring the movement for a separate Muslim state.
1939 (22nd Dec): Muslims Observed Day of Deliverance
Muslims in India marked this day to celebrate the resignation of Congress ministries, which
they viewed as a relief from policies that they felt marginalized the Muslim community.
1939–1945: Second World War
A global conflict that involved most nations, including British India. The war's outcome
significantly reshaped global politics and colonial dynamics.
1940: German Attack on France
During World War II, Germany launched a major offensive against France, resulting in
France's rapid defeat and occupation.
1940: France Signed Armistice with Nazi Germany
France signed an armistice with Germany, leading to German occupation of much of the
country.
1941: Establishment of Muslim Students Federation Women Wing in Delhi
This was a significant step in organizing women within the Muslim community for political
activism and social causes.
1942: Cripps Mission
The British government sent Sir Stafford Cripps to India with a proposal for constitutional
reforms to gain Indian support for the war effort, but the mission failed to win acceptance
from key Indian leaders.
1944: Rajaji Formula Proposed
C. Rajagopalachari presented the Rajaji Formula, aimed at resolving Hindu-Muslim political
differences by suggesting a framework for the creation of separate Muslim-majority states.
1944: Gandhi-Jinnah Talks
Talks between Mahatma Gandhi and Muhammad Ali Jinnah were held to address Hindu-
Muslim tensions and political divisions. However, they did not lead to any resolution.
1945: Establishment of the United Nations (UN)
The UN was founded post-World War II to promote peace, security, and cooperation among
nations, including India as one of its members.
1945: Creation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
The IMF was established to facilitate global economic cooperation and financial stability.
1945 (22nd March): Formation of the Arab League
The Arab League was established in Cairo with six initial member countries to promote
unity and cooperation among Arab nations.
1945: Shimla Conference
A meeting convened between British officials and Indian political leaders to discuss India’s
political future. It ended in failure due to a lack of agreement between the Congress and
the Muslim League.
1945: India Becomes a Member of the UN
India was among the early members to join the United Nations, enhancing its global
presence.
1946: Muslim League’s Victory in Punjab Elections
The Muslim League won 73 out of 87 seats allocated for Muslims in Punjab during the
elections, showcasing strong support for its political objectives and the call for a separate
Muslim state
1946 - Prelude to Independence
Liaquat Ali Khan Given Finance Portfolio
 Context: In 1946, as the British government was working to implement the Cabinet Mission
Plan, which aimed to resolve constitutional issues in British India, Liaquat Ali Khan, a key
leader of the All-India Muslim League, was appointed the finance minister in the interim
government of India. Liaquat’s role as Finance Minister was crucial in managing the fiscal
policy and the financial challenges of a nation on the brink of independence.
Victory Day (11th January 1946)
 Context: The Victory Day marked the success of the Muslim League's struggle against the
Congress and the British in securing a separate homeland for Muslims. It celebrated the
League’s victory over the British in achieving political recognition and the approval of their
demands in the Cabinet Mission Plan. This was a moment of pride for Muslims who had
been advocating for a separate nation.
Cabinet Mission Plan (16th May 1946)
 Context: The Cabinet Mission Plan, proposed by the British government, was an attempt
to resolve the constitutional issues in India and address the demands of both the Indian
National Congress and the Muslim League. The plan suggested a federal structure with
substantial autonomy for provinces, and an interim government was formed with members
from both the Congress and Muslim League. However, this plan was ultimately rejected by
the Congress, leading to increased tensions between Hindus and Muslims.
Direct Action Day (16th August 1946)
 Context: To press for the creation of Pakistan, the Muslim League called for a day of direct
action. This led to widespread communal riots and violence, especially in Bengal and Bihar,
as Muslims and Hindus clashed. This day marked a turning point, solidifying the demand for
a separate Muslim state. The violence resulted in significant loss of life and further strained
Hindu-Muslim relations.
1947 - Creation of Pakistan
Partition Day (3rd June 1947)
 Context: On 3rd June 1947, the British government, under the leadership of Lord
Mountbatten, officially accepted the Muslim League's demand for the creation of Pakistan.
The Mountbatten Plan (also known as the Partition Plan) outlined the partition of British
India into two independent states: India and Pakistan. The day is also known as Partition
Day because it was the formal acceptance of the division of the subcontinent, which led to
widespread violence and mass migration.
Constitutional Assembly (20th July 1947)
 Context: The Constitutional Assembly of Pakistan was formed as the legislative body
tasked with drafting the constitution of Pakistan. It consisted of elected representatives,
mostly from the Muslim League. The formation of this assembly was one of the first steps in
the establishment of Pakistan’s legal and political infrastructure.
First Session of the Constituent Assembly (10th August 1947)
 Context: The first session of the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan was held on 10th
August 1947, just five days before Pakistan's independence. It was presided over by Quaid-
e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, and its primary objective was to lay the groundwork for
the future governance and constitution of the newly created state.
Pakistan’s First Cabinet (15th August 1947)
 Context: On 15th August 1947, Pakistan's first cabinet was sworn in, marking the
country’s first formal government. The Prime Minister of Pakistan was Liaquat Ali Khan,
and key positions were held by prominent figures such as Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar and
Ghulam Muhammad. This event marked the beginning of Pakistan's independence and
governance.
HBL Begins Operations (17th August 1947)
 Context: Habib Bank Limited (HBL), one of the largest commercial banks in Pakistan,
began operations just two days after independence. Established in Bombay in 1941, HBL was
one of the first financial institutions to start functioning in Pakistan, helping to stabilize the
financial system in the early days of the new state.
Pakistan Joins the UNO (30th September 1947)
 Context: Pakistan officially became a member of the United Nations on 30th September
1947, less than two months after its creation. This was a significant diplomatic achievement,
as it cemented Pakistan’s position as a recognized sovereign state on the world stage.
Pakistan Becomes a Member of ILO (1947)
 Context: In 1947, Pakistan also became a member of the International Labour
Organization (ILO). This move reflected Pakistan’s commitment to improving workers'
rights and labor standards, as well as aligning itself with international norms in the post-war
global order.
1948 - Early Challenges
UN Declaration on Human Rights (1948)
 Context: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the United
Nations in 1948, and Pakistan was involved in its discussions. This was a major step in
defining global human rights standards after the horrors of World War II.
Kashmir Issue at UN (1st January 1948)
 Context: The Kashmir dispute was brought before the United Nations Security Council
by India in January 1948. Pakistan had already been involved in the conflict since the
partition, and the issue became a central point of contention between India and Pakistan,
leading to the first war over Kashmir.
Canal Water Agreement (4th May 1948)
 Context: On 4th May 1948, Pakistan and India signed the first canal water agreement,
which was a crucial deal to regulate the use of water from rivers that flowed from India to
Pakistan. The agreement was vital for Pakistan’s agriculture-dependent economy and helped
mitigate tensions over water resources after partition.
First Stamp Issued by Pakistan (July 1948)
 Context: Pakistan issued its first postage stamps in July 1948, which was a significant step
in establishing its identity and sovereignty. The stamps depicted the portrait of Quaid-e-
Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah and other national symbols.
Refugee Rehabilitation (27th August 1948)
 Context: Following partition, millions of refugees crossed the border into Pakistan. On 27th
August 1948, an emergency rehabilitation program was declared to deal with the
enormous challenges of resettling refugees. This issue would continue to be a major
challenge for Pakistan in the years to come.
1949 - Diplomacy and Territorial Disputes
Siachen Glacier Agreement (1949)
 Context: Pakistan and India signed an agreement related to the Siachen Glacier in 1949.
While not a major international treaty at the time, the issue would later become a point of
tension when both countries claimed sovereignty over the region in the 1980s.
Kashmir Ceasefire Line (1949)
 Context: The Ceasefire Line in Kashmir was established after the first Indo-Pakistani war
(1947–48). The line, drawn by the United Nations, divided the region into areas controlled by
India and Pakistan. The line later evolved into the Line of Control (LoC).
Objective Resolution (12th March 1949)
 Context: The Objective Resolution, proposed by Nawab Liaquat Ali Khan, was passed
by Pakistan’s National Assembly on 12th March 1949. The resolution outlined the
fundamental principles of Pakistan’s future constitution, emphasizing that sovereignty
belonged to Allah and that Pakistan would be a democracy based on Islamic principles.
Recognition of People’s Republic of China (1949)
 Context: After the Chinese Communist Revolution in 1949, Pakistan quickly recognized
the People’s Republic of China as a legitimate state. This marked the beginning of a
strong relationship between Pakistan and China, which would grow significantly in the years
to come.
1950s - Consolidation and International Alignment
Liaquat-Nehru Pact (8th April 1950)
 Context: The Liaquat-Nehru Pact was signed between Liaquat Ali Khan (Pakistan’s first
Prime Minister) and Jawaharlal Nehru (India’s first Prime Minister) to improve relations
between the two countries. It was an agreement to protect the rights of minorities in both
countries and aimed at reducing tensions following the partition.
Liaquat Ali Khan’s U.S. Tour (1950)
 Context: In 1950, Liaquat Ali Khan visited the United States, marking one of Pakistan's
first high-profile international diplomatic engagements. His visit was important in securing
American support for Pakistan in the early Cold War period.
Colombo Plan (1950)
 Context: Pakistan became a member of the Colombo Plan in 1950, a regional initiative to
promote economic and social development in South and Southeast Asia. This move
demonstrated Pakistan's commitment to economic development and cooperation with
neighboring countries.
First Census of Pakistan (1951)
 Context: The first census of Pakistan was conducted in 1951. It was essential for
understanding the population distribution, which had significant
1955: Key Events
Pakistan and Iran Join Baghdad Pact (Central Treaty Organization)
 Context: In 1955, Pakistan and Iran sought membership in the Baghdad Pact, a military
alliance originally formed in 1954, which later came to be known as the Central Treaty
Organization (CENTO). This pact, aimed at containing Soviet influence in the Middle East
and Asia, was backed by the United States and included countries like Turkey, Iraq, and the
UK. CENTO, however, was less successful than its counterpart, NATO, due to its limited
participation and regional instability.
Punjab Assembly Approves the One Unit Plan (30th Jan 1955)
 Context: The One Unit plan was a controversial political move that merged the provinces of
West Pakistan into a single administrative unit, creating a more centralized structure in
response to the political and administrative challenges Pakistan faced. The Punjab
Provincial Assembly approved this plan in January 1955, and it was enacted nationwide
later that year. The One Unit system was meant to streamline governance but caused
significant unrest, particularly in smaller provinces like Balochistan, Sindh, and the North-
West Frontier Province (NWFP). This system would remain in place until it was reversed in
1970.

