Atoms and Molecules

In the previous chapter , we learned about 'Matter' . An Indian philoso

pher Maharishi Kanad postulated that 1: we go
on dividing matter, we shall get smaller and smaller particles. He
named these tiniest particle, Parmanu.
Ano~her Philo~opher-Democritus and Leucippus suggested that
if we go on dividing matter, a stage will come when
particles obtained cannot be divided further. Democritus called
these indivisible particles 'atoms· .
In the present chapter, we shall discuss about the various laws
(which explains how atoms combine to form
molecule), symbol s and formulae of atoms ana molecules and
various ways of expressing their masses

~1 Laws of Chemical r.n~pinr1tion /

' .. l ..)W of C''\"\"" +~nt nr ('\ofin itP- Proportions
'\,\Theneve r, the elements combine together to form a This law was stated by Proust according to which in a
compound (or reactant react together to form the chemical substance (or compound), the elements are always
product), they do this according to certain laws. These present in definite proportions (or ratio) by mass.
laws are called laws of chemical combination.
e.g. In a compound such as water, the ratio of the mass of
Antoine L. Lavoisier laid the foundation of chemical
hydrogen to the mass of oxygen is always 1 : 8, whatever the
sciences by establishing two important laws of chemical source of water. Thus, if 9 g of water is decomposed, l g of
combination which are as follows hydrogen and 8 g of oxygen are always obtained.
--"1 1 ~w t')f Con~ervatiC\n of M~~~ Similarly, carbon dioxide (CO 1 ) always contains carbon and
oxygen in the ratio of 3 : 8. If a- sample of CO, contains 36 g
It states that, 'mass can neither be created nor destroyed of carbon, then it is compulsory that the sample has 96 g of
during a chemical reaction.' This means that in any oxygen.
chemical reaction, the total mass of the reactants is equal
. 1.s ca1cul ate d as 3 36
to the total mass of the products and there is no change in Th 1s - =- ;
mass during the chemical reaction . 8 X
36 x 8
r~ . . 'rf~ · ., ~ .
If 4.0 g of sodium carbonate reacts with x= - - =96g
3
10 g of hydrochloric acid, it results in the formation of
2.5 g of carbon dioxide and 11.5 g of sodium chloride r ,, ' Copper oxide was prepared by two different
methods. In one case, 1.75 g of the metal gave 2.19 g of
solution. Show that these results are In accordance with
oxide. In the second case, 1.14 g of the metal gave 1.43 g
the law of conservation of mass.
of the oxide. Show that the given data illustrate the law of
Sol. Sodium carbonat e + Hydrochloric acid --4 constant proportions.
(4.0 g) (10.0 !()
Sol. Case 1 Mass of copper = 1.75 g
Carbon dioxide +Sodi um chloride
(2.S g) (11 '> Al Aud mass of copper oxide= 2. 19 g
Here, total mass of reactants = 4.0 + IO = 14 g So, mass of ox:ygen = Mass of copper oxide - Mass of copper
Total mass of products= 2.5 + 11.5 =14 g = 2.19 -1.75 =0.44 g
Since, the reactants and products have the same mass, this Now, in first sample of copper oxide compound.
means that there was no loss or gain of mass after the Mass of copper: Mass of oxygen = 1.75: 0.44
reaction. Hence, it proves the law of conservation of mass. 1.75
=- : 1 = 3.98 : l ~ 4 : 1
0.44
 _/
t I<\"II \ h1~wt 'l'l'!'lt I 1 11 ~ ;' 3.2 At m
h,,l n1.," ,,r,,,1-1-cn,,111. i 'g
.,,.u. ,,,,1,,,,~r11 "·"''1"
',1.n1 'I f 'l'J'l'I
i
ll\1111'
\fn\~ i1l 1opp1•1 . llc~t
Tl1C\r nrc the srnn · 1,articlc-, of. an elem<'nl
b 'wh
- 1, h t'ti11,
IP IM 1121l~ 1 . dc jJcndcnt existence ut t,1r:e r, ,t ,
. ay 11ol iavc rn ·1d· bl lr1 i
:X\l\\, t l 'l\.'l•Jld \;\nJplt• (If I ''J'l'l I I)\1I J,l n1111pou11d,
)l
chemical
"' "' reacllon.
. These . are the bu, ing ot,S ,,r1 ,
Mn",, ,'<~y,...-. 1 \\ ~
\ 'ia.I" ,1 ,, . L'l'll _ I. 11 . O,_ ) muller. . 11
I.I~
•I
The utom11 of hYdro gen ' oxygen, nitrogen,
h etc , are rtr.'
n ~9 . d
cJ pablc of m epen dent existence w
f . .erea5. at()rn
d r, ,if
'".I l "'~ ! I
helium, neon etc., are capable o existing in ependenu..1
1 om4h, ;;11,111.· ,,,kul,1111\ll\ \\\' i,111 M' L' 11 l,1 I lhe .1·1lk>
•
Size of Atoms
(,•rpn,J"'rt1110 ' ,, t ,
l '1 ipncr md o:wgcn elements
I m the
4 . two
l
I 1"f. 'PJ'L'r \l\ldL' 1.0111p1.iund ,~ 11c same, 1.e. . . Atoms are very smaJJ and their radius is measured in
,imp c, ' " ·f 1S
'°' lhC ~I\ \.'I\ U,
~ala' t>nf\ thL'l,1w of (:Onst,1111 pro pot 101 .
I
nanometres. Om = l0 9 nm)
Hydrogen atom l·s the smallest atom and its radius is fJ·I
t nn of Laws of Chemical nm.

c~m.w1,.1 on: Dalton·c: Atnrp;,. Theory . ,. IV!odern Day Symbols of Atoms of

Th' lheon pr011deJ an explanation for bo!h the law of ['liffP.re11t E] ..,..,onts
~1.:;~·1r:omb1na ... ,m. A.:cording lo this theory, all matter 1 h entat1·on of an
"'~ .... ,. ' "' · · osed In themistry, symbo s are t erepres
•Mlwr an ,I,ment, a compound or a nuxlure, " rnmp element. It is simple lo use the symbol of an element
01 ,mall particle, call<d atoms. rather writing a whole word of an element. Dalton was th,
The m,m postulates of Dalton's atomic theory is as follows first s<ientist who introduted the symbols for representing
• a.om~.
faeq· maner IS made up of very small partides called elements in a very specific sense.

, are indinsible partides, whkh tan neither be

• i\lom, 0 Phosphm"'
Q;) Hydrogen Q Sulph"'
El) Carbon
created nor be destroyed in a chemical reaction. Q Oxygen
e Atums of a gh·en element are identical in mass as well as (D Iron
;n dicmical properties. @
o Copper
o (D Lead
• @ Silver
© G Id ® Pl ~r·1asna proposed
Q byMercun
, Aioms of different elemen~ have different masses and Symbols for some etemeots Dalton.·

d>cimcal properties. As Dalton's symbol for elements were difficult lo draw and
, Aioms «>mbme m the ratio of small whole numbers to inconvenient to use, modern symbols for the elements
torm compounds. were introduced by J JBerzilius. He suggested that the
• Th, relaii,e numb,, and kinds of atoms are rnnstant in a symbols of elements be made from one or two letters of
gi,·en «,mpwnd, the name of the element.
iG'lu@m
If 100 gof calcium carbonate on heating produces 44 g of In the beginning, the names of elements were derived
carbon dioxide, how much quicklime will be formed? Which from the name of the place where they were found for the
law 1s followed for solving this problem?
first time. Now a days, IUPAC (International Union of
[Ans. 56 g; law of conservation of mass] Pure and Applied Chemistry) approves the names and
' In a given sample of ammonta, 9 g hydrogen and 42 g symbols of the elements. The first letter of a symbol is
mtrog,,n are Present. In another sample, 5 g hydrogen ts always written in capital letter and the second letter in
Present alongwith nitrogen, Calculate the amount of small letter.
nitrogen In the second sampte. !An,, _ g]
23 33
. Which law states, that In a chemrcat compound elements e.g. Chlorine (Cl), zinc (Zn) and aluminium (Al).
always combihe in a fixed proportion? '
Symbols of some elements have been taken from their
What are 'atoms· according to Dalton's atom re theory,
',. 20 hltver nitrate SOlutton Is added to 20 g of SOdtum . names in different languages such as Latin, German, Greek
etc.
chloride solution. What change in m
the reaction and Why? ass do You expect after
e.g. lron
Gold Fe from Ferrum (Latin name)
Potassium - Au from Aurum (Latin name)
48 All i",1O,zr Science 9th
K from Kalium (Latin name)
 Symbols for Some Elements Atonm M,,.,._..., ol ,1 liiw f ll•ntonl.
Element Symbol Element Symbol Element Symbol r:1~•1110111 Atomic Mllttfl (II)
Aluminium Al Coppl·r Cu :,-: llt(1~i:11 \i I lnlr,,p.1'11
Argon Ar Fluorine F 1' ,nh•11 I'
l1wg.·n l)

Barium Ba Gold .\u Pho,rhn ru, I' N1t11't!\'ll 11

Boron B H, drc,gcn ll f>ota~,,um \ ,,, i,:1•11 111

Bromine Br lod111e Sih.011 ,," S,hl1u111 'I

Cakium Ca lrnn Fe \1ha \l,1g1w,1u111 'I

\~
S11lphlll II
Carbon C LeJd Ph Sodium \.
1 hl11111w I, I
Chlorine Cl ~lagne\1u111 ~lg S11lphu1 \

Cr \ '.tit llllll Ill

Chronuum ~ICJ(UI)' Hi,: L'r,11uurn t
Cobalt Co :--:t•on Nr Zmc Zn
~iste nce of at0tns
~om ic Mass \!11111, 111 ll\l)SI t ll'llll'llh ,II l' 1101 ,1lil,· Ill l ,1,1
tlld{ l'l'1tdcn1h \111111, lt1111111wl1•111lc•,, .rnd 11111., 1 li,•w
Accor<l111g to nalron \ e,,d1 dcmcn1 h:is .1 ch:ir.icten\ttc n11llt·d1lr, ,11 11>11~ ,1g1!•lg,111· 111 l,11g\' 1111111111•1, 1111111111
atomk masli But dete1 min in~ lhe m.t,, of nn 111d1\1CluJI i1tom thr 111,,tlt!r th,11 \, c \11 st't', ln·I 111 111\ll h.
was a rel.11twlr d1ffkult t.t:-.k due Ill it, \'tt1' i;mnll ~•1e I lencr.
their rdatt,e ,1ll,rnk m.h,t', ,1lll dl'tummed h} u~mg the In\
3.3 Molecules
ofchemical ctimh111.111on~ nnJ tlh l11mpound~ fom1ed
For this purpo~l'. ini1i,1llr 1/16 t)f the mu,:. ofan atom of I he srn,illc I p.ullclc 111,111 cit 1111·111 ur, 11111111n111d
natur.tll) lllXumng t 1X) gl'Il ,, a, t,1kcn ,b ,tand.ird unit bf\.aust> ,~hllh l!, ~ p:iblt Pl 111dcpl'lldi.:11I rxi,t1·11u· .111d
of the folio\\ tng two rt'.hcllb: ~ho\\s all tht prOj'Cft1cs ol th,11 i;11l,\t 1111c i, c,1llnl 11
molelllk
• Oxygen real'ted wirh ,t l.u~I.' numher of dement, and
formt'd ..:\ltnp1n1111.is. In g<'ncral, m,,li:cult: 1, 11 group 1111w11111 111<11t ,110111·,
th.it .Ire lhClllh.• tlly bn11dcd t11gc1lw1. Al11111., rd lhl· t;,11111•
• This .,tomk m,1s~ umt g.nr ma!>:-e, ot most of the clement,
as whole number., eltment 01 of d1lkrc11t dc111cnts 11111 Jl)i11 1t1gclltt•r to
torm molr.:Ll1lci;
Howen•r in 1%1 L'Jrht,n L~ i"-,to,..,e wa~ . . ho,en a~ ,tandard
referen..:e for ll1l\lMlring att. . nu..: ·•usse, unin·rsall). Molecule~ l,111 be <li" 1di.:d into I wo, ill g11111,!,:

Atomic Mass Unit 1. Molecules of Elements

It 1s Jefined as the mass unit equal to ex,Ktl} 1 12th of the ma~:. l11e molcculcs of 011 demcnt lOlll,1111s same type ol
of one atom of C- 12 isotope. Ear 1ier. H was abbrt"iated a'> amu atom, Moklulel) of many ekrncnt~ nrc n1.1dc 11p ol only
but according tt, latest recommenJai:,..m:. L,fll PAC, 1t 1~ mi\\ one atom ol that dt:mcnl. t•.g. Noble g,1sc, like
wntten ,1s 'u'- Wlified mass. argon (Ar) helium (Hd ck.
The molecule nf mo,;t ot the non 111ct.ils ~rt made up ol
Relative Atomic Mass more than one atom.
[t ts defi.nrJ a~ the number of times a given atom is ht:>a\it'r '"ti I t<i ,f rwo
e g. A moicL ule ofoxygen (0 2 )
than l 1:th ,,t m,tss Lif 1 atom Lit carbL)~-11 ( C-C) or it is the atoms of oxrgen, o:zone {0 ) wn 1sti; ul thrc lt,ms cil
inernge n:~~ of the .,tom a:. (ompJre-d to l 1"2th the mass of oxygen.
Oni"C\HNm-12 atom.
At~micit, iDOiMif◄
11 I' d1 ,11w,1 '"' th1 111m1h1'1 nl ,llotlls I''.is, ·cnt 111 I ,1111molerulc.
• 1ns· Why the symbols of few elements, like sodium, do
\\nth<' h,1 , 1, i1l ,\1t,m11 it)'. 11111 It\·11 Ii,~ l•111 lw t' 11,~s t 1 • • l start with the Initial letter of the name? not
<0 Mun,,at11ml(' nh,l1'(ll ll'S l'IIt•Yl.Imslst ' ' nfonly one ii om.
, Name any two elements whose symbols do not st
with the same letter as that of the name of the el art
,, ~ Ik, l\t'. ,\r, :\~\ Fe, Al 1't1 3 Write the correct symbol for each of the given eleerne nt,
(11) P,u@mi, m,1l1•cuks 1'ht') consist of two ntoms. (I) Sodium (So) (ii) Hydrogen (Hg) men~.
1 ~-ll , •t),, N" I , , nr, •''l
'- • Cl( · (Iii) Copper (Co) (iv) Sulphur (s)
tm) T;·i.11<1mic moki:ulcs They consist of three atoms. (v) Calcium (CA)

(' I, l) I t'I\ . 4 What Is the difference between 2CI and Cl ? Which

2
of these two forms exists in nature? Also, give the 0ne
ln) Tdra at1101k molt.-culcs They consist of four atoms. atomic mass of this element.
(' ~- I\ l'h , 5. An oxide of nitrogen is found to contain nitrogen and
M Pol)idomk molecules They consist of more than four oxygen combined together in the ratio of 7 : 16 by rn
Jtoms. Derive the formula of the oxide and name it. ass,
t'.g.S~l1~·ta ,llomic) etc.

