= The motor which operate on a.c. supply is called ac. motor. ‘Syllabus Topic : Gencration of Rocating Magnetic Field 42 ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD + 1. Explain the term rotating magnetic field with proper diagrams in case of a three phase induétion man, Lanuary-2019, 7-Mtaris] % Discuss how the ratating magnetic field is produced in three phase induction moter [May-2019, January-2020, December-2020, 4-Murs| 42.1 What is Rotating Magnetic Field ? ‘The magnetic ficld, produced by the three phasc ac motor. which has the constant magnitude and rotts at constant speed, is known as rotating magnetic field, * The speed of rotating magnetic ficld is denoted by Ni, Where, f= supply frequency in Hz P= 00. of stator poles N, = speed of rotating magnetic field (is also known as synchronous speed) eration of Rotating Magneting Fleld Ri 422 Consider the three identical windings (R, Y and B) which are placed R ‘2m the sator at 120" apart wo eachother io space as shown in Fig. 4a, Y + The 3-phase supply is given to this thrce phase windings, Assume B 8 the Mux produced by each winding is purely sinusoidal ‘ * The waveform and vector diagram of the marneti- MiceMy = Sheed oF rotting magnetic Meld (is also known as synchronous speed) 4.2.2 Generation of Rotating Magneting Field : R * Consider the thee identical windings (R. Y and B) which arc placed Ry ‘ther in space a3 shown in Fig. 4.5(q), B ¥ on the stator at 120° apart to cach * The 3-phase supply is given to this three phase windin, the flux produced by cach winding is purely ikea Assume that Bi! ‘The waveform and veetor diagram of the magnetic Mux are shown 7 FIG, 43a) = ‘THREE Fig. 4.6) and 4.3(c). 6 Pheamch binset Mailed! co, PHASE WINDING 1208 1208 5 120° FIG. 4b) : WAVEFORM > FIG. 43(¢) : VECTOR DIAGRAM ‘Scanned with CamScannervan be represented by expressions. sino! tsa gst (OF sn (or — 240") the above equations = ty 8 120°) woot te Si eo gan (8 - 40 pemopie of cx fos 38 ae +s ennnneoOSEONERRENAN ARAL NTE a 2 8) “reese be te insantaneous values of three faxes, Th resuan fx g, the phaser addon “gett nahh tO be tes comider the four instants for finding 4, 1 instant @ = OF instant @ = GO" 34 insant @ = 120" # inwant 0 = 180° + Te phasor addition can be performed by obtaining the values of . gy andl g, by substinuting values (8 in the equations (1), (2) and (3), then we get feLib=0 * hid = 0° in equations (1), (2) and (3), we get. Ae«Te piusoe addition can be performed by obtaining the valucs of #,. 6, and dy by substituting values 19 in the equations (1), (2) and (3), then we get oli 0 = 0 ‘Pal = O° in equations (1), (2) and (3), we get. & = 4, sin 0 = 0 h, =, sin (O - 120°) ==, sin 120" fy = 4, sin (0 - 240%) “==, sin 240° 8 >t : Tete Rases gy, and Gy, atthe instant when 0 = OF ae sown in he veto diagram of Fi. 46, FIG. 44; VECTOR DIAGRAM WIEN @ = 0* ‘erent fas, when o *=2x 0p fe 2 OB x co aay \° De by cos‘Scanned with CamScanner Put @ = 60° in equations (1), (2) and (3), Meg = Me sin BOP By, rq = M0 sin (GO = 120%) sin 60° in (60° — 240°) a ain a0" FIG. 4$: VECTOR DIAGRAM WHEN 0 = 49=o : The three Mure Fy yy ANd Gy, at he instant when 6 = GO" are shown in the vector diagam of Fig. 45. * The resukant flux, when @ = 60° ér=2x 0D feo 2 eon Caselli @ + Pot @ = 120° in equations (1), (2) and (3), we get rage Ou 8in 120" = ay, Orig te sin (120° ~ 1204 = @, sin oF =o $q sin (120° - 240") =— @ sin 120° $,Case i @ = 120" Put @ = 120° in equations (1), (2) and (3), we got Prug= 0, sin 120° = = 4, yp 45 Sim (120° - 120°) = 6, sin OF x sin (120° ~ 240") == 6, sin 120° z -- 4, FIG. 46: VECTOR DLAGRAM WHEN = 120 oe * The three flunes $y, and the: i Fig. 46. Mae Pre B88 Paar tHE Unt when @ = 60 are shown in the vcr agen + The resultant flux, when @ = 120° = 2x 0D3 egte -(ite] 180° moe ir in equations (1), (2) and (3), we get bay Oo sin 180" = 0 bp? Oe 8 iso" — 120°) = 4, sin 60° Sa tay? He sin (180° — 2407) ° ==, sin 60° - a Ad.gal = 180° ecw = 180" an eqesant (1, @) and (3), we get baym bo si 18" = 0 feet 4, sia (180" = 120°) Lg, sin GO fa toga? He si 180" — 240°) = sin 60" +The resultant flux, when @ = 180° 22% 0D tr= 2% OB x coe ax te oo VIG. 4.7 : VECTOR DIAGRAM WHEN 0 = 180° o3 = ote 3 OmB ao fagse be sia (1BO" — 240") = =, sin 60° 8 Ste + The resultant flux, when @ = 180° 22% 0D feo 2x 0B x cos & = oxy cos 7: VECTOR DIAGRAM WHEN 0= 180° z= : 2 3 = 3h + Similrty by considering the various values of © up to 360°, it is observed that the resultant flux @, is forher shifted ta clockwise dircetion, however the magnitude remains the same. When 3 phase winding is supplied from 3-phasc supply, a rotating magnetic field ts produced, This filed ‘tates in space around the stato juction motor Syllabus Topic : Construction and Working of 3-phast 8 SPHase Innnctinn MOTOR+ Similsrly by considering the various values of @ up to 360°, it is cre that the resultant flux 9, is furher shifted to clockwise direction, however the magnitude remains the same, ‘When 3 phase winding is supplied from 3-phase supply, a rotating, magnetic field is produced, This filed fates in space around the stator ia Syllabus Topic : Construction and Working of 3-phase induction moot ‘3 3PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR : * The most common (ype of A.C. motor being used throughout the work today ste “tection Motor” jon Motors are found everywhere from a small workshop to # lange m ing , ‘The advantages of induction motor are listed below = Simple design Rugged construction 2 Seanned with CamScanner ™i emia Reliable operation Low initial cost Simple control gear for starting and speed contral. 3 4 5. Easy operation and simple: maintenance 6 7. High efficiency Induction motor is originated in the year 1891, (The induction machine principle was invented by Nikouy | TESLA in 1888), 44 CONSTRUCTION OF THREE P: + The three phas. E INDUCTION MOTOR : luction motor divided into two parts ‘The rotor is separated from the stator by a small sir-gap which ranges from Oxf mm to 4 mn depending ‘on the power of the moter. an 4.4.1 Statos LA Wi WOE = INDUCTION MOTOR : 46 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF THREE PHASE Il * Consider a portion of three phase induction agua rg, motor as shown in Fig. 4.11. Teg ‘Operation ; * When S-phase stator winding is energized from a S.phase supply, a rotating magnetic field is set ‘up which rotates around the stator at synchro 4 = ef Force on rotor nous speed, = aa + The rotating field passes through the air gap and 1G 411: WORKING PRINCIPLE op cuts the rotor conductors which as yet, are ‘3:PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR sationary, + Duc to the relative speed between the rowing flux and the stationary rotor, emf are indueed ing, ‘ior conductors. Since the roe circuit is shor-circulated, currents start Mowing. in the ro10r conde, * When the rotor seats routing and picks up the speed then it tends 2 attain the synchronous sped ty it does not, because if the rotor attains the synchronous speed then the relative speed between the flux and rotor will be zero, therefore, no em4f, will be induced in the rotor conductors. Teace then j ‘Ho current in the rotor conductors and no torque is produced. * Thus an induction motor never runs at a synchronous speed but it always runs at a. spocd Iss thi synchronous specd. 