1956: Key Events

Pakistan's First Constitution Enforced (23rd March 1956)
 Context: On 23rd March 1956, Pakistan's first Constitution was enacted, marking a
key milestone in the country’s political evolution. The Constitution of 1956 declared
Pakistan an Islamic Republic and established a parliamentary system with a President as
the head of state and a Prime Minister as the head of government. Iskandar Mirza
 became the first President, and Chaudhry Muhammad Ali became the first Prime Minister
under this constitution. This marked the beginning of Pakistan's formal, written constitution,
which would serve as the basis of Pakistan's governance until it was replaced in 1962.
The Atomic Energy Commission Established (1956)
 Context: In 1956, Pakistan established its Atomic Energy Commission under the
leadership of Dr. Ishrat Hussain Usmani. This move signified the country’s long-term
vision to develop nuclear technology for peaceful purposes. This laid the foundation for
Pakistan’s eventual entry into the nuclear club decades later. The commission was
instrumental in Pakistan’s future nuclear energy and weapons programs.

1958: Key Events

Purchase of Gwadar from Oman (8th Sept 1958)
 Context: On 8th September 1958, Pakistan purchased the Gwadar enclave from Oman
for US$3 million. The strategic acquisition of Gwadar gave Pakistan control of a crucial port
on the Arabian Sea, which would later become the hub of China-Pakistan Economic
Corridor (CPEC) projects. The port’s location near the Strait of Hormuz, a vital shipping
lane, made it geopolitically significant.
First Martial Law Imposed (October 1958)
 Context: In October 1958, Iskandar Mirza abrogated the 1956 Constitution and declared
martial law, citing the political instability and administrative paralysis in the country. This
event marked the beginning of military rule in Pakistan. General Ayub Khan, the then
Commander-in-Chief of the Army, was appointed as the Chief Martial Law Administrator
and soon replaced Iskandar Mirza as President, solidifying military dominance in Pakistan's
political structure.

1960: Key Events

Pakistan Wins Gold Medal in Olympics (1960)
 Context: In 1960, Pakistan won its first Olympic gold medal in field hockey during the
Rome Olympics. This achievement was a significant moment for Pakistan in international
sports, particularly in field hockey, where the country had been a dominant force.
Indus Water Treaty Signed (19th Sept 1960)
 Context: The Indus Water Treaty was signed between Pakistan and India on 19th
September 1960. The treaty, brokered by the World Bank, was a landmark agreement that
resolved longstanding disputes over the waters of the Indus River system, which flows
through both countries. Pakistan was allocated the waters of the Indus, Jhelum, and
Chenab rivers, while India was allocated the waters of the Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers.
The treaty led to the construction of two dams, five barrages, and seven link canals in
Pakistan, greatly enhancing its irrigation system.

1962: Key Events

1962 Constitution Enforced (8th June 1962)
 Context: The Constitution of 1962 was enforced on 8th June 1962, bringing significant
changes to Pakistan’s political system. The constitution, drafted under the leadership of
General Ayub Khan, replaced the 1956 constitution and established a presidential
system with Ayub Khan as the President. This shift marked the consolidation of military
power in Pakistan and the creation of a more centralized, authoritarian political system. The
constitution also introduced a system of Basic Democracies, which allowed Ayub Khan to
control local governance.
Sino-Indian War (1962)
 Context: In 1962, a war broke out between China and India over territorial disputes in the
Aksai Chin region, which China claimed as part of its territory. Pakistan, which had been
engaged in border disputes with India over Kashmir, maintained a neutral stance but closely
monitored the situation, as the war further heightened tensions in South Asia.

1965: Key Events

War Between India and Pakistan (5th-17th Sept 1965)
 Context: From 5th to 17th September 1965, Pakistan and India fought a war over the
disputed Kashmir region. The conflict began when Pakistan launched Operation Gibraltar
in an attempt to infiltrate Jammu and Kashmir, leading to an all-out war between the two
countries. The war ended in a stalemate with both sides agreeing to a ceasefire. The
Tashkent Agreement (1966) formally ended the hostilities. Despite the ceasefire, the
 Kashmir dispute remained unresolved, and the war heightened nationalistic sentiments in
both countries.

1966: Key Events

Tashkent Agreement (10th January 1966)
 Context: The Tashkent Agreement was signed on 10th January 1966 between Pakistan
and India with the mediation of the Soviet Union. The agreement marked the formal end of
the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War. The pact called for the restoration of territories captured
during the war and a return to the status quo along the Line of Control (LoC) in Kashmir.
However, the agreement faced internal opposition in Pakistan, especially from Zulfiqar Ali
Bhutto, who later resigned as foreign minister over the terms of the agreement.
1967: Key Events
Establishment of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) (8th August 1967)
 Context: On 8th August 1967, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
was established by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. While this
event did not directly involve Pakistan, it marked a significant step in regional cooperation in
Southeast Asia. ASEAN was created to promote political, economic, and security cooperation
among member states. It later became a major player in the geopolitics of Asia.
Completion of Mangla Dam (1967)
 Context: The Mangla Dam, located on the Jhelum River, was completed in 1967. With a
capacity of 1,000 MW, it became one of the largest dams in Pakistan. The project was a
major part of the country’s strategy to enhance its irrigation system and hydroelectric
power generation, helping to meet energy demands. The dam also played a role in the
Indus Water Treaty agreements with India.
Israel Snatches Golan Heights from Syria (1967)
 Context: In 1967, during the Six-Day War, Israel captured the Golan Heights from
Syria. This was a significant territorial gain for Israel, and it increased tensions in the Middle
East. The Golan Heights remains a contested region to this day, as Syria and Israel have not
reached a final peace agreement.

1968: Key Events

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) Signed (1st July 1968)
 Context: The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) was signed on 1st July 1968 to
prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy.
Pakistan, while not a signatory, would later develop its nuclear weapons program, leading to
significant geopolitical tensions, particularly with India.
Agartala Conspiracy Case (1968)
 Context: The Agartala Conspiracy Case was a political case launched by Pakistan in
1968 accusing leaders of the Awami League of plotting for East Pakistan's secession. The
case became a major political issue and added to the growing tensions between East and
West Pakistan, ultimately contributing to the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971.

1969: Key Events

Swat and Chitral Become Part of Pakistan (28th July 1969)
 Context: On 28th July 1969, Swat and Chitral, which had been princely states before the
independence of Pakistan, were formally integrated into Pakistan as part of the Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province. This was an important step in Pakistan's process of
consolidation and integration after independence.
Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) Established (25th September 1969)
 Context: The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) was established on 25th
September 1969 in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The OIC was founded to promote solidarity
among Muslim-majority countries and to protect their common interests in international
affairs. It currently has 57 member states. The OIC was a significant development for
Pakistan, which sought greater political, cultural, and economic cooperation with other
Muslim countries.

1970: Key Events

Baluchistan Becomes a Federal Province (1970)
 Context: In 1970, Baluchistan was granted the status of a federal province of Pakistan.
Before this, Baluchistan had been a Balochistan States Union, a group of princely states.
 This move was part of a broader effort to integrate the diverse ethnic regions of Pakistan into
the national framework.
One Unit Dissolved (1970)
 Context: In 1970, the One Unit system (which had merged the four provinces of West
Pakistan into a single unit) was dissolved. The dissolution was a significant political move as
it allowed for the restoration of provincial autonomy. The One Unit system had been highly
controversial, especially in smaller provinces like Sindh and Balochistan, and its dissolution
paved the way for the restoration of Pakistan's provincial identity.
First General Elections (7th December 1970)
 Context: On 7th December 1970, Pakistan held its first-ever general elections. The
elections were historic because they were the first elections based on direct voting and led
to the formation of a new government. The Awami League, led by Sheikh Mujibur
Rahman, won a landslide victory in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), while the Pakistan
Peoples Party (PPP), led by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, dominated the West Pakistan vote. The
results revealed the deep political divide between East and West Pakistan, setting the stage
for the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War.