2. Molecules of Compounds 3.4 Ions

At1lm\ of difrmint elements join together in definite Compounds composed of metals and non-metals contain
pr<•portiom to form molecules of compounds. charged species. These charged species are called ions.
Molecules of Some Compounds These are of two types, i.e. anions and cations.
Compound
Combining Elements _ Ratio by Mass
W.11er( 1-l,O)
Cations
Hydrogen and oxygen 1:8
Ammonia ( NH,) Nitrogen and hydrogen 14: 3 The positively charged ions are known as cations,
2 3
Carbon d1oxidt( CO 2) Carbon and oxygen 3: 8 e.g. Na+, K+, Ca +, Al + etc. These are formed when
Hydrogen sulplude ( H2$) Hydrogen and sulphur l : 16 elements loses electrons. Usually, metals form cations.
Sulphuric acid ( H2SO4) Hydrogen, sulphur and 1: 16 : 32 Anions
oxygen
--- The negatively charged ions are known as anions,
2
e.g. er, Br- , 0 - , N3- etc. These are formed when
Prediction of Number of Atoms from Mass Ratio
elements gain electrons. Usually, non-metals form anions.
In order lo predict the number of atoms from mass ratio,
divide lhe given mass of each element by the atomic mass of Polyatomic Ion
the dcmcnl and calculate the simplest ratio between the
A group of atoms carrying charge and act as a single enti~
obtained mol~, e.g. we know that mass ratio of nitrogen and
hydrogen in amn\Onia molecule is 14 : 3. is known as a polyatomic ion. It carries a fixed charge. e.g.
No; (nitrate ion),Co;- (carbonate ion) and
The number of atom1, of nitrogen and hydrogen present in SO! (sulphate ion) etc.
the molecule of ammonia can be calculated as,
Element Ratio by
Mass
Atomic Mass
Mass Simplest
- -- Some Ionic Compounds
Ionic Compounds Constituting
(y) Ratio by
(X) Ratio/Atomic Ratio Elements
Mass (x/y) Mass
N 14 14 14 Calcium oxide C~c~um a~d o_xyg~- ~
- -= I
14 Magnesimu sulphide Magnesium and sulphur 3:4
H 3 3
-= 3 3
- --
Sodium chloride
- ---------·
Sodium and chlorine 23:3S.5
1

Thus, in ammonia molecule, one N and three H-atoms are Note lo~ic compounds are neutral compounds formed bysall
present hence, the formula of ammonia is NH , cations and ~nions, e.g. sodium chloride or co~rno~a'
3 (N~CI) consists of a positively charged sodium ~on ). !
cation) and negatively charged chloride ion (Cl ant00
 ilL2.,

-
3.5 Valencv &:nYtY\ IJl ~Q nf C:.imole Compn11nrlc:
The combining power (or •·\ , · ) Herc, ru les for wntmg the chemical formula for
b d , l, p,iuty ot an l'lcmcnt is called Its vulcncy.
It can c us~ to 11nd out how thr atoms of an dcml·nt will combine simple compoundc; are given:
with the atom(s) of another dcnwnt t) r . . ti • write the symhols of constituent elements
• •1 • • • . l 01 m u c1
1emtca1compoun .
rhe v,uenq ot ,\I\ ton ts t'qual to the charge on the ion. and their charge.
Names,_:Ymbols and Valency of Some Ions • write the symbol of ca ti on first followed by
Ion of the symbol of anion.
Ion of
Valency metallic Symbol non-metallic Symbol Polratomlc Symbol • then criss-cross their charges or valencies to
element element ions get the formula.
Sodium Na • Hydrogen H•
• the positive and negative charges must
Ammonium NH; baJance each other and the overall structure
Potassium K+ Hydride w Hydroxide ow must be neutral.
Silver Ag ~ Chloride cI- Nitrate NO;
Copper (I)' cu + Bromide Br- Note The simplest compounds made up of
Hydrogen HC0-J
two different elements are called binary
Iodide r carbonate
compounds.
(bicarbonate)
Magnesiwn Mg2+ Oxide 02- e.g.
2 Carbonate co 32-
Calcium ea i+
Sulphide 52- Sulphite so;- Hydrogen sulphide
Zinc Zn2+ s0 24- Symbol
Sulphate
Iron (II)* Fe 2+ Charge
Copper Cu 2+ Formula
(II)"
- Note When the subscript is number I , then it does
3 Alwninium Al 3+ Nitride N3- Phosphate not need to write.
Iron (III)* Fe 3+ Phosphide p3-
Carbon tetrachloride
Symbol cxc1
Note Some elements show more than one valency. Here, the Roman
numeral written in brackets shows their valency. Charge +4 - 1
Formula cc1 ..
3.6 Writing Chemical Forn,ul~e Magnesium chloride
Symbol MgxCl
The shortest way to represent a compound with the help of symbols
Charge +2 -1
and valency of elements is known as chemical formula. Chemical
Formula MgCl 2
formula of a compound shows its constituent elements and the
number of atoms of each combining element. Calcium oxide
In ionic compounds, the charge on each ion is used to determine the Symbol caxo
chemical formula of a compound. Charge +2 -2
There are some rules for writing the chemical formula: Formula Ca 20 2 orCaO
• The valencies or charges on the ion must be balanced. Note When the valency of both elements are
• When a compound consists of a metal and a non-metal, the numerically equal, the subscripts are not written.
symbol of the metal is written first and on the left, whereas Aluminium oxide
non-metal is written on the right. e.g. calcium oxide (CaO), Symbol
sodium chloride (NaCl), iron sulphide (FeS), copper oxide (CuO)
etc., where oxygen, chlorine, sulphur are non-metals and are Charge
written on.the right, whereas calcium, sodium, iron and copper Formula
are metals and are written on left. Sodium nitrate
• When compound is formed with polyatomic ions, the ion is Symbol NaxN0 3
enclosed in a bracket before writing the number to indicate the Charge +l -1
ratio. e.g. Ca(OH),. In case if the number of polyatomic ion is one, NaN03
Formula
the bracket is not-required. e.g. Na OH.

Chapter 3 : Atoms and Molecules 51

 P,lhh~hnn \ 11 l,nnt\l\' r nmpl • , Calculate the molecular mass of the follo••··
,, ·nh,\ "'tig
"~I..\)\
substances.
(I) Ammonia (Ii) Hydrochloric ac,rJ
1.. . ,ha1g1' +I ,
(Iii) Phosphorus molecule (iv) Hydrogen molecule
1l\rt1llll,, K,CO, (v) Oxygen molecule (vi) Sulphur dioxide
~ldium ,.n-btmate
Sol. (1) Atomic mass of hydrogen =l u
s,,1,bol N,,xc.X)_, Atomic mass of nitrogen =14 u
1..'hargt' +I 2 So, the molecular mass of ammonia, which contains three
formula N,1l'C\ atoms of hydrogen and one atom of nitrogen rs
" -~ u~e brackets when we hare two or more of the =l xl4x3 x l =l7u
$ame rolyatomic ioos m the formulae. e.g. Similarly, we can calculate the molecular masses of given
substances are as, I x I4 + 3x I =17 u
Aluminium hydroxide
(ii) Molecular mass of hydrochloric acid (HCJ)
S)111bol A]XOH =I x l +l x35.5=36.5u
Charge +3 -I (iii) Molecular mass of phosphorus molecule (P4 )
Fonnula Al(OH) 3 = 4 x3 1= 124 u
Ammonium sulphate (iv) Molecular mass of hydrogen molecule (H 2 )
Symbol =2xl=2u
NH4XS0 4
(v) Molecular mass of oxygen molecule (0 2 )
Charge +l -2
= 2x16= 32 u
Fonnula (NH4 ) 2 S0 4
(vi) Molecular mass of sulphur dioxide (S0 2 )
All subscripts must be reduced to lowest term (except =Ix 32+2xl6= 64 u
for molecule or covalent compound), e.g.
Tin (TV) oxide Formula Unit Mass
Symbol SnxO It is the sum of the atomic masses of all atoms present in a
Charge +4 -2 formula unit of a compound. Formula unit mass is calculated in
Fonnula the same manner as we calculate the molecular mass.
The only difference is that, here the word formula unit is used
3. 7 Molecular Mass for the substance whose constituent particles are ions.
The molecular mass of a substance is the sum of the e.g. Formula unit mass for sodium chloride (NaCl)
atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule of the =Ix 23 +Ix 35.5 = 58.5 u
substance. It is therefore, the relative mass of a molecule @li@Jif
expressed in atomic mass units (u).
1. How an ion is different from an atom? How cation is different
e.g, The relative molecular mass of water (H, O) is from anion?
18 u, which can be calculated as, · 2. What is the role of valency in the combination of atoms?
atomic mass of hydrogen =1u 3 Give symbol and valency of the following ions:
Hydroxide ion Carbonate ion
atomic mass of oxygen = 16 u
4. An element X forms X2 (C03 h type compound.
H2 0 contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen What is the formula of Its phosphate and chloride?
atom. Therefore, molecular mass of water is 5. Write the formula of the following compounds :
=2xl+lxl6=18u Magnesium sulphate, sodium bromide, calcium chloride,
potassium nitrate and sodium phosphate.

52 Allinone Science 9th

 Map
D11ltc,1fs Atonuc TI1eory
• '-., i r,,stL ,ltt'S ol this lh€'0f\ lllf' as
• Mal!t'' is madl' lll) ot vri, :;mall pt1rhrles
Ionic Compounds
Thm;e compounds 11P
l Ions
Alnmq or gro111J o1 ,1,im
, ,, Moti;icules of Elements
fhe~r, nre rnad<> 1P 01
lllk'l:1 t11e at0ms mndr up of Cill!nn ,inrl c.horqACJ ~p<~CJfoS 1--:rt()Wr J rJI
d1110n l'')rn., of ont, one Irr
• AtJ:.is are 1nol\1s1blc Cation r "1 ,., r
--' • II is pos1t1vely r,h irqecI io
f""\ ');

• Atom:;,,
, ,.1,same elem 0 nt ,11e 1denhc.il 111 mass
as\-.\,., • In an electric f1elcl 11 mow.,., Molecules of
"" a";:., 1n chemical prope1\ios Polyatomic Ions
• Alorns combine 111 the mho ot small whole 1 -] towards cathoclf' Compounds

j
II Is i.l group of aloms o q. Na , Ca etr, T,-._ 0 ,,p are ri,arJ'?l up
numbers tonn1ng co1npounds carrying a charge and uloms or d1tterert
• TI'lf' relat•vc number as well as kinds of Anion d
behaving like one enl1ly- • It is negatively charge ion P.1em<Jnts ,o,n tcgefher
«.oms a,e constant 1n a given compound
I e.g. c,-. SO42- O?' . etc • In an electric heir! it moves ,,., iixen ratio
- I~ ;awards anocte e g H2O CH<I et~
Law 01 Chemical Combination 2
Le.g Cl Br O etc.
A.eris combine together to give molecules
11.; accoidance to follow1ng laws. called the
laws ol chemical comb1nat1on _

I Monoatomic Ions
Law of Conservattorij
or Mass 2. Law of Constant ATOMS AND An ion cons1st1ng o·
t ,,dS g,ven by Antoine L Proportions , ~ one atorri _J
Wllt)/Sler This la,, states It was given by Proust as
MOLECULES
u-.:u mass can neither IXl · 1n a chemical substance
created 00! t>e destroyed the elements are always
OO!'lng a chemical M~ e
present 1n a definite
rp;,ci,a,
proportions by mass" • Groups ol two or more arorns chemicall,

l
r_____ bonded together
• Smallest parttcles ot an
Atom - -

• It may or may not exist

independently
--
• It 1s the smallest particle of matter

• II takes part 1n a chemical

J· Chem~rooi"a
The chemical formula of a
compound is a symbolic I
representation of its
l
I
element/compound that 1s capable ol an
independent existence and show all the
properties ol that substance