47 SLIP : © Wie enan shine thet etee af on to Air Gap.Syllabus Topit : Construction and Working of L-phase induction motor = = PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR PRINCIPLE = wee working of single phase induction motor with diagram, [May-2019, 7-Marks] py single prose indvction motor is nol self staring. (Dec, 2020, 4-Marks] induction motor essentially consists of a stator and " “angle phase it ot , oe phase winding is placed in the stator slots and eage winding a aa the POOF aie ac, single phase supply is given to the stator winding, a Searing, * pasting field is produced. By pulsating field, we mean that the field weaee fuils in one direction then falls to zero and then it builds in the — ‘Rene cqpesite direction, Under this condition, the rotor does not rotate due w inertia, Therefore, a single phase induction motor is inherently not self starting. FIG. 4.16: 1-9 INDUCTIN MOTOR 1 MAKING SELF STARTING OF 1-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR :- D.C. GENERATOR circuit is closed 424 PARTS OF THE D.C, MACHINE : Ea 424 PARTS OF THE D.C. MACHINE : 1. Prepare List of parts of a D.C, Machine. Explain any one part in detail, [Jan 2019, 3Marts]] * A DC. machine consists of the following essential parts as shown in Fig, 4.282 Frame or Yoke Field poles and pole-shoes Field coils or Field winding Armature core Armature windings or armature conductors Commutator Brushes Bearings PY Aw eaonex ew a ' The yoke er Outer frame is the convering provided to a de. and it serves the following purposes. (i) He provides a mechanical support for the poles @) Hacts a5 a protective cover against mechanical damage. (ay Te provides a passage the magnetic Mux produced by the yor small generators, yokes are made of cast iron. 3. Field poles and pole-shoes : 2 eee {Function of the pole is to produce the magnoti|. For small generators, yokes are made of cast iron, 2. Field poles and pole-shoes : {Function of the pole is to produce the magnetic field. «The pole shoe spreads the magnetic lings of force. + Coasmuction of pole is shown in Fig. 4.28.4. HOLDING SCREW BOLTED INTO STEEL BAR FIG, 4285 : POLE CORE ASSEMBLY 3._Field coils or Field winding :426 D.C. MOTOR PRINCIPLE 1. Write working principle of D.C. motar with new diagra [anuary-2020, December-2020, 7-Merig, ‘When a conductor is placed in magnetic field and electric current is passed through it, a mechanical foro, is produced on the conduct ‘This force is given by F = B. , Newton, ‘The direction of the force is given by Fleming's left hand rule, F = Bll. newtoas where, B= magnetic flux density in weberim? 1 = current in conductor in amperes | = length of conductor in metres ‘The clectrie motor converts electtical energy into mechanical energy or mo.ion by using electromagnetic induction When the field magnets of the motor are excited and it's Atmature conductors are supplied with current from the supply mains, then they experience a force tending to rotate the armature. Armature conductors unde¢ North pole are assumed to carry currents downwards (crosses) and those under South-pole to carry currents upwards (dots). The direction af this force is given by Fleming's Left Hand Rule (also known as motor rule), FIG. 431 : PRINCIPLE OF D.C. MOTOR CBEmechanical energy or moon by using electromagnet Indio. + When the eld magnets ofthe motor are excited and ies armature conductors are supplied with cument fom the supply main, then they experience a fore tending 10 route the armature, + Armature conductors under North pole ae assumed to cary currens downwards (cosies) and those under South pole o cary curents upwards (dt). The dcetion ofthis fre is given by Fleming's Left Hand Rule (aso Known as motor rule). *+ Tes sen hat eacn conductor experiences a force F which tends to rotate the armature in an-lock wise diecton 8 shown by the arows placed above conduction, These foroes combine and produce diving torque to leep the armature rotating. 