1971: Key Events

War Between Pakistan and India (1971)
 Context: The 1971 war between India and Pakistan was primarily caused by the growing
unrest in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). The Mukti Bahini (Liberation Army) was
conducting insurgencies, demanding independence for East Pakistan. India supported the
insurgency, leading to full-scale war between India and Pakistan. The war ended with
Pakistan's defeat and the creation of Bangladesh on 16th December 1971. This was a
traumatic event for Pakistan, as it lost half of its territory and saw millions of lives lost.
Bangladesh Becomes Independent (16th December 1971)
 Context: On 16th December 1971, following military defeat and political collapse in East
Pakistan, Bangladesh declared independence and was officially recognized as a sovereign
state. This marked the breakup of Pakistan, a loss that shaped much of Pakistan's foreign
and domestic policy in the years to come.
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Becomes President and Civilian Chief Martial Law Administrator
(20th December 1971)
 Context: After the loss of East Pakistan, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto stepped in as the President
of Pakistan and assumed the role of the Civilian Chief Martial Law Administrator.
Bhutto’s leadership began a new chapter in Pakistan's history as he sought to stabilize the
country and implement a variety of reforms, including nationalization policies.
Karachi Nuclear Power Plant (1971)
 Context: The Karachi Nuclear Power Plant (KANUPP) was added to Pakistan’s national
grid in 1971, producing 136 MW of electricity. This marked the beginning of Pakistan's
journey towards utilizing nuclear technology for peaceful purposes, although Pakistan would
later transition into nuclear weapons development, especially after India’s nuclear tests in
1974.

1972: Key Events

Nationalization Begins (January 1972)
 Context: In 1972, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto initiated the first phase of nationalization in
Pakistan, aiming to bring key sectors of the economy, such as banks, industries, and
educational institutions, under state control. This was part of Bhutto's socialist agenda to
reduce the influence of the capitalist class and promote economic equality.
Shimla Agreement (1972)
 Context: The Shimla Agreement was signed in July 1972 between Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
and Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi after the 1971 war. The agreement was a
significant step towards normalizing relations between Pakistan and India. It focused on the
restoration of peace and the establishment of a working relationship between the two
countries. It also called for bilateral talks on the Kashmir issue, though this was left
unresolved.
OIC Charter Adopted (1972)
 Context: The Charter of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) was adopted in
1972, reinforcing Pakistan’s role in the global Muslim community. The OIC became an
important platform for Pakistan to advocate for the interests of Muslim-majority countries,
particularly in the areas of politics, economics, and social justice.
1973: Key Events
The Constitution of 1973 Launched (14th August 1973)
 Context: On 14th August 1973, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto launched Pakistan's second
constitution, which replaced the 1962 Constitution. The new constitution re-established a
parliamentary democracy, with the Prime Minister as the head of government and the
President as the ceremonial head of state. It also established a bicameral parliament,
consisting of the National Assembly and the Senate.
Bicameral Government System Introduced
 Context: The 1973 Constitution introduced a bicameral system of governance, with a
National Assembly (lower house) and a Senate (upper house), replacing the unicameral
system of the previous constitutions. This was a move towards a more balanced and federal
representation in the country’s legislature.
Bangladesh Joins the UNO (1973)
 Context: After gaining independence in 1971, Bangladesh became a member of the
United Nations in 1973, marking its recognition as a sovereign nation on the global stage.
Pakistan Steel Mill Founded (2nd July 1973)
 Context: The Pakistan Steel Mill was established with the help of the Soviet Union in
1973. The steel mill became one of the largest industrial projects in the country, crucial for
the development of Pakistan's heavy industry.

1974: Key Events

Banks Nationalized (1974)
 Context: In 1974, the nationalization of banks was completed as part of Zulfiqar Ali
Bhutto's broader nationalization policy. This was intended to ensure that Pakistan’s financial
institutions served national interests rather than private profit.
Hunza Becomes Part of Pakistan (1974)
 Context: Hunza, a former princely state in northern Pakistan, was integrated into Pakistan
in 1974, further solidifying the country’s territorial boundaries.
Qadianis Declared Non-Muslim Minorities (7th September 1974)
 Context: On 7th September 1974, Pakistan's National Assembly passed a law declaring
the Ahmadiyya community (referred to as Qadianis) as non-Muslim. This decision was
based on religious and political debates over their beliefs, particularly regarding the finality
of the prophethood.

1976: Key Events

PTV Starts Color Transmission (20th December 1976)
 Context: Pakistan Television (PTV) launched color transmission on 20th December
1976, marking a milestone in Pakistan’s media history. This was a significant step forward in
the modernization of media infrastructure in Pakistan.
Tarbela Dam Added to National Grid (1976)
 Context: The Tarbela Dam was added to Pakistan’s national power grid in 1976,
producing 3,478 MW of electricity. This was another major step in addressing Pakistan’s
energy needs and strengthening its irrigation infrastructure.
Commander in Chief Title Changed to Chiefs of Staff (1976)
 Context: The title of Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan military was changed to Chiefs
of Staff, reflecting changes in the military structure and increasing focus on joint military
operations.
Abdul Qadeer Khan’s Nuclear Research Laboratories Established (1976)
 Context: In 1976, Abdul Qadeer Khan established the Kahuta Research Laboratories
(KRL), where Pakistan began its nuclear weapons program. This was a pivotal moment in
Pakistan’s efforts to develop nuclear capabilities, which culminated in its nuclear tests in
1998.
1977: Key Events
US Cuts Military and Economic Aid to Pakistan (November 1977)
 Context: In November 1977, the United States, under President Jimmy Carter,
decided to cut off military and economic aid to Pakistan. This was primarily due to concerns
over Pakistan’s political environment following the military coup in July 1977 that ousted
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. The US had already been critical of Bhutto’s government over human
rights and democratic practices, and after the coup, Pakistan’s military government under
 General Zia ul-Haq faced international isolation. The aid cut was part of Carter's broader
emphasis on promoting human rights and democracy.
Zia ul-Haq's Coup (5th July 1977)
 Context: On 5th July 1977, General Muhammad Zia ul-Haq carried out a military coup
that overthrew the elected government of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. Zia imposed martial law,
dismissed the National Assembly, and arrested Bhutto, leading to his eventual execution in
1979. Zia ruled Pakistan as a military dictator for over 11 years (1977–1988), and his era
marked significant shifts in Pakistan’s domestic policies, including the Islamization of laws,
a focus on military expansion, and shifting foreign alliances, particularly with the United
States and Afghanistan during the Soviet invasion.

1978: Key Events

Camp David Accords (1978)
 Context: The Camp David Accords were signed in 1978 between Egypt and Israel,
brokered by US President Jimmy Carter. While Pakistan was not directly involved, the
accords had a significant impact on the Middle East, and Pakistan, a Muslim-majority
country, was critical of the peace agreement because it normalized relations between Egypt
and Israel. This move by Egypt was seen as a betrayal of the Palestinian cause by many Arab
and Muslim countries, including Pakistan, which continued to support Palestinian self-
determination.

1979: Key Events

US Recognizes the Durand Line as Pakistan-Afghanistan Border (April 1979)
 Context: In April 1979, the United States officially recognized the Durand Line as the
international border between Pakistan and Afghanistan. The Durand Line had been
drawn in 1893 by the British colonial administration, but Afghanistan had never fully
accepted it as a legal boundary. However, in the late 1970s, amid growing tensions in the
region (including the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan), Pakistan sought to secure recognition
of the line as part of its national security concerns. This recognition by the US was a
significant diplomatic victory for Pakistan but deepened tensions between Pakistan and
Afghanistan, which had territorial disputes over the line.
CENTO Ends (1979)
 Context: The Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), also known as the Baghdad Pact,
which Pakistan had been a member of, formally ended in 1979. CENTO was a Cold War-era
alliance, formed in the 1950s, that included the US, Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Pakistan.
However, the organization gradually lost significance due to political changes in the Middle
East (e.g., the Iranian Revolution in 1979) and the US’s shifting strategic priorities.
Pakistan Joins the Non-Aligned Movement (1979)
 Context: In 1979, Pakistan officially joined the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), a group of
countries that sought to remain independent of the major Cold War powers (the US and the
Soviet Union). The NAM was formed in 1961 and included countries from Asia, Africa, and
Latin America, which sought to avoid alignment with either the US-led Western bloc or the
Soviet-led Eastern bloc. By joining the NAM, Pakistan aimed to assert its independent foreign
policy, although its later involvement in the Afghan-Soviet War would align it more closely
with the US and other Western nations.
Dr. Abdus Salam Wins Nobel Prize (1979)
 Context: Dr. Abdus Salam, a Pakistani theoretical physicist, won the Nobel Prize in
Physics in 1979 for his work on the electroweak unification theory, which helped explain
the fundamental forces of nature. Salam's achievement was a major scientific milestone for
Pakistan, but his recognition was also controversial because he was a member of the
Ahmadiyya community, which was later declared non-Muslim by Pakistan's Parliament in
1974.

