VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER (VSI) FED INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVES

 In voltage source inverters, the input voltage is kept constant.

 The magnitude of output voltage of VSI is independent of the load. But the magnitude of
output current depends on the type of load.
 A VSI converts the input dc voltage into an ac voltage with variable frequency at its
output terminals.
 VSI using normal transistors is shown in Any other self commutated device can be used
in place of transistors.
 MOSFET is used in low voltage and low power inverters. IGBTs and power transistors
are used up to medium power levels.
 GTO and IGCT are used for high power levels.

 When VSI is operated as a six step inverter, the transistors are turned ON in the sequence
of their numbers with a time interval of T/6 seconds if T is the total time period of one
output cycle.
 Frequency of the inverter output is varied by varying the time period (T) of one cycle.
 If the supply is dc, then a variable dc voltage is obtained by connecting a chopper
between input dc and the inverter.

 If the input supply is ac, then a variable dc is obtained by connecting a controlled rectifier
 between the input ac and the inverter.

Disadvantages of six step inverter

 Low frequency harmonics are more and hence the motor losses are increased at all
speeds.
 Motor develops pulsating torques due to 5th, 7th, 11th and 13th harmonics.
 Harmonic content increases further when the motor rotates at low speeds. This will
overheat the machine.
 The above said problems are rectified when a PWM inverter is used.
 If a PWM inverter is used as VSI, then the input voltage may be a constant dc which is
obtained from a simple diode rectifier. The output of a PWM inverter is a variable
voltage and variable frequency.

 In a PWM inverter, it is possible to control the output voltage and frequency as well as
the harmonic content can be minimized.

 The motors having high leakage inductance are used when a VSI is used to feed the
induction motors.

Speed Control of Induction Motor using PWM Technique

  Induction motor are widely used in industrial ,commercial ,utility application, residential
application. It is used in various applications because the motor have low cost, high
efficiency, wide speed range and robustness.In the present time, in the most of the
applications, AC machines are useful than DC machines due to their simple and most
robust construction without
 any mechanical commutators. Motor control applications span everything from
residential washing machines, fans, and automotive window lift, traction control systems
and various industrial drives.
 In many industrial applications in which induction motor are fed by static frequency
inverters is growing fast.
 Thus electric motor is most important component. A complete production unit have three
basic component driven (working) machine, transmitting device and electric motor.
 An electric motor is source of power. Power from electric motor to driven is delivered by
transmitting device.

The electric motor is classified as :

1. AC motor.

2. DC motor.

In this project paper microcontroller based system to control speed of induction motor is
developed using pulse width modulation technique.

The electric motor speed is fixed when AC motor is connected to AC line. Speed is calculated
by: Ns =120*f/p-slip ;Ns= motor speed, f=frequency, p= number of poles.

 Now speed of motor need to be change in much application. So pulse width modulation
technique is more efficient and pulse width modulation technique provides higher level of
performance. Speed of motor can be adjusted by changing the frequency applied to
motor.

OPERATING PRINCIPLE

 speed control technique for single phase AC induction motor. It has low cost, high
efficiency drive capable of supplying a single phase induction motor with PWM
modulated sinusoidal voltage.
 The circuit operation control by an 8051 family microcontroller[4].The device is aimed at
substituting commonly used TRIAC phase angle control drives.
 The circuit is capable of supplying single phase induction motor (inductive or resistive
load) with varying AC voltage.
 It is same as in TRIAC control, the voltage applied to load can be varied from zero to
maximum value. On the other side, a pulse width modulation technique (PWM) is used
and it is compared with the phase angle control and used for TRIAC, it produces much
lower high order harmonics. Because the circuit is aimed at low-cost, medium-power
applications, to produce the output voltage waveform it does not use a conventional
converter topology.
 It modulates the mains AC voltage. As compared with costly converter, it requires
minimum number of active and passive power components.
 The device attempted here takes advantage of both the low cost of the phase angle control
and the minimum harmonic content and greater efficiency which get standard converter
topology.
  The drive uses a PWM controlled MOSFET then the load in series with a bridge rectifier.
This drive based on this proposed control technique is used in consumer and industrial
products like fan, washing machine, dishwashers, ventilators etc..
 The input terminals of the rectifying bridge are connected in series with load. The output
terminals (rectified side) has power transistor (IGBT, MOSFET or bipolar) connected
across them. Current cannot flow through the rectifying bridge whenthe power transistor
is off then the load which is in series and remains in an offstate.
 The bridge output terminals are short-circuited, when the power transistor is on and then
current can flow through the rectifying bridge and thus through the load.
 The power to the load is controlled by changing the duty cycle of PWM pulses. Thus the
special care is taken by the circuit such that the PWM pulses are synchronized with the
supply phase by zero voltage sensing point.