-----
reaction
composition J ; Molecules of Element Molecules of

1 1 1of atom
Contain onlv 011e lyJJf' Compouoci
Corita1n l'.-.,, ,:i, •,-.vr
1
ypes 01 utoms
Writing Chemical Formula e.g A molecule o t j e q Meth.i11e tCH.
Symbols of Atoms Atomic Mass • Wnte the symbols and valencies , oxygen !02l ,1ric1 w.uer tH,O J
~
• •r11pr(:"_)·mtationI"""
""• "' onof the name of I
f:lecause of Its very small
size 1t is a d1fficull task lo
de1erm,ne
of lhe atom,c
an 1nd1v1dua1 atom. mass
so
(or charges) of constituent
aton1s
, Wn10
anionthe symbol ot cnt,on beio,,,
Atomicity ---·-----
It shows thp nu1nbe1 nt 1ton1s
"' """"' j to,m ,"""' a1om,c mass • Cnss c,oss thechu,gas o, 1 Pwse111 1n J , noll'cule ~' ~l H:_,
' '¼n <ymlx,t """ ,s u,od ,a/anc,os to get I01mu1a 1s d1atam1c 03 1:s lrk1torn1c-
"'""""" by 8'1111,us , Aetatlve Atomic Mass • ThA pos,u,a and neget,"" chmge Ss 1s potvatomtc Pk
1
' 1""-' "" mtac1 II• h~1 nne rn 11 ,s dot,ood as tho"""'"-' ol
1 ette,s ol "" elen,.,.,,
lwo
"'""
hones a qwo,, aton, ,s
11 ,on t Mu, ot mass ut t
I "°'"'"
must balance anch othm and 11,,
™>mil st,uctum most bo
X °'"''' "' Molecular Mass
------
G1eek '"German,
Eng1,sn "'
etcLat11, t' LI ,,,.,, , 1

l
Frs1 letter ol the 'Ymbo11s ato1nofuarhcJ11-l?c1tu1n VI v,,1 .~1 CCI , It 1s tht> sum 01 ,1ton11c •nnsses 01,111
always \Willen 1n cap1Jal lette1
"
I Atomic Mass Unit (a111u) , a ency 11 · I tt1p nto111s prt'St:>nt 111 u rnotecule
' Now it ,s called 'u lw11t,a,J
r q H_,o :- 1 1R ,au .
I • IIok,1110111
and secono lette, ,n a small 1, tho 01>1nb11unq pnwo, nt .,,,
letter e CJ Iron (Fe from 111nss) II 1s dol1net.f r.ts tl1~
t Formula Unit Mass

_ ~ ______J IolmmmomutC 13-_

Ferrurni mass of 1/12111 of Ille 111asr, • It 1s oqunJ to cti.11~p
"""·
111
ensP ol
__,
• It 1s tht, suni 01 ,1loin1c n1asses ot
<.1torns p,esent 111 ,1 torrnula unit ot a
an
co1npounc1

-- ----
L• It ts the 1nolcJ1 m,,ss ot 1on1c compound
-
 NCERT FOLDER
lntoxt Out\sllom,
r Deflm, th,: atomic mas> unit.
1 lfl 11 \I tll II 1111, ,I I II r,f •rndl11111 1;11rhm1111t, 2?
r1,1,1,t,,cJ
1 (Jf
.,'"I. , ,n,, at,,mir ma .• unit I u) h th,· ma~\, , ~"ti ,.
1\llh fl II ul 1,1111,nolc II Lid lho 11ruduot11 WllflJ • u:, •~ i•.uttlyl/12th,,f Ihcma\~<,f ''°'':tl1m ,,1 1 ,,, ,

r,n1h11n ,ttn~ltl1\ OIJ 14 of wutur mid a.? ll of 'I~ urn

l Ihlll\11,~ I1• ) 11 I1ff

1
I
, ..., tlint 1111, 11" olJ'lorvnllcmt1 rir,; In
·11,11111 wllh 1h11 IIIW of COllfflJrvfitlon of masc,,
0,l Why 1, it not possible ID >ee an atom
ey~s?
r

"io :
'''"''

~ ;-e:
f. Atom~ ;ir1: •11;r 1' small, they arc \mailer than ar . ~~
l:lfil t p"l'4 27 So
&Mum 11 ,11 hnn11t11 t I lt11I11ol~ flCld , can imagint. Moret han m,·11·Jrm\ r, f at,,rns .,,h~l'r;r, ··~.,
·
c, 111 11 11111 l'lhnnou10 1Curhon <JloxlrJo I Wot~r w"uld make a layc:r ~rely~\ thic!, a, tht ~htei <,f"~
Thc\e are very small rn radu and measured ; , r?.i
~ol, 1111~1 111~\~ ul ,,,,111,1111\ Ma-,~ u( ~n<llum carl,rmatt
nanomtters (J nm =J(J➔ m). Hence, ll 1s n,, P<n i.tf,. ••
1 Ma~~ r,f cthanolc ae1d ~ee an atom with naked eyes. 1 ,,,¾'
'i l 1 <i.O II . 3g 0 Write down the formulae of
T111,1I nm, ot p1t1duc h Mn~, of ~n<liurri cthanoatc
(i) sodium oxide (iiJ aluminium Chlono~ ~!f
1 Ma" of carbon dioxide I Ma~s of water
K.212.210. 1) 11 .3g (iii) sodium sulphide (ivJ magnesium h:tctroxide
Sol. (i) Sodium oxide
\11111•. t ht· ~11111 nl ma~kc~ nf reactants h, equal lo Lhc
\11111 nf m,1 .. ~~, of product~, therefore the obhcrvation Symbol Na/ 0
ni.11lt• 1~ 111 ,1grt't'llll'nt wllh the law of conM:rvalion of Charge +I -2

a "'·"'·
Hyctrogon and oxygen combine In the ratio of 1:8 by
Formula Nap
(ii) Aluminium chloride
ma$~ to form water. What mass of oxygen gas would
Symbol Al>< Cl
be required to react completely with 3 g of hydrogen
Charge +3 "-I
Sol. gas? Page2e
Formula Al Cl
\111ct·, 11 ,ind O con1bl11c in lhc ratio of I : 8 by mass. 3
·1·1ll'rl'1orr, M,L\~ t1'" fl I (iii) Sodium sulphide
Ma~~ o(() 8 Symbol Naxs
l t'I lhl' llhhs of oxygen required to react completely with Charge +I '\ _2
, g ol h)rdrogl'n gns be x.
3 I Formula Na!S
.\ 8 or 1· 24 g (iv) Magnesium hydroxide
lht:rl'fore, 24 Bof oxygen is required to react with 3g of Symbol Mg>< (OH)
hydrogen to form water.
Charge +2 -I
C. Which postulate of Dalton's atomic theory Is the Formula Mg(OH)~
result of the law of conservation of mass? Page 29
Q " Write down the names of compounds represented
Sol. The postulate which is the resuh oflaw of conservation of by the following formulae. Pagell
mass is "atoms are indivisible particles, which can neither
be created nor destroyed in a chemi cal reac1ion''. (i) Al2(S04)3 (ii) Cac12 (iii) KiS04
(iv) KN0 3 (v) CaC0
O.. , Which Postulate of Dalton's atomic theory can Sol. (i) Aluminium sulphate [Al!(SO ) l
3

explain the law of definite proportions? Page 28 (ii) Calcium chloride(CaC] ) 1 5

Sol. 'The relative number and kinds of atoms are constant in a 2

(iii) Potassium sulphate (K SO J
given compound'. This postulate ex.plains law of definite
proportions. 1
(iv) Potassium nitrate (KN0 )
3
(v) Calcium carbonate(CaC0 )
3

54 All,no P Science 9th

 a.n What Is meont by tho lorm ohomlcnl fom-,uln 7 .
0 17 Cnlculoto tho torrnul1J unit mw,,,!', r,t l nO, Na 70 ,
"""" :)4
Sol. Clll' mic"al lin 111111,1 is llw sho 111•s1 wny 10 ,,•pr1•111•111 n
compound with lhl' hdp of:-.y111hol ~n11d valPncy (drnrgi•) rGlvon , rJIOrn i<, rn:J',', <,t I n fh IJ, I l;i rw' V 39u,
of clements.
C 1?u m1d(J HJ uJ
e.g. Elcllll' lll Ca ~ Cl Sol. (i) h11 mula 11u ll r11,m of 1/,nl) (im, <JJ.'irl 1•)
Charge t2 ~ I
6', t J(, ~J II
Formula CaCl2 (il) flllrn11d a 1111il ma~~ cif t la/) ( ~"tlium <Jr.ideJ
Q. lf How many atoms are present In a Po10 34 (23 / 2) f (I 6 / J J
,j(, fJ<, 62 u
(i) H2 S molecule and (II) PO~ Ion ?
Sol. (i) In H2S molecule, three ntoms (iii) Form11l.1 urut rn a~\ of K/ ,< Jl (J)lJl:mrum carh<mateJ
!Le. 2 atoms of Hand I atom of SJ are present (39/2) ~(J2/ I)+(J6/JJ
(ii) In PO! ion, five atoms 78 I J 2 I -18 l 38 ll
Ii.e. I atom of P and 4 atoms of O I arc present
Exercise
Q,TI Calculate the molecular masses of Pogo as
0.1 A 0.24 g sample of compound of oxygen and boron
H2 , 0 2 , Cl 2 , CO 2 , CH 4 , C2H6 , C2H4 , NH 3 , CH 30H was found by analysis to contain 0.096 g of boron
Sol. (i) Molecular mass ofH 2 (hydrogen) and 0.144 g of oxygen. Calculate the percentage
= Atomic mass of hydrogen x 2 =l x 2 = 2 u composition of the compound by weight.
(ii) Molecular mass ofO 2 (oxygen)
Sol. Mass of the compound =0.24 g
=Atomic mass of oxygen x 2 = 16x 2=32 u Mass of boron = 0.096g
(iii) Molecular mass ofC1 2 (chlorine)
Mass of oxygen = O. l 44 g
=Atomic mass of chlorine x 2 = 35.5 x 2 =71 u Ma~s of boron
(iv) Molecular mass of CO2 (carbon dioxide) Percentage of boron = - - x 100
Mass of compound
= (Atomic mass of carbon x I)
+ (Atomic mass of oxygen x 2) =O.O% ~ X
100 = 40%
0.24 g
=12 x l + (16 x 2) =12 + 32 =44 u Mass of oxygen
(v) Molecular mass of CH 4 (methane) Percentage of oxygen = - - - - x l 00
Mas.s of compound
= (Atomic mass of carbon x I)
+(Atomic mass of hydrogen x 4) = O. l ~4_g_ x I 00 = 60%
0.24 g
=12xl+ (I x4) =12+4 =16 u
Alternative method
(vi) Molecular mass ofC 2H6 (ethane)
Percentage of oxygen = 100 - percentage of boron
= (Atomic mass of carbon x 2)
= 100 - 40 = 60%
+ (Atomic mass of hydrogen x 6)
=(12x 2)+(lx6)=24+ 6 = 30 u Q., When 3.0 g of carbon Is burnt in 8.00 g oxygen,
11.00 g of carbon dioxide is produced. What mass
(vii) Molecular mass of C 2H 4 (ethene)
of carbon dioxide will be formed when 3.00 g of
= (Atomic mass of carbon x 2)
carbon Is burnt In 50.00 g of oxygen? Which law of
+ (Atomic mass of hydrogen x 4) chemical combination wlll govern your answer?
=(12 x 2) + (I x 4) =24 +4 = 28 u Sol. First wc find the proportion of mass of carbon and
(viii) Molecular mass ofNJ-1 3 (ammonia) oxygen in carbon dioxide.
= (Atomic mass of nitrogen x I) lnCO 2,C: 0 = 12: 32or 3: 8
+ (Atomic mass of hydrogen x 3) Lo other words, wc can say that
= (I 4 x I)+ (Ix 3) = 14 + 3 = 17 u ·: 12.00 g carbon reacts with oxygen = 32.00 g
:. 3.00 g carbon will react with oxygen = 8 g
(ix) Molecular mass of CH.1O1-1 (methanol or methyl
c.0 2 - ➔ CO2
alcohol) = (Atomic mass of carbon x I )
Il g 32 g 12 1l6 x2-= 4~g
+ (Atomic mass of hydrogen x 3)
lg Ilg 3+- ll Ilg
+ (Atomic mass of oxygen x I ) Therefore, 3.00 g of carbon will always react with 8.00 g
+ (Atomic mass of hydrogen x I) of oxygen to form 11 g of carbon dioxide, even if large
=(12 x l) + (1 x 3) + (16 X l) +(IX I) amount (50.00 g) of oxygen is present.
= 12 + 3 + 16 + 1 = 32 u