1982-1983: Key Events

Usher Collection Begins (1982–83)
 Context: In 1982–83, usher, the Islamic agricultural tax on crops, began to be
systematically collected in Pakistan, particularly on the Rabi (winter) crop. The collection of
usher was part of the broader effort by Pakistan’s government to implement Islamic law (or
Sharia). This system was part of Zia ul-Haq’s Islamization policies, which sought to align
Pakistan’s legal, economic, and social systems with Islamic principles.
1983: Key Events
Institution of Ombudsman Created in Pakistan (1983)
 Context: In 1983, Pakistan established the Institution of the Ombudsman (also known
as the Mohtasib) as an independent body to address grievances of citizens against
government maladministration, corruption, and human rights violations. The creation of the
Ombudsman was a step toward institutionalizing transparency and accountability in the
government, though the institution's effectiveness was often questioned.

1984: Key Events

SAF Games Held for the First Time (1984)
 Context: The South Asian Federation (SAF) Games were held for the first time in 1984
as part of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) initiative.
The SAF Games, which brought together athletes from South Asian countries, became an
important platform for regional cooperation and cultural exchange. They were later renamed
the South Asian Games and continue to be held periodically.
Faiz Ahmad Faiz Dies (1984)
 Context: Faiz Ahmad Faiz, one of Pakistan’s most beloved poets, passed away in 1984.
Faiz was known for his revolutionary poetry and his deep commitment to social justice,
human rights, and peace. He remains one of Pakistan's most influential literary figures, and
his poems continue to inspire movements for change and justice in Pakistan and beyond.
Siachen War Begins (1984)
 Context: In 1984, the Siachen conflict erupted between India and Pakistan when India
launched Operation Meghdoot, a military operation to seize control of the Siachen
Glacier, located in the Karakoram Range in disputed territory. Pakistan, which claims the
region as part of its Gilgit-Baltistan territory, responded by deploying its forces to the
glacier. The conflict resulted in a military standoff that has continued intermittently,
becoming one of the highest-altitude military conflicts in history, with both sides maintaining
forces in the region.

1985: Key Events

First SAARC Summit Held in Dhaka (7th–6th December 1985)
 Context: The first SAARC summit was held in Dhaka, Bangladesh, from 7th to 6th
December 1985. SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) was
established in 1985 to promote regional cooperation among the eight South Asian countries:
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. The
summit was important for regional diplomacy and for addressing shared economic, political,
and social challenges.

1985: Key Events

Establishment of ECO (Economic Cooperation Organization)
 Context: The Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) was established in 1985 as a
regional intergovernmental organization aimed at promoting economic, technical, and
cultural cooperation among member states in Asia and Central Asia. Initially, it was formed
by Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey, and later expanded to include several other countries,
particularly those in the Caucasus, Central Asia, and the Middle East. The organization
was created to enhance regional trade, development, and economic cooperation in the face
of changing geopolitical dynamics.
8th Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan (1985)
 Context: The 8th Amendment was introduced to the Constitution of Pakistan in 1985
under General Zia ul-Haq’s military regime. The amendment strengthened the powers of
the President, particularly allowing the President to dismiss the Prime Minister and
dissolve the National Assembly. It also introduced provisions that significantly altered the
political landscape, increasing the executive powers of the presidency, while limiting the
powers of the parliament. The amendment gave General Zia more authority to intervene in
civilian governance.

1987: Key Event

Faisal Mosque in Islamabad Opens for Public
 Context: The Faisal Mosque, one of the largest mosques in the world, was officially
opened to the public in 1987 in Islamabad, Pakistan. Located at the foot of the Margalla
Hills, it was designed by the Turkish architect Vedat Dalokay. The mosque was named
after King Faisal of Saudi Arabia, who funded its construction. The mosque is an iconic
symbol of Islamabad and modern Islamic architecture, with its unique triangular design and
capacity to accommodate over 100,000 worshippers.

1989: Key Event

First Women’s Bank Established (1st December 1989)
 Context: The First Women’s Bank was established in 1989 in Pakistan to empower
women economically and financially. It aimed to provide financial services tailored to the
needs of women, especially in rural and underserved areas. The establishment of this bank
was part of broader efforts to increase the participation of women in Pakistan's economic
development.

1990: Key Events

President George H. W. Bush Suspends Economic Aid to Pakistan
 Context: In 1990, the United States, under President George H. W. Bush, suspended
economic aid to Pakistan. This was in response to Pakistan’s nuclear program and the
increasing concerns over its nuclear weapons development. The suspension of aid came
under the Pressler Amendment (1985), which required the US to cut off military and
economic assistance to Pakistan if it was determined that Pakistan had developed or was in
the process of developing nuclear weapons.
Pakistan Launches Badr-1, Its First Satellite (1990)
 Context: In 1990, Pakistan successfully launched Badr-1, its first indigenous satellite
into orbit. The satellite was primarily intended for communications and research purposes
and marked an important step in Pakistan's technological and space exploration capabilities.
The successful launch of Badr-1 highlighted Pakistan’s growing interest and involvement in
space science and technology.
Nelson Mandela Released from Prison (1990)
 Context: In 1990, Nelson Mandela, the anti-apartheid revolutionary and leader of the
African National Congress (ANC), was released from prison after spending 27 years
incarcerated. His release marked a turning point in South Africa's struggle against apartheid
and set the stage for the eventual dismantling of the apartheid regime. Mandela went on to
become the first Black president of South Africa in 1994.

1991: Key Events

Soviet Union Disintegrates (1991)
 Context: The Soviet Union formally disintegrated into 15 independent republics in
1991. This marked the end of the Cold War and a significant shift in global politics. The
Baltic States—Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania—had already declared independence
earlier, but the official collapse of the USSR fundamentally reshaped the global order, with
Russia becoming its largest successor state. This event also led to the emergence of several
new countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, significantly changing the geopolitical
landscape.
Privatization Commission Established in Pakistan (1991)
 Context: In 1991, Pakistan established the Privatization Commission as part of a
broader economic reform agenda. The goal was to privatize state-owned enterprises and
improve efficiency in the public sector by encouraging private investment. This was part of
Pakistan's effort to move toward a more market-oriented economy and reduce fiscal deficits
by transferring the management of public enterprises to private hands.
Hafiz Muhammad Saeed Founding Lashkar-e-Taiba (1991)
 Context: Hafiz Muhammad Saeed founded the militant group Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) in
1991 in Afghanistan. The group was originally established to fight in the Kashmir conflict,
but it later became notorious for its involvement in various terrorist activities across the
region. LeT is responsible for the 2008 Mumbai attacks and has been linked to various
anti-India operations. The group operates with significant support from Pakistan-based
jihadist networks.
Jinnah Station Established in Antarctica (25th January 1991)
 Context: Jinnah Station was established in Antarctica by Pakistan on 25th January
1991 as part of the Pakistan Antarctic Programme. The station is named after Quaid-e-
Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan. It symbolizes Pakistan's contribution
to scientific research in the polar region.

1992: Key Events

Georgia, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan Join UNO
 Context: In 1992, Georgia, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan were admitted as member
states to the United Nations (UNO) following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. These
countries, along with several others that emerged from the Soviet collapse, sought
international recognition and integration into the global community.
Indian Mob Destroys Babri Masjid (1992)
 Context: On 6th December 1992, a Hindu mob demolished the Babri Masjid, a mosque
in Ayodhya, India, claiming that it was built on the birthplace of the Hindu god Ram. The
event sparked massive communal riots across India, resulting in significant loss of life and
property. The destruction of the Babri Masjid became a flashpoint in the ongoing religious
tensions between Hindus and Muslims in India.

1993: Key Event

Bombay Bombings (1993)
 Context: In 1993, a series of bombings took place in Bombay (now Mumbai), including
attacks on the Hotel Sea Rock, Sahar Airport, and Bombay Stock Exchange. The
bombings were orchestrated by Dawood Ibrahim, a notorious criminal mastermind, and his
gang, and were believed to be in retaliation for the 1992 Babri Masjid demolition. The
bombings killed over 250 people and wounded many more. The attacks marked a
significant escalation in terrorist activity in India, with links to Pakistan-based militants.

1994: Key Events

UNFCCC Comes into Force (March 1994)
 Context: The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
officially came into force in March 1994. This international environmental treaty was
created to address global climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It marked
the beginning of a series of international climate agreements, culminating in the Kyoto
Protocol (1997) and the Paris Agreement (2015).
Dr. Abdus Salam Dies (1994)
 Context: Dr. Abdus Salam, a Pakistani theoretical physicist and Nobel Laureate, passed
away in 1994. He had won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979 for his work on the
unification of the weak force and electromagnetic force, known as the electroweak
theory. His death marked the loss of one of Pakistan's greatest scientific minds.

