MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-I

LECTURE-1
INTRODUCTION TO MOS-I, STRESS
AND ITS TYPES
PROF. DR. MOHAMMAD ASHRAF
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR
2 CONTENTS
• Course Outlines
• Course Information
• Course Aims
• Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs) and Mapping With Program Learning Outcomes (PLOs)
• Teaching and Learning Activities
• Weakly Schedules
• Grading Criteria
• Recommended Books and References

• Concept of Stress
• Types of Stresses
• Axially loaded Compound Bars
3 COURSE OUTLINES
• Course Information
• Course Title: Mechanics of solids - I
• Course Code: CE – 225
• Course Duration: One Semester
• Credit Units: 3 Credit Hrs. (Contact Hrs. 03)
• Teaching : 15 Weeks (45 Hours)
• Level: 3rd Semester (2nd Year)
• Medium of instruction: English
• Prerequisites: None
4 COURSE OUTLINES
• Course Aims
• To enable students, understand the fundamentals of strength of materials and behavior of
deformable solid bodies subjected to different loading conditions
• The students will be able to solve engineering problems of various nature dealing with the
mechanics of solids, determining strength, stiffness and stability of members in a structural
system based on the skills developed in the course

• Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)

CLO Description Taxonomy PLO
No Domain
1 Define different types of stresses, strains, material constants C1 1
and various terms related to mechanics of solids
2 Explain mechanics of deformable solid bodies, load-deflection C2 1
curve, beam theory, torsion, etc.
3 Apply theory of simple stress/strain, torsion, beam theory to C3 2
calculate stresses/strains and deflection in structural members
5 COURSE OUTLINES
• Teaching and Learning Activities (TLAs):
Course learning outcomes will be achieved through all or a suitable combination of the
following teaching strategies.
• Quizzes
• Classroom discussions
• In-class activities
• Homework assignments
• Self-study
• Mid-term major examination
• Final comprehensive examination
6 COURSE OUTLINES
• Weekly Schedule (Before Mid Term)
Week Topic Covered CLO Actvities
Introduction to the course, Concept of stress and strength,
1 Types of stresses, Free body diagrams, Axially loaded 1,2,3
compound bars
2 Examples and Problems: Axially loaded compound bars 2,3 Assign1
3 Shear stresses and Bearing stresses
Normal and shearing strain, Hooke’s law, modulus of elasticity,
4 Stress-strain diagram, Lateral and Volumetric strain, Poisson’s 1,2,3 Quiz1
ratio, bi-axial and tri-axial deformations
Statically indeterminate axially loaded members, Thermal
5 1,2,3 Assign2
stresses
6 Stresses in compound bars due to Torsion, Examples 1,2,3
7 Torsion Problems, Power transmitted by circular shafts 3 Quiz2
8 MID Term Exam 1,2,3
7 COURSE OUTLINES
• Weekly Schedule (After Mid Term)
Week Topic Covered CLO Actvities
Shear force and bending moment diagrams for statically
9 1,2,3
determinate beams, Relation between Load, Shear and Moment
Shear force and Bending moment diagrams by semi-graphical
10 2,3 Assign3
method
Theory of simple bending, Neutral axis, Derivation of flexure
11 1,2,3
formula, Determination of flexural stresses in beams
12 Problems, flexural stress in beams 3 Quiz3
Derivation of Horizontal shear stress formula, Determination of
13 1,2,3 Assign4
shearing stresses in beams
14 Deflection of beams by Double integration method 2,3
Deflection of beams by Moment-Area method (Cantilever
15 2,3 Quiz4
beams)
16 Deflection of beams by Moment-Area/ Conjugate method 2,3
17 FINAL Term Exam 1,2,3
8 COURSE OUTLINES
• Grading Criteria
• Quizzes: 10%
• Assignment: 10%
• Mid Term Exam: 20%
• Final Term Exam: 60%