Chapter 3 : Atoms and Molecules 55

 Q.<> What Is moont l>y th1\ tt•nn chomlcul formuln ? 0.17 Calculutc the formula unit masses of ZnO, Na20,
Pogo 34
K2C0 3 , Paga as
Sol. Clwmkal form11l11 Is thl' shnrlcst W.1}' to repn•st•nt ti
co111po11nd with till' help l1t'sy111h11ls and valc1Ky (chnrgl·) !Glvon, atomic rmiss of Zn 61:> u, Na 23u, K 39 u,
cl( l'kt\\l'llts,
C 12u andO 16uj
t'.g. Fkmt·nt Ca, ,<.'I Sol. (I) Jlormula unit ma.%of ZnO (1.10<: oxide::)
Ch.,rgt' 12 "- l 65 ~ 16 81 u
Formula CuCli (Ii) Formula unit mass of Nap (sodium oxirle)
Q.lt' How many atoms are present ln a Pogo 34
(23 X 2) + (16 Y f)
46 + 16 62 u
(i) H2 S molecule and (II) PO! ion?
(iii) Formula unit mass of K iC<\ (potassium carbonate)
Sol. (i) In H2S molecule, three atoms
[i.e. 2 atoms ofH and I atom of SJ arc present. =(39x 2) +(l2x l)+(l6x 3)
(ii) In PO_~- ion, nve atoms = 78 +12 + 48 -138 u
fi.e. 1 atom of P and 4 atoms of O j are present.
Exercise
o.n Calculate the molecular masses of Page 35
0.1 A 0.24 g sample of compound of oxygen and boron
H2 , 0 2 , Cl 2 , CO 2 , CH 4 , C2H6 , C2H4 , NH 3 , CH 30H was found by analysis to contain 0.096 g of boron
Sol. (i) Molecular mass ofH 2 (hydrogen) and 0.144 g of oxygen. Calculate the percentage
= Atomic mass of hydrogen x 2 =l x 2 = 2 u composition of the compound by weight.
(ii) Molecular mass ofO 2 (oxygen)
Sol. Mass of the compound= 0.24 g
= Atomic mass of oxygen x 2 = 16 x 2 =32 u Mass of boron = 0.096g
(iii) Molecular mass of Cl 2 (chlorine)
Mass of oxygen= 0. l 44 g
=Atomic mass of chlorine x 2 = 35.5 x 2 =71 u Mass of boron
(iv) Molecular mass of CO 2 (carbon dioxide) Percentage of boron - - - - - - x 100
Mass of compound
= (Atomic mass of carbon x l)
+ (Atomic mass of oxygen x 2) : 0·096 g X 100= 40o/o
0.24 g
=12xl +(16x 2) =12 + 32 =44 u Mass of oxygen
(v) Molecular mass of CH 4 (methane) Percentage of oxygen d x I00
. Mass of compoun
= (Atomic mass of carbon x 1)
+(Atomic mass of hydrogen x 4) = O.t 44 g X 100 =60o/o
0.24 g
=12 xl + (1 x4)=12 +4 =16 u
Alternative method
(vi) Molecular mass of C 2H6 (ethane)
Percentage of oxygen = 100 -percentage of boron
= (Atomic mass of carbon x 2)
=100-40 =60%
+ (Atomic mass of hydrogen x 6)
={12x 2)+(lx6)=24+ 6=30 u Q.2 When 3.0 g of carbon is burnt in 8.00 g oxygen,
11.00 g of carbon dioxide is produced. What mass
(vii) Molecular mass ofC 2H 4 (ethene)
of carbon dioxide will be formed when 3.00 g of
= (Atomic mass of carbon x 2) carbon is burnt in 50.00 g of oxygen? Which law of
+ (Atomic mass of hydrogen x 4) chemical combination will govern your answer?
= (12 X 2 ) + (1 X 4) =24 + 4 = 28 U Sol. First we find the proportion of mass of carbon and
(viii) Molecular mass of NH 3 (ammonia) oxygen in carbon dioxide.
= (Atomic mass of nitrogen x 1) InCO 2,C: 0 = 12: 32or 3: 8
+ (Atomic mass of hydrogen x 3) In other words, we can say that
=(14 xl)+ (Ix 3) =14+3=17u ·: 12.00 g carbon reacts with oxygen= 32.00 g
:. 3.00 g carbon will react with oxygen= 8 g
(ix) Molecular mass of CH3OH (methanol or methyl
alcohol) = (Atomic mass of carbon x I ) C+Oz ~ col
12g 32g 12+16x2=44g
+ (Atomic mass of hydrogen x 3) 3g 8g 3+8=llg
+ (Atomic mass of oxygen x 1 ) Therefore, 3.00 g of carbon will always react with 8.00 g
+ (Atomic mass of hydrogen x l) of oxygen to form 11 g of carbon dioxide, even if large
= (12 x I) + (1 x 3) + (I 6 x 1) + (1 x 1) amount (50.00 g) of oxygen is present.
= 12 + 3 + 16 +1 = 32 ll

Chapter 3 : Atoms and Molecules 55

 'P .. AC ~ 1?. thn tnhto 11,.t otomlc mn~n" s und atomic numbers,,,
il · ;:' 'h'Vb SC 1utirms \Jt: In 1 oomriononts tHI
throe ,,ron,ontl'.
J-:lun.,nh ,\ tnml< P :1dii (trl) ,\tn,nir M:l~fo (.,-
'Mhtol . "''"
l -l\atnrot, t,tHIJ ln M""' "'
l ',,mrnnn1t« h, ''A IJ
/, I 1'1'j

le lh 'Vi A 1-;
St-1ntion t :Solutim1 l
Ii I (, I)
tl
A qtudr.nt stuoles that magne<1lum (Mg, And lrQn (F..,,
1(10
reF1 ct with o.11ygen (0) to form MgO An<J f-'~O . Alth<.1,Jg))
f 1R both com pounrJs r.ontaln two atoms ea<,h of th':!lr
molecular masses are different Wh;it ls tho fC;'4-s,.,n
t.0 1p SUR for the difference In their molecular masses?
mo st\ l:tent"- notio-~ tha t S;;=1nd '-ettles at the hottom CBSE flue11tlon Bani<. Comp'ltenoy Ba•"" '>u.,
'°'hn°'
thn be.akct In ~olutlon 1. Whfch !-Ol11tlon would be
m?
(a) I>lffcrcnu: rn 1hc ,1tnn11c m,t'>~ ,,f 1r1Jn !lnd m,11<ne'111rrn
C.-m ret,.nq, 8•11ecf Que (h) T>iffrrcm:c in lhc number of iron ;1nd m..igne.~i11m .,r,,rn,
h~, .. C" '-llnd ,~ t,, .,, ,. (c) Oifkrcnt 111 the .itomir numocr of iron and m.ignes11irn
bccau-., 11 h11,- n1tnc i.,1t. 1. (d) Different in th e numhcr of() atoms in the tw,,
N'.UIUU" II has mor, "-lit 1h.11 di•.irt'l",l r' tn compounds
Sol. (a) MgO and FcO, a lthough both compound,; contain tw,,
atoms but each have different mol ecular masseo;. Th1<; i,
~
because of the difference in the atomic mass of iron and
).it · o1 so uf'1on 1 50 g + 1oo ~ + ~o g + c;o g _ 260 g magnesium as both compounds have oxygen in
Ma 01 ~o ut1on 2 0 g ..- WO g + SO p. + 50 ~ -=- 300 g common. The atomic masses of Mg and Fe are 24 g and
~ t o · c. i:oluuo•, 2 "ouJd L,c he;nie1 55.8 g respectively.
18. '\.''htch o!· 'the folio"' mg I~~ compound? FeO > MgO
• Sul4" 11ur (l>) Ammoma 13. Which of the following Is not a postulate of Dalton 's
ror. (di C:trhon atomic theory?
Sti1 ii Amon£ 1tbc gi~:ftl :immonr:i i:. ,1 compound, made up (a) All matter is made up of atoms.
of nttrogcn and h~ dru1,cn. (b) Atoms are tiny indjvisible particles which can neither
be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction .
IS.. ~~ type 0: e1emen t chlorine is?
(c) Atoms combine in small whole number ratios to form
Mono, om,c
compounds.
b Oi.momu:: (d) Atoms of different elements can have the same mass.
Sol. (d) Atoms of different elements have different mass.
IPm \"alt'tm 1c
14. What is the formula unit mass of Na 2 CY?
Sot v Ch rm, s s diatomic dement present as Cl 2 •
CBSE Ques11on Bank
10. Wnm I s tne raUo by atomic mass of sulphur and (a) 20 u (b) 39 u (c) 55 u (d) 62 u
oryg.e.n In 50 2 ?
l ( b) l : 2
Ans. (d) Formula unit mass of Na 2 0=2 x mass of Na+ mass
- J Id) I: 4 ofO
Sa1 Atomu: imas:; of rulphu r =32 =2 X 23+ 16 = 46 +16=62 U

Aronuc mass of OX):Scn 32 = 15. What is the Latin name of sodium ?

(a) Kalium (b) Plumbum
Rau =3:! .1:! l L
(c) Natrium (d) Niobium
11 .. An el~nt 'A' nas valency e-quat to 3 . What wlll be Its
Sol. (c) Latin name of sodiw11 is natriw11 anJ it is
ionnU1a JWit.h carboncite ions?
represented as Na.
u;A QJ (bl ..~co,
(L-) A (CO ) (dt A(G0 3 J, 16. The most remarkable concept that Dalton's atomic
theory proposed was that of the
Sol. {<) A X {J..)f (a) atomic weight (b) ,\tomic mass
"'.tde-nq 3 2 (d molar m,1ss (J) atomki1y

Formula : .Ai{f'--0 1 ) Sol, (l,) Atomic mass was the most remarkable concept
proposed by Dalton 's atomic theory.

58 AJJ one Science 9th

 i,. 'D;: t;;.~ ~ ~~ .... . , _ ~ - ~ ~ ~ ~

c--~

l'\' •~~-,,,tk,~
~. ., .... " .-r. ,'..ri<l '\
l:. ... .: C-,J.. ..: :\'-\. ,·' \~S t,'-'"- t'-' . . ; s ~ . gt1t
... 'fl:er~-c":.-:~c.-':L""t\.'--t,,:\.,.J.taz~.::.E:,, .~ ~ $,,, l. ... ~.. l'ht\ttl ':!,'ih
F;.:~ • .:c:...."~; -~ ~>t ,"'-'=;,.,,.~~--- \.X' tb..- _.. . . ,. ~ ,, ~,,.._,•. ,,, ·•~"' 15t' f\' , u~
a!;L\..: c:;t._,"!,.::--.:t""_·:r:'.\.•.x-.-ti-,• ~ fol:\'\\~~
2fL m,.~ ~ .:: =--= d-_. ~~~ .lte IS \ \•l,•ur,\t M~,, ,,t r\",l~•t,,• \ mt, \u~
I. U- ?t\: :: C.t..t\.),. ,,- ..._-_J\.',.: l,\h.\1N\).}, ~t~,k,,~ R..~.t, lt\•n \ Ii ,hit\" l\\ t"•' l~'i\kt-t tu.it ,U~
.1t,,·r \tt,111~ ~b, . . "1 l,~bt-
\ \\1',1l;.' \'·"··• .. ". t~\ \~

f l: ''"\\\',\''',.it,· Nt \~
\ i i ~
~ C ' ! N_) \ ' '' h ~ l\,,.-1.t' t-.1t,'
21. V.1:Z: :a:-5 :ca.: ... a~ trN:1 th~ n!SU t ~t m~ t'\~'iUl\t~it . p l~",,\ \ l'' ., 1.t•tl,1h' :,,, \ ~

nw 1.'\'tt\'-d , tN'lh\tl,,n ~ ,h~t \):f st\Jthmt

1

{,1\ \ (l'i ~ td .' ,,\\ '

,.:ii:

~Ji '
~'1. ,,, ~1,1 ,, ,,, ~,\H\\i!\ ,,1 ,1-h-lh' H1
. \\~ \ l.\s'-.\ ,,, t,l\\\\l\l \ ,\\,~ 1,k I l1' I ~
~m ·~"(\\~
\l,t-, ,,, l'.{\\\--'f t ,\\ ~
S;;bJ ~
- l lh'll.'(\\l\\ ,,,t\\ U\,I" \\~ l\\h lh'll Ht\\"tUh' 1\1 th,. . ~,·;lk,'{
m,lu,\111~ n1i\~,, ,,fk,1 ~,·1
jffi.Sg\ ~~ !::=:..~~\i rn ,.:. ~' +, \,,, ~ ~ 1,v ~ ;'!,, f
a a 25. Whkh ,,f Oh~ Ml\\\\to._ ,,wh-,·uh~, I~ Hl,,t,,,nt~1
f.a) '!L°tb! m:a~ ti'ili< ~h.-nu,,u~ ma;&m th, ,.1' 1"· \,I\ l,, \~,\ \ \.Vt\t~~tM hw~ ~ .
;:' T...--.--.....! ''-"um~ Qt t~<' ,:1\~m, ...,t, r.m~m ,11_. :--m,_-. \,) '\' ,,I\H,\'I
,.: SU~, t\:· ru.ltttr '--.f tnt ,·twin~ - 1~m.un tth' ~un, s,,I, \,3) r, 1,\1\\l\_\l\' \1\,\11\~ t ,1h1n\:- ,11,· p1,,,,,,\t \n ., ,m k, ,,k
1