1995: Key Events

Iran-Pakistan-India Gas Pipeline Proposed (1995)
 Context: In 1995, the Iran-Pakistan-India (IPI) gas pipeline was proposed. The pipeline,
which would stretch over 2,700 km, aimed to bring natural gas from Iran to India, passing
through Pakistan. The project was intended to address the growing energy needs of the
region but faced political and security challenges, especially related to India’s reluctance to
engage in such projects with Pakistan.
World Trade Organization (WTO) Established (1995)
 Context: The World Trade Organization (WTO) was established in 1995 to replace the
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The WTO aims to regulate
international trade by promoting free trade and resolving trade disputes between countries.
The establishment of the WTO marked a major shift in global trade governance and was
significant for global economic relations.
Pak-China Business Council Established (1995)
 Context: The Pak-China Business Council was established in 1995 to enhance economic
ties and promote trade and investment between Pakistan and China. The council became a
significant platform for business exchanges and cooperation between the two countries,
contributing to the strengthening of their economic and strategic partnership.
1996: Key Event
Taliban Regime Comes to Power in Afghanistan (1996)
 Context: In 1996, the Taliban seized control of Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan, and
established their hardline Islamic regime. The Taliban's rise to power was marked by
extreme measures, including the enforcement of strict Sharia law, banning education for
girls, and severely restricting women's rights. Pakistan was accused of supporting the
Taliban during their rise, although this relationship later became controversial due to the
group's radicalization and eventual involvement in harboring Al-Qaeda.
 1996: Operation Midnight Jackal
 This was a covert operation carried out by Pakistani intelligence to destabilize the
government of then-Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto. The operation aimed to create
political unrest and remove Bhutto from power.
 1996, 26th April: The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Founded
 The SCO was established to promote economic cooperation, security, and political
coordination between China, Russia, and several Central Asian nations. Pakistan
became a full member of the organization in 2017. The SCO plays an important role
in regional security and economic matters.
 1997, 1st April: 13th Amendment to the Pakistani Constitution
 The 13th Amendment led to the removal of Article 58(2b), which had given the
president the power to dissolve the National Assembly and dismiss the prime
minister. The amendment aimed to reduce presidential powers and strengthen
parliamentary democracy.
 1997-2006: Kofi Annan as UN Secretary-General
 Kofi Annan, from Ghana, served as the 7th Secretary-General of the United Nations,
overseeing a period of significant global challenges, including the aftermath of the
Kosovo War, the Iraq War, and the rise of international terrorism.
 1997: British Return Hong Kong to China
 After over 150 years of British rule, Hong Kong was handed back to China on July 1,
1997, under the principle of "one country, two systems." This marked the end of
British colonial rule in the region.
 1999: Kargil Crisis
 The Kargil War, which occurred between India and Pakistan, saw Pakistani forces
infiltrating Indian territory in the Kargil district. The crisis resulted in intense fighting,
with heavy casualties on both sides. The U.S. played a significant diplomatic role,
pressuring Pakistan to withdraw its forces from Kargil.
 1999, 6th September: French-built Agosta 90B Submarine Inducted into
Pakistan Navy
 The Agosta 90B-class submarines, purchased from France, were a significant addition
to Pakistan’s naval capabilities, providing Pakistan with advanced underwater
warfare technology.
 2000: Chashma Nuclear Power Plant (325 MW)
 The Chashma Nuclear Power Plant, built with assistance from China, was
commissioned to help meet Pakistan's growing energy demands. It remains a key
part of Pakistan’s nuclear power generation capacity.
 2000: Devolution Plan by General Pervez Musharraf
 The Devolution Plan was a local government reform introduced by General
Musharraf's military government, aiming to decentralize power to local councils,
ostensibly to promote grassroots democracy and reduce corruption.
 2001, 14th July: Agra Summit between India and Pakistan
 The Agra Summit, which took place between Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari
Vajpayee and Pakistan’s General Musharraf, was a high-profile peace initiative.
However, it ended in failure, with both sides unable to resolve key differences,
especially over the Kashmir issue.
 2001: U.S. Declares Pakistan as a Frontline State in the War on Terror
 Following the 9/11 attacks, Pakistan became a critical ally for the U.S. in its campaign
against terrorism. The country provided logistical support, military bases, and
intelligence cooperation as part of the broader U.S.-led War on Terror.
 2001: Hamid Karzai Becomes President of Afghanistan
 After the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan in late 2001, Hamid Karzai was installed as the
leader of the interim Afghan government, eventually becoming the country’s first
democratically elected president.
 2002, 6th April: Musharraf Launches Referendum
 General Musharraf, who had seized power in a military coup in 1999, conducted a
controversial referendum in 2002 to legitimize his rule. The referendum formally
extended his presidency for another five years, though it was widely criticized as
being neither free nor fair.
 2003, January: Ghauri Missile Operational
 The Ghauri missile, a medium-range ballistic missile, was formally inducted into the
Pakistan Army. This missile, capable of carrying both conventional and nuclear
warheads, significantly enhanced Pakistan's strategic deterrence capability.
 2003, 26th March: Abdali Missile First Launched
 The Abdali missile (also known as Hatf-2) is a short-range surface-to-surface missile
developed by Pakistan. The missile’s successful launch further bolstered Pakistan's
missile defense systems.
 2003, 3rd October: Ghaznavi Missile (Hatf-3) Launched
 The Ghaznavi missile is a medium-range ballistic missile with the capability of
delivering both conventional and nuclear payloads. Its successful test was another
milestone in Pakistan's missile development program.
1. US Declares Pakistan a Major Non-NATO Ally
o In 2004, the United States designated Pakistan as a Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA).
This status granted Pakistan various military and economic advantages, including
access to advanced military technology and assistance, despite not being a formal
member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
2. US Declares Pakistan and India as Nuclear States (20th May)
o In 2004, the United States formally acknowledged both India and Pakistan as
nuclear states, following their respective nuclear tests in 1998. This recognition had
significant diplomatic implications, especially concerning international arms control
and non-proliferation efforts.
2005:
3. India-Pakistan Bus Service Between Srinagar and Muzaffarabad (15th January)
o On January 15, 2005, India and Pakistan inaugurated a bus service between
Srinagar (in India-administered Kashmir) and Muzaffarabad (in Pakistan-
administered Kashmir). This was a major step in building confidence between the two
countries and easing travel for divided families across the Line of Control (LoC), even
though it was later suspended during periods of tension.
2006:
4. BRICS Established (June)
o The BRICS group (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) was formally
established in 2006, creating a coalition of emerging economies with increasing global
influence. Though Pakistan is not a member, the rise of BRICS has had regional and
global ramifications for economic and diplomatic policies, particularly for countries in
South Asia.
5. Kyoto Protocol Enforced (May)
o The Kyoto Protocol was an international treaty aimed at combating climate change
by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It entered into force in 2005 and was formally
enforced in 2006. This was a significant milestone in global environmental
governance. While Pakistan is not a major emitter, it faces considerable vulnerability
to climate change, including flooding and droughts.
2007:
6. Samjhota Express Bombing (18th February)
o A terrorist attack on the Samjhota Express, a train traveling between India and
Pakistan, killed 68 people, mostly Pakistanis. The attack, which occurred near the
town of Panipat in India, heightened tensions between India and Pakistan and was
attributed to extremist groups. The event remains a controversial and sensitive issue
between the two nations.
 7. Benazir Bhutto Assassinated (27th December)
o Former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto was tragically assassinated during a political
rally in Rawalpindi on December 27, 2007. Her death was a turning point in
Pakistan's political history, leading to widespread protests and political instability.
Bhutto's assassination by a gunman followed by a suicide bombing shocked Pakistan
and the international community. It had far-reaching consequences for the Pakistan
People's Party (PPP) and the country’s political trajectory.
2008:
8. Benazir Income Support Program Initiated
o In response to growing poverty, the Benazir Income Support Program (BISP) was
launched in 2008 under the government of Asif Ali Zardari, Benazir Bhutto's
widower. The BISP aimed to provide direct financial assistance to impoverished
families across Pakistan, particularly women.
9. Pakistan Signs Extradition Agreement with Iran (23rd July)
o On July 23, 2008, Pakistan signed an extradition agreement with Iran to combat
cross-border terrorism and organized crime. This agreement aimed to enhance
cooperation between the two countries on criminal matters, including the extradition
of wanted criminals and terrorists.
10. Musharraf Resigns as President (18th August)
o Amid mounting political pressure and the PPP-led coalition's success in ousting him,
General Pervez Musharraf resigned from the presidency on August 18, 2008. His
resignation marked the end of military rule in Pakistan and paved the way for the
return of democratic governance.
11. U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Agreement (6th September)
o The U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Agreement (also known as the 123 Agreement) was
signed on September 6, 2008. This agreement allowed India to access civilian nuclear
technology from the U.S. despite not being a signatory to the Nuclear Non-
Proliferation Treaty (NPT). It had a major impact on regional geopolitics, raising
concerns in Pakistan and China about the implications for the South Asian nuclear
balance.
12. Mumbai Attacks (26th November)
o On November 26, 2008, 10 Pakistani militants associated with the Lashkar-e-
Taiba (LeT) carried out a terrorist attack in Mumbai, India. The attack resulted in
173 deaths, and over 300 injuries. It was one of the most horrific terror attacks in
India’s history and led to a breakdown in relations between India and Pakistan, as
India accused Pakistan of supporting the attackers.
2009:
13. Swat Operation "Rah-e-Rast" Begins (May)
o In 2009, the Pakistan Army launched a military operation called “Rah-e-Rast” in
the Swat Valley and surrounding areas to clear out Taliban militants who had taken
control of parts of the region. The operation displaced hundreds of thousands of
civilians but was ultimately successful in regaining control of the area.
14. Gilgit-Baltistan Granted Autonomy (29th August)
o The former Northern Areas of Pakistan, which include the Gilgit-Baltistan region,
were granted full autonomy under Pakistan's constitutional reforms in 2009. This
included a new name for the region (Gilgit-Baltistan) and greater political and
administrative powers, although it did not grant full provincial status.
15. First Elections in Gilgit-Baltistan (12th November)
o On November 12, 2009, the first elections were held in Gilgit-Baltistan for the
Gilgit-Baltistan Legislative Assembly. This marked a significant step in the
region’s political development, though its status remains a sensitive issue in Pakistan,
as the region is also claimed by India.
2010:
16.Protection Against Harassment of Women Act Passed
o In 2010, the Protection Against Harassment of Women at the Workplace Act
was passed in Pakistan. The law aimed to protect women from harassment in the