427 BACK EMF. 1, State significance ofthe back emt in DC mown FIG. 431 [PRINCIPLE OF D.C. MOTOR 290377cs MOTUNS ¢ ERY 429 CLASSIFICATION OF Gen ed cmp es DE pes of de, moles Self excked DE. motor teenie atat et tte ‘+ Inself excited de moter the eld winding Is exced by the same source of sup. ‘These types of motors can be father clasied as shunt, seis and compound (Compound motors an be further clasiied as diferental and cumulative, Diferetal and cumulative motors can be futher lasfed as long shunt and shor shunt. Tn summary, + Sepuntely exited de motors i one in Soot which field isexcted by a separte vource or Cd ‘of supply. These ar utlized in feedback control systems where control of the ss hc armature volige over a wide range is lorgstest —Statannt engatrt Sent required FIG. 435 : TYPKS OF D.C, MOTORS Syllabus Topi Construction and working of separately excited DG Mowor437 CONSTRUCTION OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR ; ns 437 CONSTRUCTION OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR : “park | 1. Explain construction of synchronous generator with diagram. [May-2019, 7 2 Espa contacto of Alen wth neat dagen December-2020, 7-0) ‘Scanned with CamScanner ost oF NOE frAME 110 EN suppOR to the ae Mare coe Frame Ws made by bending and welding Stor Core fhe ik ste! plates. ‘Stator core Armature See ewe (some by Lepig ta eon soot ‘sree Famiatons together. Sos are cut on the inside periphery. Ayers Foss is edced due tothe use of seen see 0sae tome “ection fe SA" FANE S19 ENE spt he + Mere core, Frame 1S made by bending and welding mi el plates sue ee cre made by Neeplag the slant Fino tet Sls mre eM thee peer. Aare seeded et he ue of sco sel fal edly cue! Toss is reused die to the we of amined core instead of soll coe FIG. 447; STATOR OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR Armature winding 3 Armature winding t {Winding made of copper conductors placed in the sos ofthe armstare core. This winding is connected fn war ot dela, Leads of this winding ate taken to the terminal box 1 Satie pole rotor and (2) Cylindrical roe (Q) Salient pole rotor + + hi, poles are ted on the wheel made of steel Iaving 2ov1aTT1 fore ate of two types (Sate pole rotor and (2) Cylindrical roe (Q) Sallent poke rotor + +n hy, poles are ted on the wheel made of ste! having ‘004 magnetic properties. Fld winding is wound over the Pes In this the numberof poles are four of mare. ‘FIG. 448 SALIENT POLE ROTOR + Diameter of rotor is more and th axial length i small, This type of root constuction is used for the alrators driven by low speed water turbine and diesel engin. + In Fig. 448 view of a 4 pole salient pole type rotor is shown @) Colindseat co ‘Two poles are required when the speed af the prime mover is very high such as team turbine. For thi, projected type poles can nt be wsed because de to high speed, windage loses ae increased, 2113772) Cptindeeat rotor ‘Two poles are reid when the speed of the prime mover i very high suchas steam ttine. For this, projected type poles can no be wed Because dv to high speed, windage loses are increased © CYLINDRICAL ROTOR FIG. 450: WINDING IN ONE SLOT ‘WITHOUT WINDING ‘OF CYLINDRICAL ROTOR Seanned with ComScannee 211377‘Son FIG, 449 : CYLINDRICAL ROTOR IG. 480: WINDING INONE SLOT ‘WITHOUT WINDING ‘OF CYLINDRICAL ROTOR ‘Scanned with CamScanner reine is reduced and wastage of power i Tnris be diameter of rr becomes ere is wed fr the alerted y " ‘ofr is made cylin Hence the Consruction of such rotor is shown in Fig. 448. ‘nal Length is increased. This type of rotor contraction seam tucbins, In Fig. 450, oneview showing the contrcton of eylnical rotor shown. Winding is ot sayy, Rotor slots ate deep. Slot are ot cut on the whole periphery. TRese are ut ony in some pig, “Two slip rings ae kept on the sha ——42s working muscu or smmcuoxous cexeearon: ETRE 1. Explsin the waking pails of ryaehronoes generator and & synchronous moto, Explain the working penne of » ynceonou ae ‘+ Aliemating eat i produced with the Belp of synchronous generator. + When coils rotated in magaetic fel, there i change in the Mux linkage. + Asa rel, emf is induced in the cll + This emf is of atemating iype and i is given by =F, a) FIG. 451 : PRODUCTION oF 439 WORKING OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR ‘ALTERNATING EMP ‘Wien dct current is passed trough the fd winding. magnetic fed is produced. When rote i rtd withthe help of pine mover, magnctic fed is cut by the armature conductors + Soaltemaing emt is induced inthe armature condoctrs, When the semature is connccted with od, cree flows trough he armature, + As lnd is increased, pine mover provides more mechanical energy. Thus mechanical energy i convened in to elecial energy by synchronous generac. 