,i (,)rof''ilt.km uf t~~ .:ht-mi~, ~-·m..tin th,• ,,.1111t' hldl.\\

~~ff,1 Bu.H ~-
 Sol \ ru,,11 I nrrp I h11t Re l'jtlJI 11
7
111u1rr~·r I l h,,
•l"ft ! f I r•n I ,q. lrtll'I I/
fl \ i 1 11 ~rum ·r•I
, , l1lr1•1l 111r,,,or1l•111 t).,111,J lch.,rll,
""
ithe t-t,p ell th
otcn1 n\s
5. '\s~eilion (l\l Alorn~ rilN•IV~ cc,mf11r f; to frirfn mr1le, uI,..
incl ,ons
ReaSfm (Rl ,,.,•t<•m"
~ c;, or rno~l element are w/ .:jl1lc:; tG

exist mcJopcncferiII1
Sol (nj Hnth A,~ert11111 ~nd K~ri,nn ore ,rue •nd I< !'ion I
the v,r ri'r.l f'l(pl.111.1 l1N1 nl A<iii>rl111n.
6. l\s~~rtion <1\1 Molecular we,ght 0f o:.:ygen is 16
RP.ason (R) l\tnrr Ic Neight of OJ/gen is 16
~oL t,IJ ,\.lolt•utl,lr weight of oxygen ( r) ,) = lh "' l - 31
Hc:nLl', A~,ert1n11 is incnrrtct but re.tc;i,n I~ Correct.
7 . Assertion (Al Tr,e ct·,ernical formula of alumin111rr c,,c:~
is Al ?O .
tr, th 11 111 .,
h\J\-, pr,
,cnt an ·Reason (Rl The valency of aluminium 1s 2 a'ld O;<;gi::~
15 3.
"ah: r nh1i111wd
r, ~l'I lllf; Ch.. Sol. / r/) Thc chem1t',1] fnrmul.i of aluminium oxide i,
1111th t:lt.:menl!i . Al 0
Valency· 3 2
hmnula : Alp 1
Hence, Assertion is false but Reason 1s true.
8. Assertion (A) The chemical formula of alum1n um ox1ce
is Al203.
II \h 11 w I "I\ 111.inv
Reason (R) The valency of aluminium is 2 and oxygen s
\ll r H1.n1 I 12 th of 3.

the \1J1 1t d ,:xpl.ina1111n Sol. (c) A~sertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. Tht
chemica1 formula of aluminium oxide is Al 0 _, becau~(
the valency of aluminium is 3 and oxygen 1s2 2. 1
, r,1,11.;n 1'1 <J.i;ygcn,
hr• mas':. of n,agnes,um 9. Assertion (A) Water molecules always contain
r 1111 ,,ss of mc1gnes1um hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio 1:8.
Reason (R} Water obeys law of constant proportions
, u1;::.tBr r,, • 1111> clr•rnents irrespective of method of preparation.
<,r~u 't!? l)r!Jf)OrtlOf
Sol. (a) Water molecules obey law of constant proportions
ru1d UX}gen 11> tli1; 1><1mt a~ ,11, it always contain hydrogen and owgen in the ratio
1:8.
i · 011l1c luw (If cow,ervat1011 of
Hence, both Assertion and Re,1son are correct and
d fl ·.i:,on .t11• _,o rn--t I but l<t'a\t,11 i\ re,1,on 1s the correct explanat10n of aS-'iertion.
l)B(,f A~rno11 .
A, 10. Assertion (A) Chlorine 10n has negative charge.
ml<>r, a, ot 11tom.fe I-On
Reason (Rl Chlorine ion has less electron th.an a
MtC. , lli:tVu 1g r,he:1111r.a1 torrr 1ula
1,0UM neutral atom.
Uea)On Hj M jw,c· ( 1:11 !{)fl ft111f chk,(IQf! IOfl (()llliill1 Sol . (1 I Chlonne inn has negatiw charge bec~iuse it gains
-.1 lfr,!J ~ (,M•tr.c!i H./!»!){lt;t,vn1y
l'htron and h,1s 01w lllt)J\' l'lei.:tron extra than neutral
nnt• I ll'lll"t', A\St'rtion is rnrrei:t but Reason is incorrect.

60 All.:,, OW. 6<.ience 9th

 (i) Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide gas forme
d.
r.~se ~ac;ed / Soqrce 8asP~rt Oues t·ions
en
(ii) Wnte a chemical reaction for the reaction bet,ve
Direction (Q. Nos.1-4) Answer the qu es t·ions on the nitrogen and hydro gen.
•
basis of your understanding of the foll 1 (Iii) In a given sample ammonia contains 3 g of
and related studied concepts: ow ng passage
hydrogen and 14 g of nitrogen If another sample
of
1. The molecular mass of a substan ce Is th e sum of the contains 5g of hydrogen then how much amount
. nitrogen present in second samp le?
cule of the
atomic masses of all the atoms in a mole
substance. It is therefore • the relat·1ve mass of a Or
molecule expressed in atomic mass un,'ts (u. )
d' Name the two laws of chemical combination and
or
o_epen ing upon the number of atoms of same state them.
it can be
different elem~nts p~esent in the molecule, Sol. (i) Mass of reactant~ Mass of products
or
monoato~ic, d1atom1c, triatomic, tetra-atomic Mass of carbon dioxide
polyatomic mole cule. The form ula unit mass is
=Mass of carbo n+ Mai,s of oxygen
calculated in the same manner as the molecular [1]
es of -12+ 32g= 44g
mass calculated. It is a sum of the atomic mass en
all atoms In a formula unit of compound. (ii) The chemical reaction for the reaction betwe
nitrogen and hydro gen follows as:
(i) Calculate the ratio by mass of the combining
Nitrogen I-Hydrogen ~Am mon ia [1)
elements in the compound : Methanol (CH 30H). =3: 14
(iii) The ratio of mass of hydrogen and nitrogen
(ii) What is the relative molecular mass of H20? 5 X J4
If Sg of hydrogen, then nitrogen= -
(iii) How many kinds of atoms are present in a 3
molecule of copper carbonate (CuC0 3 J? (2]
Mass of nitrogen =23.3g
Or Explain polyatomic molecule with example
Or
l:4. [1J
Sol. (i) Methanol(CHpH) ➔ C :H·O::12:4:16=3:
• Law of conservation of mass This law states that
(ii) The relative molecular mass of water (Hp ) matter can neither be created nor destroyed.
=2x l+lx l6=1 8u {1)
molecule, • Law of definite proportions It states that the
(iii) Copper carbonate (CuCO 1 ) is a triatomic proportion of elements by weight in a given
atom s, 1.e. one copper atom, one
contains three type of compound will always remain exactly the same. (2]
oxyge n atoms . [2)
carbon atom and three ,a
Or 3. In order to verify the law of conservation of mass
nates and 15 g
student mixed 6.3 g of sodium carbo
Polyatomic molecules are compound~ or elements rimen t,
of ethanoic acid in a conical flask. After expe
that are made up of four or more atoms in a ue
he weighed the flask again. The weight of the resid
stable structure. S8 has more than 4 atoms. er
in the flask was only 18 g. He approached the teach
Therefore, it is an example of polyatomk molecule d
[2] who guided him to carry the experiment in a close
(octa-atomic). no difference in weig ht of
flask with a cork. There was
2. Ravi was performing some experiments related to the flask before and after the expe rimen t.
the laws of chemical combination in his science nt?
(i) What was the mistake committed by the stude
laboratory under the guidance of his chemistry
(ii) Why did not the two weights match earlier?
teacher Mr. John. Mr. John gave him different ination
es. (iii) State and name the law of chemical comb
samples of reacting species having different mass
data which govern these experiments.
Ravi performed the experiments and collected
Or
as:
What lesson was learnt by the student?
Reactant Masses of reactant species is that he
S. No. Compounds species (in gram) Sol. (i) The mistake committed by the student
[1]
carrying the experiment in an open Oaks.
l. Hp H (ii) Gas was evolved in the reaction escaped from
the tlask
16 that's why, reactants and produ cts weigh did not
0 !11
-- -
--co, 12
match.
(iii) The given experiment is governed by the law of
2. C
1-- 32 conservation of mass. In this, the tot<1l mas~ of the
0
- - 14 reactants is equal to the total mass o{ che product and
~ there L5 no change in mass during chemical reaction.,.
'\
.), NH 3
3 !21

d MOiecuies 61
case B:1~Prt Source Base~,. Ou est·•ons (I) Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide gas formed.
(ii) Write a chemical reaction for the reaction between
Direction (Q. Nos.1-4) Answer the q uesti ons on the nitrogen and hydrogen.
basis of your under standing of the f0 11 ow1ng passage
• (iii) In a given sample ammonia contains 3 g of
and related studied concepts: hydrogen and 14 g of nitrogen. It another sample
1, The molecular mass of a substa nee .1s t he sum of the contains 5g of hydrogen then how much amount of
atomic masse.s of all the atoms 1 •
n a mo1ecule of the nitrogen present in second sample?
substance. It 1s therefore , the relati ve mass of a Or
molecule expressed In atomic mass units (u) Name the two laws of chemical combination and
Depending upon the number of atoms of sa~e or state them.
different elements present in the mol ecu 1e, 1·t can be (i) Mass of reactants =Mass of products
Sol.
monoatomlc, diatomic, triatomic, tetra-atomic or Mass of carbon dioxide
polyatomic.molecule. The formula unit masSIS .
ular = Mass of carbon + Mass of oxygen
calcu Iate d rn the same manner as the molec
=12+3 2g=44 g [1]
mass calc_ulated. It ls a sum of the atomic masses of
(ii) The chemical reaction for the reaction between
all atoms rn a formula unit of compound.
nitrogen and hydrogen follows as:
(i) Calculate the ratio by mass of the combining
Nitrogen+ Hydrogen--➔ Ammonia [1]
elements in the compound: Methanol (CH 30H).
(ii) What is the relative molecular mass of H20? (iii) The ratio of mass of hydrogen and nitrogen= 3 : 14
5 X ]4
(iii) How many kinds of atoms are present in a If Sg of hydrogen, then nitro gen= --
3
molecule of copper carbonate (CuC0 3 )?
Mass of nitrogen =23.3g [2]
Or Explain polyatomic molecule with example.
Or
Sol. (i) Methanol(CHpH) ➔ C: H: 0: :12 :-1 .16 = 3.1 :4. [1]
• Law of conservation of mass This law states that
(ii) The relative molecular mass of water( Hp)
matter can neither be created nor destroyed.
=2xl+ lxl6= 18u (1]
• Law of definite proportions It states that the
(iii) Copper carbonate (CuCOi) is a triatomic molecule, proportion of elements by weight in a given
contains three type of atoms, i.e. one copper atom, one
[2] compound will always remain exactly the same. [2]
carbon atom ,md three oxygen atoms.
Or 3. In order to verify the law of conservation of mass, a
student mixed 6.3 g of sodium carbonates and 15 g
Polyatomic molecu are compow1ds or elements
les
of ethanoic acid in a conical flask. After experiment,
that are made up of four or mort atoms in a
he weighed the flask again. The weight of the residue
stable structure. S8 has more than 4 atoms.
Therefore, it 1s an example of polyatomic molecule in the flask was only 18 g. He approached the teacher
(octa-atomic). [2] who guided him to carry the experiment in a closed
flask with a cork. There was no difference in weight of
2. Ravi was performing some experiments related to the flask before and after the experiment.
the laws of chemical combination in his science
(i) What was the mistake committed by the student?
laboratory under the guidance of his chemistry
(ii) Why did not the two weights match earlier?
teacher Mr. John. Mr. John gave him different
samples of reacting species having different masses. (iii) State and name the law of chemical combination
which govern these experiments.
Ravi performed the experiments and collected data
Or
as:
What lesson was learnt by the student?
Reactant Masses of reactant species
S. No. Compounds species (in gram) Sol. (i) The mistake committed by the student is that he
carrying the experiment in an open tlak.s. [1]
I. H (ii) Gas was evolved in the reaction escaped from the flask
-----------
that's why, reactants and products weigh did not
L--
0 16
[1]
co~-1 -c___ ~___ _ 12_ _ _ __
match.
(iii) The given experiment is governed by the law of
32 conservation of mass. In this, the total mass of the!
--3.
L
0
14
3
reactants is equal to the total mass of the product and
there is no change in mass during chemical reactions. [2)
H

Chapter 3 : Atoms and Molecules 61

 (Ill) (o) Olve one oMJm
(' plrJ of c,a t1(J r1;1n,J ;,ru,,ri
11hr h ,in 11 11, k~ 1111 h,
th1 ,1111\rnl i' iha t thq
~hnult l (b) Whal Is the atomic rarJ1 us ,Jf h ,Jr,
111\I ,t,, ii" ' 111, ~11 1 >P., ,r
111rn \\Il l k h) lh1
th, \~ , lw,, fo,1, It lhl'11' 1mdv1·\ AIWA)'\ K0 10 Or "' 1 •1!,,r,.,
,, ,11n 1 11"lll'lt111 JnJ dif 1
:ij
l ll u (a) Wha l Is an atomic ma
~s unit?
4 Aten,~M d 11\~)ll'ru (b) can atoms of all ele
lcs i\rt' the
mattm . An ,,tomIs the !lll l>ulldlllA blocks of ments f:lxist irirJc,
lAlll' sl unit or
on element S0 I. (i) Molec ules arc the group of two or -r,,.I)
,t,,
that rctl'lll' chl'lm
lcol proportlo s, while a mo f rnor,,. · '11:,,
~h ~ ~u p of tw lec ule togeth er by a1trac l1vc orc k
.
o 01 more i\toms held together by cs nown a~ th.. .dlr.,rrIi h, I
<-Mmlcal bl>nd!>. At{)ms bond s. tll),, I 1
consist of a positively -~
chartl'd nucleus. wh ich (ii) Charged atom ib cal
co
neutron .. , surro unded by ntains pro tons and .
led an ion . Th e ion wh
positively chargedca II ed .
nega
inenr, g') levels or shells. tivelycharged electron s called anion .
cat ion or negative'!th ,.,
The number of proton s In
atom determi nes its ato an Ych~1,,
mic numb er and defin es (iii) (a) Ca lion = Na + an
unique identityas an ele Its ion = Cl .
ment. Th e electrons In an (b) Hydrogen atom is the
atom occupyspecific en small est atom and
ergy levels, and the
outermost shell ls know radius is 0.1 nm .
n as the valence shell. At
gain, lose, or share electr oms It\
ons to achieve a stable Or
electron configuration , for
ming chemical bonds an (a) The sumof the atom
giving rise to molecules. d ic masses of all th
Understanding the conc a molecule of the substan
of atoms and mo lecules ep t ce is expresse~~l<irn11r
Is cru
va rious chemical reaction cial for comprehenslng mass un it.
in a41rr.
s and the composition of
substances. (b) Atom s of most of the
elements are not ab\
(i) What is a gro up of exist ind ependently. Atom I'
two or more atoms linked s form molecu] e tQ
together by chem ical bo ion s. These molec ules or
nds ca lled? ions ag gregate ine; and
CT1) Wha t ls an ion ? numb er to form the matte
tou ch. r that we see t large
' ee or