workplace, marking a significant step toward improving women's rights and gender
equality in Pakistan.
2010:
1. 18th Amendment Bill Passed by National Assembly (8th April)
 o The 18th Amendment to Pakistan's constitution was passed in 2010, a landmark
reform aimed at restoring parliamentary democracy and limiting the powers of the
president. The amendment abolished the controversial Article 58(2b), which had
allowed the president to dissolve the National Assembly, and also devolved significant
powers to the provinces. It was seen as a victory for the democratic process in
Pakistan.
2011:
2. Iran Launches a Monkey into Space
o In 2011, Iran successfully launched a monkey into space aboard the Pishgam
capsule, marking a significant step in the country’s ambitious space program. While
this event had no direct impact on Pakistan, it was a part of growing regional
technological advancements, which Pakistan monitors closely.
3. Pakistan Grants India Most Favored Nation (MFN) Status (Nov)
o In November 2011, Pakistan granted India the Most Favored Nation status, which
was a significant step towards improving bilateral trade relations. MFN status is a
commitment to treat trading partners equally, which could have paved the way for
improved economic ties between the two countries.
2012:
4. Arfa Karim Randhawa (14th Jan)
o Arfa Karim (born February 1995) became the youngest Microsoft Certified
Professional (MCP) in 2004 at the age of just nine. A computer prodigy, she later
earned a pilot's license at age 10. Sadly, she passed away at the age of 16 in 2012.
Arfa was an inspiring figure, widely recognized in Pakistan and globally for her
achievements in technology and as a role model for young people.
2013:
5. European Parliament Grants GSP Plus Status to Pakistan (12th Dec)
o The Generalized Scheme of Preferences (GSP+) is a tariff preference program
that allows developing countries to export products to the European Union at lower
rates. In December 2013, Pakistan was granted GSP Plus status, which significantly
boosted the country’s export sector, particularly in textiles, by reducing tariffs on
exports to EU markets.
2014:
6. Treaty on Accession of Crimea to Russia (18th March)
o In 2014, Russia annexed Crimea, a region that was part of Ukraine. This controversial
move led to widespread international condemnation and sanctions against Russia.
While this event was not directly related to Pakistan, it significantly impacted global
geopolitics, with Western countries taking a stance against Russia's territorial
expansion.
7. Ashraf Ghani Becomes President of Afghanistan (29th Sept)
o Ashraf Ghani was elected as the President of Afghanistan in September 2014. His
presidency marked a critical phase in Afghanistan's post-Taliban governance, and he
sought to improve ties with Pakistan while navigating complex issues such as security,
governance, and the withdrawal of NATO forces.
8. 18th SAARC Summit Held in Kathmandu (26-27 Nov)
o The **18th Summit of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
(SAARC) was held in Kathmandu, Nepal, in November 2014. The summit
highlighted the need for greater regional cooperation in South Asia, though it was
overshadowed by increasing tensions between India and Pakistan.
9. Tragedy of APS Peshawar (16th Dec)
o On December 16, 2014, the Army Public School (APS) in Peshawar was attacked
by a group of Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) militants. 141 people were killed,
including 132 children. The attack was one of the most devastating acts of terrorism
in Pakistan's history, leading to nationwide mourning and a renewed commitment to
fight extremism.
10. Pak-China Joint Military Exercise "Peace Angel 2014"
 In 2014, Pakistan and China conducted a joint military exercise called Peace Angel
2014, focusing on counterterrorism operations and strengthening military cooperation. This
reflected the growing strategic ties between the two countries, especially in defense and
military domains.
2015:
 11.Saudi Arabia Launches Attack on Yemen (25th March)
 Saudi Arabia launched Operation Decisive Storm in March 2015, aimed at restoring the
ousted Yemeni government of President Abd-Rabbu Mansour Hadi and fighting Houthi
rebels. The conflict in Yemen led to a humanitarian crisis, with Pakistan closely monitoring
the situation as it involved regional security concerns.
12.Xi Jinping Visits Pakistan; CPEC Signed (15th April)
 In April 2015, Chinese President Xi Jinping visited Pakistan, and during the visit, both
countries signed the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) agreement. CPEC is a
massive infrastructure project designed to link Gwadar Port in Pakistan to China's Xinjiang
region, significantly boosting economic cooperation between the two countries.
13.China Sells 8 Submarines to Pakistan (19th April)
 China agreed to sell eight submarines to Pakistan in a deal worth $5 billion, further
strengthening the military ties between the two countries. The deal included the sale of
Type 039A Yuan-class conventional submarines, enhancing Pakistan's naval capabilities in
the region.
14.Pakistan Successfully Launches Hatf VII (Babur) Cruise Missile (11th Aug)
 In August 2015, Pakistan successfully tested the Hatf VII (Babur), a cruise missile
capable of carrying both conventional and nuclear warheads. This demonstrated Pakistan’s
growing missile and defense capabilities.
15.Mariam Mukhtiar, First Female Pilot, Dies in Crash (24th Nov)
 Flying Officer Mariam Mukhtiar, Pakistan's first female fighter pilot, tragically died
when her PAF FT-7PG aircraft crashed in Punjab in November 2015. Her death was
mourned across Pakistan, and she was posthumously honored for her bravery and
contribution to the Pakistan Air Force.
16.IMCTC (Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition) Announced (15th Dec)
 Saudi Arabia announced the creation of the Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition
(IMCTC), a military alliance of 41 countries aimed at combating terrorism and extremism.
This was seen as a significant development in regional security and a response to growing
concerns over extremism in the Muslim world.
2016:
17.19th SAARC Summit Cancelled (15–19 Nov)
 The 19th SAARC Summit, initially scheduled to be held in Islamabad, Pakistan, was
cancelled following the Uri attack in India-administered Kashmir. The attack, attributed to
Pakistan-based militants, led to India and several other SAARC members withdrawing from
the summit.
18.LIGO Detects Gravitational Waves (11th Feb)
 On February 11, 2016, the LIGO Scientific Collaboration announced the detection of
gravitational waves for the first time, confirming a major prediction of Albert Einstein's
theory of general relativity. This was a breakthrough in physics, with global implications for
our understanding of the universe.
19.Indian Spy Kalbosh Yadev Arrested (24th March)
 Kalbosh Yadev, an alleged Indian spy, was arrested by Pakistan’s military intelligence in
Balochistan in March 2016. His arrest raised tensions between India and Pakistan, with
Pakistan accusing him of being involved in espionage and supporting insurgency in
Balochistan.
2017:
20.António Guterres Becomes UN Secretary-General (1st Jan)
 António Guterres of Portugal became the 9th Secretary-General of the United Nations
in January 2017. His tenure focused on global issues such as climate change, conflict
resolution, and the refugee crisis.
21.Pakistan Successfully Launches Submarine-Launched Babur III (10th Jan)
 Pakistan successfully tested the Babur III submarine-launched cruise missile, marking a
significant advancement in its strategic deterrence capabilities.
22.Operation Radd-ul-Fasad Launched (22nd Feb)
 Operation Radd-ul-Fasad was launched by the Pakistan Army in 2017 to eliminate
terrorism and to improve internal security in Pakistan. It was a continuation of the country’s
efforts to combat insurgency and militancy within its borders.
23.Pakistan Becomes Full Member of SCO (9th June)
 Pakistan officially became a full member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization
(SCO) in June 2017. This marked a major step in Pakistan’s regional diplomacy and strategic
alliances, particularly with China and Russia.
24.IMCTC Defense Ministers Meet (26th Nov)
 The defense ministers of the Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition (IMCTC)
met in November 2017 to discuss military cooperation, counterterrorism strategies, and
regional security issues.
Timeline of Islam:
1. 571, 22nd April: Birth of Prophet Muhammad (SAW)
o Prophet Muhammad (SAW) was born in Makkah in the year 571 CE (Year of
the Elephant). His birth is significant in Islamic history as it marks the arrival of
the final Prophet.
2. 583: Birth of Hazrat Umar ibn al-Khattab (RA)
o Hazrat Umar ibn al-Khattab (RA), the second caliph of Islam, was born. Umar
(RA) played a pivotal role in the spread of Islam and the establishment of the
Caliphate after the death of Prophet Muhammad (SAW).
3. 601, 15th September: Birth of Hazrat Ali ibn Abi Talib (RA)
o Hazrat Ali ibn Abi Talib (RA), the cousin and son-in-law of Prophet Muhammad
(SAW), was born on 15th Rajab, 21 BH (Before Hijrah). He was the first young
person to accept Islam and later became the fourth Caliph.
4. 605: Incident of Hajr-e-Aswad
o In 605 CE, the Hajr-e-Aswad (Black Stone) was placed in the Ka'bah by the
Quraysh tribe. This incident is significant as it marks a key moment in Makkah's
history, where the tribes struggled over the honor of placing the stone back in its
place, and Prophet Muhammad (SAW) mediated a peaceful solution.
5. 610, 1 Nabvi: First Revelation
o In the year 610 CE, the first revelation came to Prophet Muhammad (SAW)
through the Angel Jibreel (Gabriel) while he was meditating in the Cave of
Hira. This marked the beginning of his prophethood and the revelation of the
Qur'an.
6. 613, 3 Nabvi: Prophet Muhammad (SAW) Starts Preaching Openly
o After three years of secret preaching, in 613 CE, Prophet Muhammad (SAW)
began openly calling people to Islam. He gathered his followers and started
spreading the message of Tawhid (the Oneness of Allah) and the prophethood.
7. 615, 5 Nabvi: First Migration to Habshah (Ethiopia)
o Due to persecution in Makkah, a group of early Muslims, including Hazrat
Uthman ibn Affan (RA) and his wife Ruqayyah, migrated to Habshah
(modern-day Ethiopia) in 615 CE, where they were offered protection by the
Christian king Negus (Najashi).
8. 615, 5 Nabvi: Martyrdom of Hazrat Sameea (RA)
o Hazrat Sameea (RA), one of the first female converts to Islam, became the first
martyr of Islam when she was tortured to death by Abu Jahl for her faith.
9. 616, 6 Nabvi: Conversion of Hazrat Umar ibn al-Khattab (RA) and
Hazrat Hamza ibn Abdul Muttalib (RA)
o Hazrat Umar ibn al-Khattab (RA), initially an opponent of Islam, embraced
Islam in 616 CE after a transformative moment, significantly strengthening the
Muslim community. Around the same time, Hazrat Hamza ibn Abdul Muttalib
(RA), Prophet Muhammad’s (SAW) uncle, also accepted Islam.
10. 617, 7 Nabvi: Conversion of Najashi (King of Abyssinia)
o Najashi, the Christian king of Abyssinia (modern-day Ethiopia), accepted Islam
in 617 CE after receiving a letter from Prophet Muhammad (SAW). His
acceptance was an important event for the Muslims, as it solidified the support
of the Christian ruler who had sheltered them during their migration to Habshah.
11. 617, 7 Nabvi: Social Boycott of Banu Hashim
o In 617 CE, the Quraysh tribe imposed a social boycott on Banu Hashim, the
family of Prophet Muhammad (SAW), in an attempt to pressure them into
abandoning Islam. The boycott lasted for several years, during which the
Muslims suffered severe hardships.
12. 620, 10 Nabvi: Year of Sorrow
o The Year of Sorrow (also called 'Aam al-Huzn) in 620 CE was a deeply tragic
year for Prophet Muhammad (SAW). His beloved wife, Hazrat Khadijah (RA),
and his uncle, Hazrat Abu Talib (RA), both passed away. Hazrat Khadijah (RA)
had been the Prophet’s steadfast supporter, while Hazrat Abu Talib (RA) had
protected him from the Quraysh. This year marked a significant emotional loss
for Prophet Muhammad (SAW) and the Muslim community.
620, 10 Nabvi: Prophet Muhammad (SAW) Visits Ta'if
 Prophet Muhammad (SAW) made a journey to Ta'if in 620 CE, seeking support
from its leaders for the cause of Islam after facing severe opposition in Makkah.
Unfortunately, the people of Ta'if rejected him and even subjected him to abuse. This
event was emotionally and physically painful, marking a difficult period in the Prophet's
life. However, it was a turning point that led to further spiritual development and divine
support.