• Recommended Books and References

• Andrew Pytel and Ferdinand L. Singer, Strength of Materials, 4th edition
• Hibbler, R. C., Mechanics of Materials, Prentice Hall, 6th Edition, 2004.
• E.P. Popov, Mechanics of materials
9 CONCEPT OF STRESS
• When a force is applied on a body, internal resistance (restoring force) is induced with in
the body. This internal resistance per unit area is known as stress.
• While pressure is the external force per unit area.
• The stress produced in a body may be:
• Uniform
• Nonuniform

• In case of uniform stress, if P is the load applied on a body having a cross sectional area
A, then mathematically, stress is:
σ = P/A A
P P
10 CONCEPT OF STRESS (CONT..)
• In case of Non-uniform Stress, if the dP is the internal resistance produced in a differential
area, dA of a body, then stress is:
σ = dP/dA
dA
dP

• Units of stress are same as units of pressure

• Pascal (Pa), N/m2.
• kPa = 1000 Pa.
• MPa = 106 Pa = N/mm2.
• lb/in2, psi
• kilo pound/in2, ksi = 1000 psi
11 CONCEPT OF STRESS (CONT..)
• Strength of Material: The maximum stress a material can resist up to a certain limit i.e.
elastic limit, yield limit, ultimate limit, rupture limit, etc. is known as strength of that
materials, e.g.
• Elastic Strength
• Yield strength
• Ultimate Strength
• Rupture Strength
12 TYPES OD STRESSES
• Stress may be broadly classified as:
• Normal Stress
• Shearing Stress or Shear Stress

• Normal Stress: The stress produced by an internal force acting perpendicular to the
resisting area is known as normal stress. In case of normal stress, the internal force vector
and area vector are in the same direction.
Tensile Stress A
• Type of Normal Stresses are: P A P

• Tensile Stress
• Compressive Stress
Compressive Stress
• Flexural Stress , produced due to bending moments P A P
• Bearing Stress
• Thermal Stress may be Normal or shear
13 TYPES OD STRESSES (CONT..)
• Shear Stress: The stress produced by an internal force acting parallel to the resisting area
is known as shear stress. In case of shear stress, the internal force vector and the area
vector are perpendicular to each other.
V
• Mathematically, for uniform shear stress, τ = V/A
• Types of Shear Stress:
A
• Direct Shear Stress, produced due to direct shear force (Uniform)
• Torsional Stress, produced due to torque in a shaft
• Beam Shear Stress, produced in a beam due to shear force
V
• Punching Shear Stress
• Thermal Stress may be Normal or shear
14 AXIALLY LOADED COMPOUND BARS
• A bar composed of various segments of bars connected rigidly to each other is known as
compound bar.
• Segments in a compound bar are made same or different materials, same or different
diameters, same or different lengths.
• Consider a compound bar made with three segments A, B and C.
• The bar is subjected to loads P1, P2, P3 and P4. These forces are in equilibrium. From
equilibrium of these forces:
- P1 + P2 – P3 + P4 = 0
=> P1 - P2 = P4 - P3 ------- (a)

P1 P2 P3 P4
A B C
15 AXIALLY LOADED COMPOUND BARS (CONT..)
• Let it is required to calculate internal force in segment B of the compound bar. As there is no
load applied on the segment except at its ends, the axial force along the length of segment B
will be constant.
• Therefore taking a section any where along the its length, free body diagrams for both left and
right portions are given.
P1 P2 PB PB P3 P4