( Constructed Respons
e (Descriptive) Quest
ions)
Vf:ru Ch ,., ... fl.--:wer Type Question
s
1. Howdid Berzlllus ass
ign symbols to the elem
4. (i) Choose an ionic co
ents? mp ound among 5 Cu (N0
Sol. Berzilius assigned P4 , H2 and 0 ? 81
symbols to the eleme nts 2 3)i,
one or two letters of the ele by talcing fir st (ii) What is the chem
ment's name in english an ical formula of amm on
msome cases the symbols d phosphate? iu
have been taken fro m the competen m
nam~ of elements in differ Sol. (i) Cu(N 0) is an cy 8ased Qul
ent languages such as La ionic compound becau se
Ge rman , Greek etc . tin , 2
and N0 ions. it has C1,
[2] 3 u
2. Write one ex.ample of (ii) NH4 X P0 4-
each . 111
(i) tetra-atomic molec +l - 3 - (NH4)l 04
ule
(ii) diatomic molecule 5. (i) If an element X ha
s its valence equa
l to 3 what [ll
Sol. (i) Phospho
rus(P4) will be its formula with
carbonate ion? '
(ii) Ni trogen (N ) {1] (ii) Calculate the formu
2 la unit mass of NaHco
[Atomic mass of Na =23 .
3. (I) Is argon [11 u, H=1 u, c=12 u,3
monoatom lc or diatomic? 0 =16 u]
(II) Give the difference be Sol. . X X C Co mpetency Based Q
ut.
anion . tween a cation and an 03
(1) +3 - 2 =Xz(C03h
Sol. (i)
~rgon is monoatomic bec
independently. ause its atom can exist (ii) NaHC0 = (Atomic 111
3 mass of Na) + (Atom ic ma
(ii) Cation It is the po + (A tomic mass of C) + ss ofH
[1 I
e·g· Na+ Kt C 2+sitivelhy charged ion =(23 + 1 + 12 + 3 X 16) =84(3Ux Atomic mass of 01
, , a ,Mg etc. .
Anion It is the negatively
6. (I) Calcu late the molar mass of Ill
charged ion . sugar (C H 011i
e.g. er, Br-, p- ,0 2- ,N 3 [Atomic mass ofC =12u 12 22
- etc. , O=16u,H = 1u]
[1] (ii) The valency of an ele
ment Xis 4. What is the
formula of its oxide?
2 Alli,, one Science 9th
$<'1 - ti' \ l~ll ,:l.'11 I.'.\ I' XI i 11 -.. '" Whnt 111 II ' ol sllvttr nllrflto wlll 111 •ti Wlltl Ill
Jg
l )
2. (11)
q' g1n,ol of 'IOdlllfll 1.hlo,1110 1(1 Jll 1Jllt1 co I cl ,~. 11 or fillvCH
Ill
lhl'formul.11,ftlw,,,,1l l,, .\ ' I) I Ill
\11) \ () chlorldo 1111ft ft ,(; ,: of fl(}( flll lll 11llr/llfl '
' Ill ,n11
7. List the clements present In (h) Ou whlt'h l11w Is th e f1huvo ffl 1crlor1 h ,1c11
,tnlfl tho lclW,
ti) ~\lick lime (It) Sodium hydrogen corlJonnto
' Sol. (a) ~1lvt•r 11111.11 1 S11d111111 chl,,r,d
Sol. ti1 1 ht' dwm1cnl name of ui ~·kt lllll'
demt'nt~ t'l'l.'Sl'llt 111 it ~ ., dum ,Ind
Is rnkiu111 ,,,id,-. the
oxnwn. 111 ,w, µ
. . . . ,II'( l,l Sdve, d1 l, 111d, 1 \11,l111m n II 1
(11) fhe ,hcnncal lorniuh or . 1.
N.iHCO,. • soi nun hydrogrn rnrb1111ntc Is 11 I K 11

'lhl,il lllil \ \ t1f 1t-.1, 1.1111 , ! h t.ii 111.1,•1 t>I ,,,.,, lt1d,
fhe el1•ments present 1' rr •sod lllm, I1)'drogcn , l'nrbon nnd
oxygen. I I ;,./11 I 1. 1, I II ,
[1]
. -> .I t r,w; .!~II•
s. (1) Nam e a non-metal which Is tetra ato me.
1

(ii) What is atomicity? Give example.

sol. (i) A non-metal phosphorus exists as t 't t . (P•1)
molecule. · e ra om,c l 11
[1] TlH·rcfon'. stlVl'r nitr,111· 1, 17 ~-
· ) Th .. . ,I ,rt
(11 e ato_mmty ot an eleme nt is the numb er of atoms (b) It is bast·d on low 111lllll,1'1\ ,1111111 111111."' h h1J1
present m the one molec ule of the elen1cn t. thnt matw r ,.,n 11t·1lht•1 lw , 11•,1l t•d 111 11 d1•~rr,,y,d 111 1
111
[1l chcm k,11 r1-.1ctl11n.
For example, atomicity of O>..)'gen in 0 2 = 2_
3. State three point s of difference!> botwocm
11111110m
is
9. (i) If the valency of carbon is 4 and that of sulphur and a molecule.
2. What is the formula of the compound form ed
Molnculti
between carbon and sulphur atoms. Sol. Atom

(ii) Determine the molecular mass of NH 40H. (I) An alorn 1s lhc s111,db1 .\ 111ol,·,u l1 h iii,· \ Ill 1l k~1
Competency Based Que. particl1· of i\O d,•nwnr p,1111dl' ,11 .111 d,•11w n1111
n by excha nging lhnt ,an lukc part In ,1 w111pllund whi. Ii h.1\ thl'
Sol. (i) The form~a of compound can be writte p1op,·111,•, 1111h.1t ,·l,· 111,· 111 "'
cies. Therefore, the formula is C S orCS • [1]
the valen 2 4 2 cht•mlcnl rl',1t·tion.
,1unp,n1ml
(ii) Molecular mass of NH4 OH
14+5 xl+1 6=35 u.
[1]
(ii) An alom mny or may i\ 1111111•<1111 h, ,1p.1hl,• ul
not exist 111,kpt•nd,•111 ,•,is1i-11 ..••
1O. (i) How do atoms exist?
indl'pcntkntly.
(ii) Give the chemical formula for ammonium
(iii) Examplt>s: hydru11cn i:~.1111pl,·, hyd, 11~~11
sulphate.
(H), OX}'!:\Cl1 (0). 111uk·rnlr ( 11 , ), '" \ 11,·n
Sol. (i) Atoms exist in the form of molecules or
ions. [1]
111ul1•111k (t) ), w,11,,r
(ii) Chemical formula of ammonium sulphate is 11wl1•,uli:(ll ,(l).
[1]
(NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 • I 'I
,
(I) An element Z forms an oxldo with formuln I iO
Short .A.nswer Type Questions 4
What Is Its valency?
1. (i) State the law of constant proportion. (II) Formula of tho carbonate or n mehll XI., XJCO 1
•

(ii) In a compound carbon and oxygen react

in a ratio 3 : of Its chlorldo.
Write the formu la
8 by mass to form carbon dioxide. What mass
(Ill) Name the element which Is used os ., rntcroncc
of oxygen is required to react completely with 9 g
for the atomic masses of the olem onts.
carbon? Cu111p11to11cy 1111,od Qun.

Sol. (i) Law of constant proportion states that, "a

pure chemical 111
arc Sol. (i) The vall·ncy ol the 1111'1,tl 1/. 111 i'_,O 1 1, t .I
compound always consists of the same elements that
ite) propo rtion by (ii) The valcrK y of the mct,tl ,\ in ,\ ,( '.t l I Is I 'l'IJl'n•l1u,,
combined together in a fixed (or defin 11 l
(1 121 the formula of llll't,11 rhlw idl' is ,\t l
mass''.
1 d 11"·d ,1•,
(ii) Carbon: oxygen (by mass) = 3: 8, i.e. 3g of carbo
n (iii) of till' rnnss ot c.i rlion atu1111,1kt•11 ,ts I).11,111
requi res 8 g of oxygen to form carbon dioxi de. 12
i 11
form carbon a rcfcn:nn• for tlw ah>11 11t: 111.1sw~ of tht· cl,•1 111•111\
: .9 g of carbon require 24 g of oxygen to
P 121
dioxide.

Chapter 3 : Atorn s and Molct.11l1J•, 63

 ti 1'~1, hlln f,llh,,nott\ ,t.1cnmpos1"1 ou hl'11llt1f{ to , 0 {I) Glvo 0110 point of dlf foronce between on atol'tt ii
t,'"" ,,1,1r11111, ,,\lt11' ,11111 i:,ullon i1h>\ldn. Whnn IO I, rrn Ion. r,~
"1 '.,t, lum ,•n1I\N111h' Ii. llt1c,,11w11qod ct>lllplotoly
tllt.11 ~ l, "' ,,1 l\\kllllll 0\ldt• ,~ to, mmn (II) Glvo 0110 oxomplo oach of a polyatomic cati
ond O polyntomlc anion. 011
t";\klll,\h' thl' m,\S~ 01 C,1tlll\ll dloxldt• tounod, Which
Ii\\\ \\f t'h<'tnlrnl c,1mbl11ot1u11 WIii you IISO Ill solvlntt (Ill) Wrlto tho chemical formula tor the chlorlde Of
thr-. 111·¢blt'nl'1 St1\h\ tht' lnw. 01111111eltrncy Onand Qua, magnesium. Cornpetenc:y Boa
1lw h',h 111, 111,,, 111, ,,s h1ll11ws: Sol. 0d q
(I) An ntom is always neutral lhut is 11 does not car 1'·
l '.1l \) 1 I ~ l 01\t) I l '0,
charge, while un ion c.urn:~ either positive cha~~can;
negative charge. 'ir
\, ..,i.hn!: 11, th,· 1,1 11 ,,t' ,c111~1•1v,11io1111l 1~)11ss, (11) Ammonium [~~ l .,on is a polyato~ic cation, "'hllJ
1,,1.11 nhi,, ,111,'.1.-t,1111!~) l\1t.1l 111.iss ,11 prndurls{s) sulphate [S0I !· 10111s a polyatomic anion. 11,
::- 111 g :-.o g 1 ~tnss ot' co~ (iii) Chemical formula for the chloride of rnagncs ll [l
'n ~
1
Mg,/Cll '
[I2 MgU,.
I -
Ih,~ l'l\lhl1•111 ,~ s,iiwd using lnw of C<lllSl't'Viltion or l\\\\S$
,1,,,1rd111~ "' 1, hkh m.,~~ rnn ncitlwr b,· Cl\'nlc<l nor
,btl'lwcd ,h11 mg,\ dwmk,11 rt'l\Cticm. l3J g Write the chemical formulae of following compound111
using criss-cross method. '
6 (I) State the atomicity of sulphur molecules.
(I) Magnesium bicarbonate (ii) Barium nitrate
(II) Calculate the formula unit mass of CaCl •
(iii) Potassium nitrate
Sol. 2
(1) Aton1k1ty of ~ulphur is ~ i.e. it is polyatomk molccules
Js it {'\It.ls .1~ S8. [1 I Sol · (i) Charge MgxHC01·
(11) fornmla unit lll,\ss ofCuC\ +2 -I
1
I-.. (.1tomk m11ss ufC.1) +{2x iltomk mass of Cl) Formula Mg(HCOJ ) •
2
(I >. •10) + (2 X 355) =11 i U.
7 (I) An element Xhas a valency of 2.
[2] (ii) Charge BaxN03 [1]

Write the chemical formula for +2 -1

(a) bromide of the element Formula Ba(N0 ) •
3 2
(bl oxide of the element
{II) Define formula unit mass of a substance.
(iii) Charge
K
X NO 3
[1]

+I -1
Sol. (1) (,1) \'aJcncr of X = 2
Formula KN0_1•
\ ,ilcncy of bromine l
Tlw formula uf compound 10 (I) What is the chemical symbol of the given [lj
, , • Br elements?
2 I (a) Gold

XBr~ (b) Mercury

(b\ \l.ilcnq llf.\ ~ 2
(ii) Find the ratio by mass of the combining elements
Valcnq· of oxygen ~ 2 Sol. In compound CaCO •
3
.. The formula of compound (i) Symbol of elements
\. . () (a) Gold: Au
2 2 (b) Mercury: Hg

,\,()~or Xl) (2)

(ii) The ratio of the mass of CaCO 3.