620, 10 Nabvi: The Incident of Miraj (Ascension)

 The Miraj (Night Ascension) is one of the most miraculous events in the life of Prophet
Muhammad (SAW). According to Islamic tradition, in the same year, the Prophet was
taken from Makkah to Jerusalem (Al-Aqsa Mosque) and then ascended through the
heavens (Miraj). During this journey, he met previous prophets and ultimately stood
before Allah (SWT).
 During the Miraj, Namaz (prayer) was made obligatory for the Muslims, becoming the
most important act of worship in Islam. The event is commemorated annually by
Muslims in the night of 27th Rajab.

1 AH (622 CE): Prophet Muhammad (SAW) Reaches Madinah (Hijrah)

 The Hijrah (migration) from Makkah to Madinah (formerly known as Yathrib) in 622
CE marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar (1 AH). The migration was a critical
turning point as it allowed the early Muslim community to establish the first Islamic
state and community, free from persecution. In Madinah, the Prophet (SAW) laid the
foundations of a social, religious, and political system.

2 AH, 623 CE: Hazrat Ali (RA) Marries Hazrat Fatima (RA)
 In 623 CE, Hazrat Ali ibn Abi Talib (RA), the cousin of Prophet Muhammad (SAW),
married Hazrat Fatima (RA), the Prophet’s daughter. Their marriage was one of the
most significant unions in Islamic history, and their children, particularly Imam Hasan
(RA) and Imam Husayn (RA), would play key roles in Islamic leadership and the
shaping of Islamic history.

2 AH, 623 CE: Qiblah Changed from Jerusalem to Makkah

 In the second year of the Hijrah, the direction of Qiblah (the direction in which
Muslims pray) was changed from Jerusalem (Al-Aqsa Mosque) to the Ka'bah in
Makkah. This change was a divine command given to the Prophet Muhammad (SAW)
through revelation. This event is significant as it symbolized the distinct identity of the
Muslim Ummah and their connection to the Ka'bah.

2 AH, 623 CE: Zakat and Jihad Made Compulsory

 Zakat (obligatory almsgiving) and Jihad (striving in the way of Allah, including both
spiritual and physical struggles) were made obligatory for Muslims in the second year
of the Hijrah. Zakat became one of the Five Pillars of Islam, requiring Muslims to give
a portion of their wealth to help the poor and needy. Jihad was defined as striving in
the cause of Islam, which included defending the Muslim community and spreading the
message of Islam.

2 AH, 623 CE: Battle of Badr and Fasting Made Obligatory

 The Battle of Badr took place in 624 CE (2 AH), and it was the first major battle
between the early Muslims and the Quraysh of Makkah. Despite being outnumbered,
the Muslims achieved a decisive victory, which marked a turning point in the conflict
between the two groups.
 Fasting during the month of Ramadan was made obligatory after this battle,
becoming one of the Five Pillars of Islam.

3 AH, 624 CE: Battle of Uhud

 The Battle of Uhud occurred in 625 CE (3 AH). The Muslims, led by Prophet
Muhammad (SAW), fought against the Quraysh of Makkah. Although the Muslims
initially gained the upper hand, they were ultimately defeated due to the disobedience
of some archers who left their positions. This defeat is known as the Battle of Uhud
 (also referred to as Hamid). Despite the setback, the battle taught important lessons in
discipline, unity, and patience.

3 AH, 624 CE: Law of Inheritance Revealed

 In the aftermath of the Battle of Uhud, the Law of Inheritance was revealed in 624
CE (3 AH), establishing guidelines for the distribution of wealth and property among
heirs. This law provided a clear and fair system of inheritance that ensured justice for
both men and women in the Muslim community.

4 AH, 625 CE: Battle of Banu Nazir

 The Battle of Banu Nazir took place in 625 CE (4 AH). The Banu Nazir, a Jewish
tribe in Madinah, had conspired against the Muslims. As a result, they were expelled
from the city. This event showed the early challenges faced by the nascent Muslim
community and their efforts to ensure security and stability in Madinah.

4 AH, 625 CE: Gambling Banned

 In the same year, Islam also prohibited gambling. This ban was part of a broader effort
to protect the social and economic well-being of the community, promoting fairness,
justice, and the avoidance of harmful practices.

5 AH, 626 CE: Battle of the Trench (Battle of Khandak)

 The Battle of the Trench (also known as the Battle of Khandak) took place in 627
CE (5 AH). The Quraysh, along with other allied tribes, laid siege to Madinah. In
response, Prophet Muhammad (SAW) ordered the digging of a trench around the city,
which successfully protected the Muslims from a direct attack. This battle was
significant because it demonstrated the strategic ingenuity of the Muslims and the
ability to defend their community against overwhelming odds.

5 AH, 626 CE: Tayammum Made Obligatory

 During the Battle of Khandak, the issue of ritual purification arose, leading to the
revelation of the practice of Tayammum. Tayammum is a substitute for Wudu
(ablution) when there is no water available, allowing Muslims to maintain their ritual
cleanliness and pray in difficult circumstances.