440 EMF EQUATION OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR Equation of emf indeed in amature winding can be obtained as follows : Le, Z, = Number of conductors connected In seris pet phase 227 whew 7 ~ wns 2oeistT‘As load is increased prime mover provides more mechanical energy. Thus mechanical energy is convened In to elcial energy by synchronous generac. 440 EMF EQUATION OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR : ‘+ Bquation of emf induced in armature winding can be obtained as follows = Number of conductors connected in seies per phase er % =2 7, where Ty = tums per phase P= Number of poles Frequency Flux per pote Distribution factor and Ay = Pitch fcr Ky = Form factor 1 = Speed in pm * One conductor cuts flux of Pb Weber in one revolution and for ‘one revolution ime of ON ‘seconds. So the average emf induced in one conductor is seis tel Fluxcut PD PON ‘Time taken 60/N 60 " ou 0s + pu welt es P 2eeatT‘Scanned with CamScanner Pe iF avenge emt per conduc» HO. BOL 9 y oy ‘pee ne %p= 2 Ty COMETS conete In Src in 20/4 =20f2T,=40/T, ots we © average value % Form factor 240 fT, x La Tate OFT, va ont Ky 38 We Ph GE and the dirton factors respcivly Net ent pet ase [Ep = Ky Ry Aat © 7 Tp «te amare connected war, Tin vlage E, = Vandi is coneted in det, tine volage ek {UspISTRIBUTED WINDING AND CONCENTRATED WINDING 7 tayeronous gener the amature winding is Kept dtibued nsead of concentrate ype. hase. So average emf per phase will be ~® @) 2veTTacer |ULDISTRIBUTED WINDING AND CONCENTRATED WINDING. \UADISTRIBUTED WINDING AND CONCENTRATED WINDING : tmachronous generator the armature winding is kept datibued instead of concentrated type. 1+ Seppose there are 36 coils in a three-phase synchronous generatoe. Then thee wil be 12 coils per phase + Hall hese 12 cols of a phase are kept in one sot, then iti called the concentrated winding (in fact. is ot done 0). 4+ But the cols are distributed in diferent slows and itis called the dcribted winding 36 For example in a 36 slot three phase machine, slots per pole per phase will be cer 36 Coit pich = Pole pitch = AP = 9 + Then A phase will occupy the following slot. + 1,2,3, 10, 11, 12, 19, 20, 21 and 28, 28, 30. sh isi. 442 DISTRIBUTION FACTOR : + This is ao known as the breadth fotor of Winding factor or spread factor. It is expressed a Ky In alternator al the cols of a phase are not kept ‘none slot of the armature but are distributed in various slo. So voliage between the two adlacent cols does 2991377{42 DISTRIBUTION FACTOR + This is alto known as the breadth factor or nding facoe 0 spread factor. It is expressed Ky Ie aerator al the oils fa pase are nt kept. ‘none lo ofthe armature but are dstibuted_* in various ss. 0 vole between the two adjacent cols does tot remain In phe but theres some phase Angle between ther, As real he en induced ina phase reduced. + Diatibution _Eanf of dicributed winding _ De factor Ka = Bmnf of concentrated windit ine f Veet sm i7 = Frithmarcal som / vy pee tar =2 sin 2B fector som = AB © AP + 2 ‘FIG. 452 : DISTRIBUTION FACTOR 2991377 ‘Scanned with Camscanner‘Scanned with CamScanner A= AP orm tare 2 ran f ‘And arithmetical sum = m E, where m = slots per pole per phase + So the arithmetical sum = m 2 r sin & arin anh , atte faery : mari nik in 8 Dison tary = 2 443 FULL PITCH WINDING AND SHORT PITCH WINDING + In ful ich winding coll span or coll pitch is equal o the pole pitch. Whereas in shor pitch wing col pitch is one or two sot less than the poe pitch. Ae————— 449 FULL PITCH WINDING AND SHORT PITCH WINDING : + In fal ich winding coil span or coil pitch is equal 1 the pole pitch. Whereas in shor pitch wining col pitch is one or two sou ess than the pole