Embedded processor based three phase induction motor speed control

Induction motors are the most widely used motors for appliances, industrial
control, and automation; hence, they are often called the workhorse of the motion industry.

They are robust, reliable, and durable. When power is supplied to an induction motor at the
recommended specifications, it runs at its rated speed.

However, many applications need variable speed operations. For example, a washing machine
may use different speeds for each wash cycle. Historically, mechanical gear systems were used
to obtain variable speed. Recently, electronic power and control systems have matured to allow
these components to be used for motor control in place of mechanical gears.

These electronics not only control the motor’s speed, but can improve the motor’s dynamic and
steady state characteristics. In addition, electronics can reduce the system’s average power
consumption and noise generation of the motor. Induction motor control is complex due to its
nonlinear characteristics.

While there are different methods for control, Variable Voltage Variable Frequency (VVVF) or
V/f is the most common method of speed control in open loop. This method is most suitable for
applications without position control requirements or the need for high accuracy of speed
control.

Examples of these applications include heating, air conditioning, fans and blowers. V/f control
can be implemented by using low cost PICmicro microcontrollers, rather than using costly
digital signal processors (DSPs). Many PICmicro microcontrollers have two hardware PWMs,
one less than the three required to control a 3-phase induction motor.

In this application note, we will generate a third PWM in software, using a general purpose
timer and an I/O pin resource that are readily available on the PICmicro microcontroller. This
application note also covers the basics of induction motors and different types of induction
motors.

Induction Motor Basics

NAMEPLATE PARAMETERS

A typical nameplate of an induction motor lists the following parameters:

• Rated terminal supply voltage in Volts

• Rated frequency of the supply in Hz

• Rated current in Amps

• Base speed in RPM

• Power rating in Watts or Horsepower (HP)

• Rated torque in Newton Meters or Pound-Inches

• Slip speed in RPM, or slip frequency in Hz

• Winding insulation type - Class A, B, F or H

• Type of stator connection (for 3-phase only), star (Y) or delta (∆)

When the rated voltage and frequency are applied to the terminals of an induction motor,
it draws the rated current (or corresponding power) and runs at base speed and can deliver the
rated torque.

MOTOR ROTATION

When the rated AC supply is applied to the stator windings, it generates a magnetic flux
of constant magnitude, rotating at synchronous speed. The flux passes through the air gap,
sweeps past the rotor surface and through the stationary rotor conductors.

An electromotive force (EMF) is induced in the rotor conductors due to the relative speed
differences between the rotating flux and stationary conductors. The frequency of the induced
EMF is the same as the supply frequency.

Its magnitude is proportional to the relative velocity between the flux and the conductors. Since
the rotor bars are shorted at the ends, the EMF induced produces a current in the rotor
conductors. The direction of the rotor current opposes the relative velocity between rotating flux
produced by stator and stationary rotor conductors (per Lenz's law).
To reduce the relative speed, the rotor starts rotating in the same direction as that of flux and tries
to catch up with the rotating flux. But in practice, the rotor never succeeds in 'catching up' to the
stator field. So, the rotor runs slower than the speed of the stator field. This difference in speed is
called slip speed. This slip speed depends upon the mechanical load on the motor shaft.

 Fig Shows an overall block diagram of the power and control circuit. A potentiometer is
connected to AD Channel 0.
 The PICmicro microcontroller reads this input periodically to get the new speed or
frequency reference. Based on this AD result, the firmware determines the scaling factor
for the PWM duty cycle.
 The Timer0 reload value is calculated based on this input to determine the motor
frequency. PWM1 and PWM2 are the hardware PWMs (CCP1 and CCP2).
 PWM3 is the PWM generated by software. The output of these three PWMs are given to
the higher and lower input pins of the IGBT driver as shown in Figure 8.
 The IGBT driver has inverters on the lower input pins and adds deadtime between the
respective higher and lower PWMs. This driver needs an enable signal, which is
controlled by the microcontroller.
 The IGBT driver has two FAULT monitoring circuits, one for over current and the
second for under voltage. Upon any of these FAULTS, the outputs are driven low and the
FAULT pin shows that a FAULT has occurred.
 If the FAULT is due to the over current, it can be automatically reset after a fixed time
delay, based on the resistor and capacitor time constant connected to the RCIN pin of the
driver.
 The main 3-phase supply is rectified by using the 3-phase diode bridge rectifier. The DC
ripple is filtered by using an electrolytic capacitor. This DC bus is connected to the
IGBTs for inverting it to a V/f supply.
 To control the speed of a 3-phase induction motor in open loop, supply voltage and
frequency need to be varied with constant ratio to each other.
 A low cost solution of this control can be implemented in a PICmicro microcontroller.
This requires three PWMs to control a 3-phase inverter bridge. Many PIC micro
microcontrollers have two hardware PWMs.
 The third PWM is generated in software and output to a port pin.