• Let PB is the internal force in segment B of the compound bar assumed as a tensile force (away
from the section).
• As the compound bar is in equilibrium, each portion of the bar must be in equilibrium.
Therefore: For Left Segment: +PB - P1 + P2 = 0 => PB = P1 – P2
For Right Segment: - PB - P3 + P4 = 0 => PB = P4 – P3
• From equation (a), P1 - P2 = P4 - P3
• Therefore the force PB calculated from both left and right side same.
16 PROBLEM: SIMPLE STRESS
Problem105: A homogenous 800 kg bar AB is supported at either end by a cable as shown.
Calculate the smallest area of each cable if the stress is not to exceed 90 MPa in bronze and 120
MPa in steel.
Solution:
σbr ≤ 90 MPa and σst ≤ 120 MPa
W = Weight of Bar = 800 kg x 9.81 m/sec2 = 7848 N
Consider free diagram of the rigid bar and applying
equilibrium conditions:
ΣMA = 0 => Pst x10 – 7848 x 5 = 0 => Pst = 3924 N
ΣFY = 0 => Pst + Pbr = 7848 => Pbr = 7848 – 3924 = 3924 N
For bronze bar: σbr = Pbr/Abr => 90 = 3924/Abr => Abr = 43.6 mm2
For steel bar: σst = Pst/Ast => 120 = 3924/Ast => Ast = 32.7 mm2
17 PROBLEM: SIMPLE STRESS
Problem106: The homogenous bar ABC shown in figure is supported by a smooth pin at C and a
cable that runs from A to B through a smooth peg at D. Find the stress in the cable if its diameter
is 0.6 in and the bar weighs 6000 lb.
Solution:
W = Weight of bar = 6000 lb
d = Diameter of Cable = 0.6 in
As the peg at D is smooth (frictionless), both cable will have
same tension from A to B. Let T is the tension in the cable.
Apply equilibrium condition to the free body diagram:
ΣMC = 0 => 0.707 T x 6 + T x 3 – 6000 x 3 = 0
=> T = 2486 lb
Area of Cable, A = πd2/4 = π 0.62/4 = 0.283 in2
Stress in Cable, σ = T/A = 2486/0.283 = 8784 psi
18 PROBLEM: SIMPLE STRESS
Problem108:An aluminum rod is rigidly attached between steel and bronze rod asshown in
figure. Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated. Find the maximum value of P that will
not exceed a stress in steel of 140 MPa, in aluminum of 90 MPa and in bronze of 100 MPa.
Solution:
σst ≤ 140 Mpa, σal ≤ 90 MPa and σbr ≤ 100 MPa
Apply equilibrium condition to determine the support
reaction, ΣFX = 0 => R – 4P + P – 2P = 0 => R = 5P
Draw free body diagram to determine forces in each segment
of compound bar,
For steel, ΣFX = 0 => 5P + Pst = 0 => Pst = -5P (compression)
For aluminum, ΣFX = 0 => 5P – 4P + Pal = 0 => Pal = -P
For bronze, ΣFX = 0 => 2P + Pbr = 0 => Pbr = -2P
19 PROBLEM: SIMPLE STRESS
Problem108 (Cont..):
If the stress in steel reaches its limiting stress in compression, then:
σst = |Pst/Ast| => 140 = 5P/500 => P = 14,000 N = 14 kN
Similarly, if the stress in aluminum reaches its limiting stress in compression, then:
σal = |Pal/Aal| => 90 = P/400 => P = 36,000 N = 36 kN
Similarly, if the stress in bronze reaches its limiting stress in compression, then:
σal = |Pal/Aal| => 100 = 2P/200 => P = 10,000 N = 10 kN
To keep the stresses with their limits in all three segments of the compound bars, the value
of P should the lowest in the above three calculated values of P. Therefore, the maximum
value of P will be, P = 10 kN
20 PROBLEM: SIMPLE STRESS
Problem110: A 12 in steel bearing plate lies between an 8 in diameter wooden post and a
concrete footing as shown in figure. Determine the maximum value of axial force P, if the stress in
wood is limited to 1800 psi and that in concrete to 650 psi.
Solution:
σwood ≤ 1800 psi, σconc ≤ 650 psi
Area of Wooden Post, Awood = πd2/4 = π 82/4 = 50.26 in2
Area Concrete Footing, Aconc. = 12 x 12 = 144 in2
To limit the stress in wood:
σwood = Pwood/Awood => 1800 = Pwood/50.26 => P = 90,468 lb
To limit the stress in concrete:
σconc = Pconc/Aconc => 650 = Pconc/144 => P = 93,600 lb
To limit stress in both wood and concrete, least value should be
selected. Therefore P = 90,468 lb