(ii) Formula unn n~ass is_ the sum of atomic rnasses of uU =Ca: C: 0
~to~11s_ present m. a lormula unit of compound. It is
::: 40 : 12 : {16 X 3) = 40 : 12 : 48
\;l\kulatell by adding the atomic masses of all the atoms
present in Ont• formula unit. =10:3:12
111 Hence, the ratio of the mass ofCaC0 isl0: 3: 12.
3
(1 12]

64 Alli,. One Science 9th

 5 Calcium carbonate decomposes on heating to
form C,ll('hun oxide and carbon dioxide. When 10 g
8 (I) Give one point of difference between an aton,
anion. ¾
,
11
ot calcium carbonate Is decomposed completely
then 5 6 g of calcium oxide is formed? (II) Give one example each of a polyatomic cation
and a polyatomic anion.
Calcul~tt! the mass of carbon dioxide formed. Which
la\\ of chemical combination wlll you use In solving (Ill) Write the chemical formula for the Chloride Of
this problem? State the law. Competency Based Que. magnesium. Competency 8a d
Sol. 18
Sol. Tiie reaction occurs as follows: (i) An atom is always neutral that 1.s 1t. does not car q\
charge, while an ion carries either positive cba~~ean,
CaC0 1 ~ CaO + CO 2 negative charge. 'lt
AccMding lo tht law of conservation of mass, t
(ii) Ammonium [NH 4 _ion is a poly~to~ic cation, "-'h[l]
Total mJ~s o( reactant(s) = Total mass of products(s) sulphate [So/- ion 1s a polyatomic anion. ti,
~ JO g= 5.6 g+ Mass of CO (iii) Chemical formula for the chloride of magnesiu [li
=,
~!J.ss of CO 2 = 10 - 5.6 == 4.4 g
2

Tlus problem is solved using law of conservation of mass

M gx
[ +2
Cl] MgCl
-1 2
• Ill ti

according to which mass can neither be created nor • compound[11

• formulae of following
destroyed during a chemical reaction. g Write the chemical
[3] using criss-cross method. '
6 (I) State the atomicity of sulphur molecules.
(i) Magnesium bicarbonate (ii) Barium nitrate
(ii) Calculate the formula unit mass ofCaCl .
(iii) Potassium nitrate
Sol. 2
(i) Atomicity of sulphur is 8 i.e. it is polyatomic molecules Sol.
as it exists asS 8. [1] Mg" ,,.HC03
(i) Charge ;>\ ,
(ii) Formula unit mass of CaC1 +2 -1
2
=Ix (atomic mass ofCa) +(2 x atomic mass of Cl) Formula Mg(HC0 ) •
3 2
=: (} X 40) + (2 X 355) :: 111 U.
[2] BavNO3 [1]
7 (i) An element X has a valency of 2. (ii) Charge A
Write the chemical formula for +2 -1

(a) bromide of the element Formula Ba(NO ) .

3 2
(b) oxide of the element [1]
(iii) Charge KvNO
A 3
(ii) Define formula unit mass of a substance. +l -1
Sol. (i) (a) Valency of X == 2
Formula KNO .
Valency of bromine== l 3
:. The formula of compound 10 (i) What is the chemical symbol of the given [1]
X • • Br elements?
2/ I (a) Gold

XBr2 (b) Mercury

(b J Valency of X = 2
(ii) Find the ratio by mass of the combining elements
Valency of oxygen= 2 in compound Caco .
3
:. The formula of compound Sol.
(i) Symbol of elements
x. ,0 (a) Gold: Au
2 2 (b) Mercury: Hg
(ii) The ratio of the mass of CaCO 3.
Xp 2 or XO [2]
(ii) Formula unit ~ass is the sum of atomic masses of all =Ca: C: 0
atoms pre~ent in_a formula unit of compound. It is
calcu!at~d by addir.g the atomic masses of all the atoms : 12 : (16 X 3) =: 40 : 12 : 48
=: 40
present tn one formula unit. [] =10:3:12
1 Hence, the ratio of the mass ofCaC0 is 10: 3: 12.
3
f112J

64
All in O.ne Science 9th
 11 Nflrogotl ,ltlcl '" di 0{!131l JlOtll!.· \ Ol''l)in
'• l' 111 the I flt10 ,ol
14: 3 l1l mM"-
• to form dll11l101ll"'" n10 ICClllf' F.lnci llH'
formula or ammonio n,olccul£' bv en 1cu 1atm~ . thr (111 ,1\l111L .d,1t111,l'-~ ",NH 4NO
n,(•l~I at I('1
11 1--I I ~ 1 l ~ )fr W,
jGh en c1tomic mass of N - 14 11 and H ,., .1 ul l,1 \11,l1•t11l,1rm,1\~111 IINO 11 ~ J ft, 63 11

~I ,1,d,ct \,f mlt\1gl'n

'I ' ,
,llom l't\\rn·
.
,11 ti, l I I
l)ll1n.llr
11. I 11111111!,1 u111I ma~s of Na,\() 1
- l r\,p11rtton b,ni.1,, I ,
I . 2 , 21 -+- 32 +- 1 ,. I 6
Alom11. 111 .,~, 1, ,In - 12 ~ ik - 12'1 11
\ •11bcr 111 lnJrogen atom pll'!ll'llt 111 lhl' mnll'cuk
14 (I) 'S0 is an air pollutant released during burnrng of
Pr0portion h, in.ii-~ , 2
- \.tOlllll 1\1,\ll!I
'
' fossil fuels and from automobile exhaust'.
(a) Write the names of elements present in tn,s gas.
,"11~ me.in-.number of rntrogcn and hv<lrogen aloml,
,:\)lnhne 111 ratio= l. j · (b) What are the valencies of sulphur ,n S0 2 anrJ
fhu ~. the formula of molecule of ammonia is NH 1 , 131 S0 3?
(ii) Define the term molecular mass.
12 Give the chemical formulae for the following
compounds and compute the ratio by mass of the (iii) Determine the molecular mass of ZnSOA [Atomic
mass of Zn = 65 u, 5 = 32 u and O = 16 u].
combining elements in each one of them.
Sol. (i) (a) Sulphur and oxygen
Ammonia
11) (ii) Carbon monoxide
(b) Valency of sulphur in SO: = 4
(iii) Hydrogen chloride (iv) Aluminium fluoride Valency of sulphur in S0 3 = 6
(V) Magnesium sulphide Competency Based Que.
(ii) Molecular mass It is the sum of the atomic mas~c:~ oi all
the atoms present in a molecule of the substance
Sol.
Chemical Ratio by Mass of the (iii) Molecular mass of ZnSO 1 = 65 + 32 + 4x 16 = 161 u
S.No. Compound Formula Combining Elements

(1) Ammonia NH .I N:H=l4:3 Long Answer Type Q•Jesti"rs

-
(ii) Carbon monoxide CO C : 0 = 12 : 16 = 3 : 4 1 (i) Illustrate the law of conservation of mass by giving
HCI H : Cl= l : 35. 5 an example.
(iii) Hydrogen
chlonde (ii) Explain atomic mass unit.
Alf ~ Al:F=27:57=9 . 19 (iii) How many atoms are present in
(j\·) Aluminium
(a) Mn0 2 molecule (bl CO molecule?
fluoride
MgS Mg : S = 24: 32 = 3 : 4 Sol. (i) According to the law of conservation of mass, mass .:an
(\') Magnt!~1um
neither be created nor be destroyed in a cht'mii.:al
sulphide reaction. i.e. mass of reactants b equal to mass ot
[3]
products.
13 I. An element ~4.4 exists as diatomic gas in nature For example, on heating I00 g of cak1um i.:arbon.ite, \,·e
which is relatively inert and forms 78% of earth 's get reaction as ti.)llows :
atmosphere. CaC0 1 ~ C.t() + Ct)~1
(iJ Identify the gas and write its molecular lllll g ~f> g II ):

formula. Write the formulae of nitrite and Mass of reactant ( I00 g) = Mas~ ol product
(56-t- 4-1) g =- lOll g
nitrate ions.
(ii) The unit of mass equivalent to the twelfth p,1rl nt tht'
(ii) Calculate the molecular mass of mass ofC-12 isotope of carbon 1s c.illt'll ,1tomii.: mass unit1
(a) NH 4N0 3 and (bl HN0 3 (amu) or unilted mass (u) .
[Given atomic masses N =14 u, (iii) (a) In MnO , moll'cull', threl' atoms are pre:it'nt:
one manganese atom and two oxygen .itom. ,1;
0 = 16 U, H "" 1 LI]
(h) In CO molecule, two atoms are present:
II. Calculate the formula unit mass of Na2S03. one carbon atom and one oxygen atom. t•]
[Atomic mass of Na = 23 u, S = 32 u, 1
0 = 16u, H = 1 u and NA = 6.022 x 1023mol I
 2 {l} " hkh In\\ ~t,tto~ lht
lhc ft'bNnn ts nnd pro th . ~
H
,t 1ht' 1;11m of the nmsses nf
tc: tcn mlo5 unc;hnngort (iil) Wilh PO~
Con1ponncl11 of foe
:.if
N a I~ ,.,-,., PO,i3 - == Na fl()
3
"'e,,,1co1
dut'ing 8 l'u rI'Rc th,n
,. T 1

II) \\'lt.'t k1f\" ro" ilte-mli ton,:.' o ? (I) With <;I ➔ .., ,i, ~ • C'J
,
1
:: F,-(:J,
... - ,
'
~ :b l\hofc111'1l1ta 1mitm tlc;c; {,f('n _, (P 4)?
1m ,,,,, -• ~ bonat c n nci (11) WithMJ.,1. ~ r·'<!1 • _..;;,,,-.,so"•1 r
== '<::2(.\() >
' ~ \\rh.lt I>: tt,e f,,rmula ,~ sorllum rm
(ill) With PO ,iI ➔ J'<~
' li ... • j">( ) ,i
:I == r➔(" J>0 1
..-, 1
11tt1mcnlun, :s.,1iphl'ltor d?
3 1 ~ 3_::::: 3
4
(b) • Molecu lar tnass of PH 1 -
\ \Vh,~t i!'- the I ,'ti ill b~ O"l,l.t;S In H , Competoncy
Scom po unBnsod Que.
4
so • Molecu lar mass of s ulphur dioxid e (S(> ,
..... "'n•~·, ,..,,ti\'11 ,,fmj).<. .~ l,\k:, that <lu1:ing a
\.'11t'1llh.u ' ·"',. , ... ,.., h'I\ the ~um ,,1 t 1w 111,1.sc
..._a,, "' ·•1-~ o l the
Is · 's <'d ( 1) ::::: 2xo+s.,...I 2

,~,'tnnt, (lthi ""'Joa .. r,'mJill). 111w iang , , ::::: 2 X J 6 + 32 ::::: 6 U

4 ca1c
I '\ •"""I'Ir•''"'~ "''"".'mn,., m,ni ,, c,,
'alk,1 .lhll11J,
' " i ch.1rge on them[11sI 4 (I) Write the formulae for t he following and
the molecular mass for each one of them . lll;it~
\._a s(l\ \ . "" 3 , 40 ._ :. , J 1 + 8 x 16 == 3 1O u J (a) Caustic potash (b) Baking soda ·
, '\ a C'O ,'d l \ SO~ (1 l
, Ma,, ,)fG i - I (1 J (c) Limestone (d) Caustic soda
r'\,,i.,v'.,ulphur=3~ (e) Ethanol (f ) Comrnon satt
ln '-I_,._ -'1(1l..xuk, 2H : S . t?.
(ii) How do atoms ex1s
(
~ :.n iii) Define valency. What is the va lency of rnagn ,
l : 16 Sol. (i) (a) KOH
es,11~.
Thercf<ire in H.S molecule, combining elements are Molecular mass of KOH:::: 39+16+ l::::56 u
pre-.t·nt in l: 16 ratio by mass. [1] (b) NaHC0
3

3 (a ) Write the molecular formulae of all the Molecular mass of N aH CO

3
compounds that can be formed by the ==23+1+12+3 X 16 ===23+1+ 12+48 ::::84u
combination of following ions : (c) CaC0
3

~ IOO,
3
Cu". !\a•. Fe ', Cl -, So~-, PO;t- NCERT Exempla, Molecular mass of CaCO 3 ~40 + I 2 + 3 X J6
(d) NaOH
(b~Oioxide?
What is the rnotecular mass of PH and sulphur
3
Sol. Cv.rnpounds of Cu 1 • Molecular mass of NaOH ~23+J6+k40u
(e) C 2H 50H

l er~ Cu 1• c, 1- :: CuCI2
\'\':ith 4 ..:_ Molecular mass of C 2H OHor C H o
fu) \\".tt, ,oJ- ~ Cu'·..- . so;- • Cuso,
5
==2xl2+6xl+l6 ===24+6 + 16 2 6
::::46u
(f) NaCl
,;, I Wuh Po'.- ~ Cu'• . < PO:- • Cu (PO<),
Compounds of Na· 3
Molecular mass of NaCJ ~ 23 + 355 ~ 585 u
(ii) Atoms of some elements are not able to exist
') \'\'Ith ci- - Na'· , . . c, 1- "" NaCl 1
Independently,
10 for such elements atoms form molecuJ,
t,,, Wuh so;---, N,' ·.-<so;-. N,,so, and ns. In case of metals and inert gases, atom can ,
ex,st Independently.
(iii) ~alency is the combining cap acity of an element. 1
valency of magnesium is 2.