5 AH, 626 CE: Salat al-Kusoof (Prayer for Solar Eclipse) Offered for the First Time
 The Salat al-Kusoof (prayer for a solar eclipse) was offered for the first time during
this period. It is a special prayer performed when a solar or lunar eclipse occurs,
symbolizing the awareness of Allah's power over all natural phenomena.

6 AH, 628 CE: Treaty of Hudaybiyyah Signed

 The Treaty of Hudaybiyyah was signed in 628 CE (6 AH) between the Muslims and
the Quraysh of Makkah. Although the treaty seemed to favor the Quraysh, it was a
pivotal moment in Islamic history as it allowed the Muslims to perform Umrah (the
lesser pilgrimage) the following year and provided a period of peace between the two
groups. This treaty was a stepping stone for the eventual conquest of Makkah.
7 AH, 629 CE: Battle of Khyber
 The Battle of Khyber took place in 629 CE, during the 7th year of Hijrah, between
the Muslims and the Jewish tribes of Khyber (a series of fortresses in the region). The
Muslims were victorious, and the victory was significant because it allowed them to
control a crucial agricultural area, strengthening their position in Arabia. After the
battle, the Jews of Khyber were allowed to remain on their land in exchange for paying
a portion of the crops.

8 AH, 630 CE: Conquest of Makkah

 In 630 CE, the Muslims, led by Prophet Muhammad (SAW), conquered Makkah.
This was a significant event, marking the end of the years of conflict between the
Muslims and the Quraysh. The Prophet (SAW) entered Makkah peacefully, and the
Ka'bah was cleansed of idols, establishing Islam as the dominant faith in the region.
The event fulfilled the earlier prophecy made by the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) and
was a major turning point for the expansion of Islam.
8 AH, 630 CE: Prophet Muhammad (SAW) Offers Minor Hajj (Umrah)
 After the conquest of Makkah, the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) performed the minor
pilgrimage (Umrah) with his followers in 630 CE, marking a significant moment in the
history of Islam as the Prophet (SAW) was able to perform this act in Makkah, which
had been prohibited for Muslims before.

8 AH, 630 CE: Abu Sufiyan Embraces Islam

 Abu Sufiyan ibn Harb, one of the most prominent leaders of the Quraysh, and a long-
time opponent of Islam, embraced Islam after the conquest of Makkah in 630 CE. His
conversion was symbolic of the Quraysh’s eventual acceptance of Islam, and it marked
the end of the early Quraysh resistance to the Prophet’s mission.

8 AH, 630 CE: Battle of Hunain

 After the conquest of Makkah, the Battle of Hunain took place in 630 CE between the
Muslims and the Hawazin and Thaqif tribes. The battle was initially difficult for the
Muslims due to a surprise attack, but after the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) rallied the
troops, the Muslims won the battle. The victory was significant as it solidified Muslim
control over the Arabian Peninsula.

9 AH, 631 CE: Battle of Tabuk

 The Battle of Tabuk took place in 631 CE (9 AH) between the Muslims and the
Byzantine Empire. Although no actual fighting occurred, this battle is important
because it marked the Muslims' first large-scale confrontation with the Byzantine
Empire. The campaign was a show of force that helped to establish the authority of
Islam in the region.

9 AH, 631 CE: Ada Bin Hatam Embraces Islam

 Ada Bin Hatam, a prominent Christian leader from the Tribe of Tayy, embraced
Islam in 631 CE (9 AH). His conversion was significant, as he was a respected figure in
his tribe, and his embrace of Islam helped to increase the influence of Islam in the
region.

9 AH, 631 CE: Hajj Made Compulsory

 Hajj, the pilgrimage to Makkah, was made obligatory for Muslims in 631 CE (9 AH).
The first official Hajj was performed by Muslims during the same year. This marked a
key moment in Islamic worship and further solidified Makkah’s importance as the
spiritual center of Islam.

10 AH, 632 CE: Prophet Muhammad (SAW) Performs the First Official Hajj
 In 632 CE (10 AH), Prophet Muhammad (SAW) performed his first and only Hajj. This
Hajj was significant as it marked the completion of the rites and the formalization of
Islamic practices. It is also known as the Hajj al-Wada (Farewell Pilgrimage), where the
Prophet gave his famous speech, Khutbah al-Wada.

10 AH, 632 CE: Khutbah al-Wada – Prophet’s Farewell Sermon

 On 9th Dhu al-Hijjah, 632 CE, during the Hajj at the Uranah Valley of Mount
Arafat, Prophet Muhammad (SAW) delivered his Farewell Sermon (Khutbah al-
Wada), where he emphasized key principles of Islam, such as equality, justice, and the
rights of women. He also proclaimed that he had completed the message of Islam, and
it was now the duty of his followers to uphold it.

11 AH, 632 CE: Death of Prophet Muhammad (SAW)

 Prophet Muhammad (SAW) passed away on 8th June, 632 CE, in Madinah at the
age of 63. His death marked the end of prophethood and the beginning of a new phase
in Islamic history under the caliphate system.

11 AH, 632 CE: Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) Becomes the First Caliph
 After the death of Prophet Muhammad (SAW), the Sahabah (companions) of the
Prophet gathered to choose a leader for the Muslim community. Hazrat Abu Bakr al-
 Siddiq (RA), a close friend and confidant of the Prophet, was elected as the first
Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate. His leadership began the period of Islamic
expansion.

13 AH, 634 CE: Death of Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA)

 Hazrat Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (RA), the first Caliph, passed away in 634 CE after a two-
year reign. His leadership was marked by the Ridda Wars (wars of apostasy) to
preserve the unity of the Muslim community.

15 AH, 636 CE: Establishment of Regular Military Institutions by Umar (RA)

 During the reign of Hazrat Umar ibn al-Khattab (RA), the second Caliph, military
institutions were formalized and regularized, contributing to the rapid expansion of
the Islamic empire. The establishment of these institutions helped in organizing the
military efforts against the Byzantine and Sassanian empires.

21 AH, 642 CE: Egypt Conquered

 Egypt was conquered by Hazrat Amr ibn al-As (RA) in 642 CE (21 AH) after the
victory at the Battle of Yarmouk. The conquest of Egypt opened the doors for the
spread of Islam into North Africa.

22 AH, 643 CE: Azerbaijan Conquered

 Azerbaijan was conquered in 643 CE (22 AH) by Muslim forces during the caliphate
of Umar ibn al-Khattab (RA). This conquest was part of the broader efforts to expand
the Islamic empire into the Persian territories.

23 AH, 644 CE: Death of Hazrat Umar (RA)

 Hazrat Umar ibn al-Khattab (RA), the second Caliph, was martyred in 644 CE (23
AH). His leadership witnessed significant expansion of the Islamic empire and the
implementation of several reforms, including the establishment of a judicial system and
the codification of Islamic law.

35 AH, 656 CE: Martyrdom of Hazrat Uthman (RA)

 Hazrat Uthman ibn Affan (RA), the third Caliph, was martyred in 656 CE (35 AH) by
rebels from Egypt and Kufa, leading to political instability and the eventual division
within the Muslim community.

36 AH, 657 CE: Battle of Jamal

 The Battle of Jamal took place in 656 CE (36 AH) between forces loyal to Hazrat Ali
(RA), the fourth Caliph, and those led by Aisha (RA), Talhah (RA), and Zubair ibn
al-Awwam (RA). It was a conflict that arose due to political differences over the
leadership of the Caliphate.

40 AH, 661 CE: Martyrdom of Hazrat Ali (RA)

 Hazrat Ali ibn Abi Talib (RA), the fourth Caliph and the cousin/son-in-law of the
Prophet, was martyred in 661 CE (40 AH) at the age of 59. His death marked the end
of the Rashidun Caliphate and the beginning of the Umayyad Caliphate.

80 AH, 699 CE: Birth of Imam Abu Hanifa

 Imam Abu Hanifa, the founder of the Hanafi school of jurisprudence, was born in
699 CE (80 AH). He became one of the most prominent Islamic scholars and his legal
methodology greatly influenced Islamic law.

86 AH, 705 CE: Dots Were Placed on the Qur’an

 During the reign of the Umayyad Caliphate, dots were added to the Arabic script of
the Qur'an to clarify the meaning of words that could be confusing due to the absence
of vowel markings in early Arabic writing.

95 AH, 713 CE: Birth of Rabia Basri

 Rabia Basri (RA), one of the most revered female Sufi mystics, was born in 713 CE
(95 AH). She is known for her deep spirituality, asceticism, and devotion to God.
194 AH, 810 CE: Birth of Imam Bukhari
 Imam Bukhari, one of the most esteemed compilers of Hadith, was born in 810 CE
(194 AH). His collection, Sahih al-Bukhari, is regarded as one of the most authentic
collections of sayings and actions of Prophet Muhammad (SAW).

1187 CE: Salah ad-Din Ayubi Conquers Jerusalem

 In 1187 CE, Salah ad-Din Ayubi (Saladin), the Kurdish Muslim general, captured
Jerusalem from the Crusaders, marking a significant event in the history of the
Crusades and the re-establishment of Muslim control over the city.