pitch. a ee ee ae DTT) sT2lst+Tsle] [ee] ig. 453 + Full pitched cit Fig. 454 Short pitched coil) + Sappe the pote pic is 8. As shown in figure 4.53 if one side ofthe coil is placed inthe st No.1 ge the ater side is kept in slot No. 9, then the coil pitch becomes equal to the pole pith, So i te Ginding is done according to tis, the winding is called the fll pitched winding + Bat as shown in figue 4.54 i one side of the colli Kept in slot No.1 and the other seis ep a or No7 then tis called th shor pitched coil andthe winding is called the short pic wing 1 this ase te col pich is 7-1 = 6, which is two sls les than the pole pach, 444 COIL SPAN FACTOR 3001377ines ome acorang 10 this, the winding is called the fll pitched winding. * Bats shown in figure 454 i one side of the coll step in slot No. andthe ether side is et in for NO, then iis called th short pitched coil and the winding is ealed the shan pichot wide 1m is eee col ich is 7-1 = 6 which & two sls les than the ole pice, 444 COIL SPAN FACTOR * Serif ave cope in he winding ad to make the ead sino, the armanae wna mt ston pitted winding Insead ofthe fll piched winding, lesg than the poe pitch + Due to this there is reduction in pitch factor. te. the coil pitch is taken one ar two sh he lndwced emf. This decrease is indicated by the coil span face ‘Scanned with CamScanner soon77‘Scanned with Camscanner 2, cos u° 7B IG. 488 COM. SPAN FACTOR pare are 144 slots each stot and 1 3-phase, 16-pole, $0 Hz, star connected alternator. There are 4 conductors 3 conductors in u phase are connected in seri. ail env te 1EAOctcttat nat aousrr46, AY cornsnas WO Basle eva i WORKING PRINCIPLE OF THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR: ‘Operation : ‘Consider a portion of three phase induction ‘motor as shown in Fig, 4.11. ‘When 3-phase stator winding is energized from ‘Ais Gap. ‘a 3+phase supply, a rotating magnetic field is set ‘p Which roses around the stor a synehro- ons pst = HL ‘The rutin eld pss trough thea gap and ts the flor condictors which a8 Je are sationary. ‘Due to the relative speed between the rotating flux and the stationary rotor, e.m.fs are induced iy ror condos, Since the rotor ect shor.cculed, curens stat lowing in te rtr end When the rr sats oat ad pis wp the speed ten it tends to aan the synchronous ences tw te a Se WORKING PRINCIPLE oF ‘3.PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR ast«te oc eet ee ng oe 9 ae Pattee taraenintye eet br trcrAT i Ser ee ee in iw ect ele a eh flux and rotor will be zero, therefore, no eam. will be induced in the rotor conductors. Hence thee Be Saas pe ep vl + Thus an induction motor never runs ata synchronous speed but it always runs at a speed les tha de mace 47 SLIP: * This seen above tat rotor of an induction motor does not run at a synchronous speed but ata spd less than synchronous speed. The difference between the synchronous speed N, of the rotating sar fix ‘and the actual speed of the rotor N is called slip. I is usually expressed as a percentage of synchronous speed i.e. 2erT NN Sage slip, = NN age stip, S=~-—* sc100 ++ Rotor speed, N=N, (1-8) ‘The quantiy (N, ~ N) is called slip sped. When the roor is stationary ie, N= 0, then si $=! ‘Therefore, slip of induction motor cannot be zero under anv conditinn Brant‘The qeantiy (N, ~ N) is called slip speed. When the rotor is stationary ie, N= 0, then sip. $=! ‘Therefore, slip of induction motor cannot be zero under any condition, Practically motor operates in be slip range of 0.01 to 0.05 ie. 1% to 5%. * The slip corresponding to full load 5 ‘expressed in terms of percentage. 48 FREQUENCY OF ROTOR CURRENT S_RREQUENCY OF ROTOR CURRENT : pata he motor is stationary, the frequency of the roor is the same as that of the supply frequen But when the rotor starts rotting, the frequency of the rotor ‘current depends upon the relative speed slip speed (N, - N) Peed of the motor is called full load slip. ‘Slip is unitless hence & 2nerT