66
An,·" 011e "<>
Qc1ence 9th
 1,1 ttntnt
j ffl
:±:ffe.f

\ t'o,u1,ntnuov I 0 011,u~d (t ti ,1, ~• 11v1 ,) ouonUono)

~\1\tt t'l,' I\ t',' '~H~th,,1l\ l\1m111llu11 ltm1 t_.. n11 OW n ll1m i
' ~I .,\ \\ 'h\1, 11\\lll\\1'111, ,1,,, lh ..,1111,111 llh111H111ttt ! th111, llt )/11,,11/11,/l/1r,f11l/11 w111p,
,,, , '''li'tl \t\\l i\~i 111\, \1\\fllll\ 1111, '1111111 1p1t1t:il/11II 11 I iq fd/1 1111111/
1
1,/ ,\ I 11/1111Ijj!fl/1•111,yt/11 •
I illltl lt/111/11///1/1 11o1111111 01 ,1 "' 111, I ;1111 'I/ 1/11 1 ,/ l/{ 111 fl[,,
\ ',, , , •'11~1,,111,,,,._
111111/\ 1/11 1 I 1111111 / ,1/l't\\l'I I'
t,' \\ '1 ,,, •' 11" 1 \1n1\ 11111h 1tll:I 1,n 1111111 1\111t,,11111111111i1111111,111111111, ,,n, .. , 111c111, , .{,ri I th
,,' .\\ ,\t " ' ~,., \t ,111111,1111111\li 1111111 11,I lll'1j1l111111l11111111 ",1111tl1t11
,, ' .,,,, ,,, 1\'1\l"~ \ ~\,111\ 111 l\l~'t\" llll l\\1111 j\,1it111 tl1111 1111111,1,111111 1111 , 11111 111. 1>11t lie 1 ,1 1 11 I• 11 l !ht·
111111111,l 11,pl111111l1111111l l\•111•1111111
1 ln 1, \,1 \ ,,, Hh' t,,1!,\\\ HI~. th,~ \ ,\h% 1\ 11t 11111' 11,,111111 \1 •\ l\1111111\h111 I•~1•1111,11 I hill 1\1111 ~1111 It; 11111 1111'1 I
,,,~tn, ,"Ht ,'l,\h\'•''" I'\ 1'q\t,ll hi 111111.,,,1111111111\111 ,11 \11\ l\~11111 l\llll lWlltl'ttl!Pl I '1111 11,, 1•,1111 I lt11 IIIIPl!l
~!','-!'\~ \ ,'A',' l\\1\li \ \ll,1 ,,t 111~11·,,11111111111tl 1'
t }\101,11 I11111 (Al Wllr11 1 I\I I; 11r l' I( P l 1·, dl'l 't'lllP 1 ,t•d, 5 G& of
,"h"tt.. \1 1\lt ', 11u:\hhlt1 h.i hlfl 111111 •l I i! 111 ! ' \l . 11•,1 ·,111 1 '··
,~I \~,~ 1dh'.\\I U1•11i\1111 (Ii\ I ,~w 111111111ri111v,1tl1111 \\I lti,, .. . i~ lnlto~\cd.
!t t\) ;\,,,.,.,~ ,, \ 1,-. d1\,-\h'n1 ,\nd 1\1\\l~l\~11 1h111h1111 , Iii tl l\tn•t1l'lh111 (A) h1 p,1tl11111 dh1,ldt1 llll' i.1t10 ol ni,,;;, of c,irbon
~ ,l\, . .~,,, . h\\ ,\'1\ll"'lllhl 11 111\h'il \\\ lh1 ».\\l l\\1\ \l hil\\1111\ tt h olw,,v•, .1 · :-,i
1,11111111111"'1-1 11111\\H1111
:';~
H~ttl\\111 llii Alll'\1td\l1H 1,, tmv l'I C'\'llti l.tnl
\\
p1 o po1 \t()n, the
1,tl \
,;-, ,~,
I
11h)1111i11lt' 11111 nlwnv•i pt 1•~1i11l l11 d,,1111lll' p,l,p\11 t10n b)
llltl!ill It\ 1\ l'IIPl\11\'lll !,llb:,liill\'1'
*""\I,"' "' tN~ h,11,1,11n~ l:~ m,111, ;11\ ,, ,1h· d, •11 \ll\l\
1 1'
O Att•tt?ttl,,11 tA) 11111~ n111 ,1lw,1w p\1~,l li\d\ rli-Hf.t'ti
\;\I \ t ('~~.,, 1\1\ tll1h11~~1\
,,, t,;>- , m 1d) \\\\~~'II
H(,,,,,,,,, (H) l\11H111n· hit111( d b\ l,1~1t,r. rn t:,,ltnint: 1..
1 1

\1ltl\'l 1,11 \~\,

s \\'~,, ~ tll(~ 1M10 ,\t n,,,~•~l b1 1~,w~ 1111\11 h,,11 mill l'\\H1i11 l11
{'J t\_\O (ihl\ t\l~•~'
'Hl Ati~t>l1lh1tt l\\l\1111\.'III of l),1 1~, 3,
Hvi 1t',,11 Al\11111111\Y h: ti\() t't1mblnmr. P1..'\\\'1 ,,1 ,111 d~'·nt?nt
\bl h : <i
\ d\ , • I
with \1tllt11 nl\.,111.
a •\$hhl~Hf t{~tum~ U\11t i11uminh1111 h'11m, 1.' 11rnp,1umt wlll\ Answt,t·s
..-h ,'fll\r' ;llhl i'l\\r-:1'1), ~h~) h\\ltd~~ tilt) Vdl\'11\'lt'~: ,,1 tlw
t, \,•)
thr t't' t'lt'lllt'llt~ t'1111111ttt~1h\\' tl\l'1,,1tl QII.\I,
ti. \•I)
rtc)f\ltllll
Cn~t' B,1sl'-d, Souret' Bns.cd Questions
\luu\h 1i\1n1 ,\ I
1 t lllhlt'tl~m (Q. Ntl~~- i iii) ~ 1$\\t.'' tH~' ~tr('.'${\.1" ~ 1,_), :h?- ,.'-1$.$
L'hhwltw t 1t \\>W 1111dl'f~t,u1dn~: \if thi..' r,,
\A~ .,~ '-~,1$..."t__~t· ,~ -,,
,d,ttl.'d $tll1.llt\1 \\l 'h.\'Pt~.
l hti r:vmt,lnlnt: \\\p,h:ith'~ ,'11 ,~ tt't.'h' ,t t''ent-' -~$ ,l ~
Which opti\.1n Hivt\~ thl' l'Ollh't h)1111ul<1 l)I ,1lw\\lt11u11, e,1111p,m'\i ,, 1th th,,t t'r h\,lH;1~:-1.'''· \ '1:.', ,,tt~m'\ t' ·,. ,1 \'i,e •
oxtl.it'- nnd cllununiu,n rl\l()1 ld1''1' \$ t,ll\\'11 ,,~ l ,11\d tht' \,th'·\,'11.'$ ,._)t ,l V\ '<: t' ~ "t' 't$. ,l <::::
(a) >\lum11)H1tn O\itJ.t1: -\1,0.,; !\hllllhll\llll \'hl11t1dt•· i\ll,'l,1 lrn\l~Hlt'd ,lt~,lll\$t um~
$t,U',i,1 \l \:~ <.ll1.." ' l ~- ,'.' ,' ~- r

(b) A.hnnlnhun O.Xlllr: ,ti\lC>_.. <1hm1lnl\1111 \'hl\lt l1k. J-'\t\'I, ,1lw,1\~ 1.x1111hil1t'$ \\ 1t11 l\w ,,~, ' \$ 1..'t ~\1..1 <'f~ · l\.' t-..'!J ·,
(c) Aluminium oxicir: Al}l ,: <1lum111h11n rhlut1d1•' ;\I fl• \\11\'IUI\I h\\111\k, ,\ 1.\1r'll~'\ ;)1..1 \V ,',11,'t,1 ,, ,l ',' 11 \1.' ..?f~'i.
tk•h.'t' tlw r,,mt>uun~~ ~,1~\l,'1~ ,, \,i ~~, ,,. ,',' ....--~ ,, ~
\d}Aluminium l\\ltl~; 3V\l0\ ~: ,11umh11t11111'11ll111dt': .\ 'ii pn
tWI\'(' th,1t \\I ti~\1(\)t:t.'{l,
ASSESS

( com pet enc y Focused 1orw.:r,t1 1r.:1 Qu est ion ~ -

-
., MuJUpfc Tyl>(! Qu%tlons A~~JQ rtlon R~ac_.on Qu~:,t10n~
Dlmetl<,n (() I it}'-, 7 "() I fr, fol 'fl/ f R.
,:;ir,r1 rJf ti1'!
1 ~ mp!{: ! PUH W•il!:r, Irr(:· fH,r.1Jt.- r~ '>( 1t; ' "'
' "' J1Jrr '
· ~·
• 1'1% hvrl ;n. lht.l d<.tfa f,/IJ':',tl'JW,, ;_, ·,t;Jtt.;m ,,r t ,,, /. n~rti,Jr -; ti
;r_r IY/ tJ ,:
~-" ,.,rawm .,~ b~.0½
.. 0 Wyf~r
1t t: -;r;,tr:rr ~-- ';,
<,QfflJ',fJ<'JflrJifl~ ·,t;1te rm,r1t <1f f't::;, ,r,r, r1,
I ,- o1 rm(. pr r J)f<Jf)OfUOt1 • m;,rr th<: <,<1ff':Ct ;Jh',111Jr ;:,·,
.. ~';(,- 1~
(t) tz.,rCN r~ :J<OC:!l prot)r->rU,w l~J Br.Ah t,,,c;1;,1 ,,,r ;,r rj Ptr,,'/A ;_,•<; •,r,r•<,r,t :;Jr •;~
virrt:<. t ,:1pl~,. ~•<Jr f)f f.•,-,1Jrtlf)r ,
~ ia-,, o1 con:.Mm r1rooorU<m~ / :, • ·,• h-<-
(bJ EY,1t1 f,::,•,tcrt •<Jn ;;ir 1 P(:a'lJ ' ::ir<: r//f'::', t :, Jt 2-P.:J'/
<:.-0rr1::r,1 r:1r,1ana1Jr;n rJf /.','l;rf. ;!;ri
2 er 11.'hit.tl uf th<: follvw,nJ;. thi:: vat,;nr,1 of r::ach of
th'.: ,,,, P.s1>ert1on I', (/;(('::c t l'.I.P P<;~rJ r ,-~ ,~ '//[l::':t.

UY &ts' H.:nt ~1,.:m!:r,1, '.J <.:quaf to the total numb er c,f

(dJ k, ,.ert1on i-:; ,r,cbrr~ct b,.i• P~yJ r :, ir ,;,r, •:<.:<,t.
1

awms in or.!: molf:cul<:; of th~ corn pound ? d . 5.S g of

7 Assertion (AJ 1/'/hen 10 g ofCaU J 3 ':- de-:hr"V.,SB
Compe tency Ba.ed Que. g of C01 ~sr,al'.)%.
(bJH,S residue is left and 4.4
(~) CH.1,
Reason (P) La11 of conservation of mass s 'o 01.~c!
.
(,} 1/ gCf:, CdJ cao
of carbvr
3 /..n tl~merrt Xis divalent and another element y is 8 Assertion (A) In carbon dioxide the rat o of mass
nts to the mass of oxyge n is alwa1s 3: 8.
1wav alerl Thi: compound formed by these two eleme
w1llbe Reason (R) According to la11 of constant propo,.. o:-
tn~
o,
•~, IY (t,) /.Y,, elements are always present in definite proport. O"
!<-1 l 2 Y (d) YY4 mass in a chem ical subst ance.
9 Assertion (A) Ions are always positivel1 charg
ed.
4 wr,ich of the following is monoatomic element?
Cb) Hydrogen
(a} !iitrogen Reason (R) Ions are formed by losing or ga ning o'
1

re,) Helium Cd) Oxygen

electrons.
s What rs the ratio of mass between carbon and oxygen in 1O Assertion Atomicity of 0 3 is 3.
nt
carbon dioxide? Reason Atomicity is the combining power of ar eleme
r;,, 3: e (b) 5: 6
with other atom.
IC} 2 : 9 (d) 7: 4
with Answers
6 A student learns that aluminium forms compound
ds the valencies of the
c.hlorine and o,:ygem. She recor 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (CJ 4. (c) S.1.11

three elements. Competency Based Que. 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (CJ 10. '~)
6. (a)
Element Valency
Case Based/Source Based Questions
Aluminium 3+ basis
11 Direction (Q. Nos. i-iii) Answer the questions on the
1- of your understanding of the following passage and
Chlorine
related studied concepts:
Oxygen 2-
The combining capacities of different elements are
gen
compared with that of hydrogen. The valency of hydro
Whlch option gives the correct formula of aluminium cies of all other eleme nts are
is taken as 1 and the valen
oxide and aluminium chloride? m
measured against this standard. An atom of calciu
(aJ Aluminium oxide: Al2')1 ; aluminium chloride: AICl 3 gen to form
3AICl 2 always combines with two atoms of hydro
(I)) Aluminium oxide: 3AI0 2 ; aluminium chloride: gen.
calcium hydride, a compound of calcium and hydro
(c) Aluminium oxide: A1 0,; aluminium chloride: Al 3Cl 2
3 Hence, the combining capacity or valency of calciu
m is
CI)
(d) Aluminium oxide: 3(AI0'2: aluminium chloride: 2(Al 3 twice that of hydrogen.

Chapter 3 : Atoms and Molecules 67

 ) I \\I I h I I \ l rf11, hi '- ,1, 111 I Irr 111 , II I, I ,, ,1, 1,/ ,,, 1111 ,,,, ,,, ~
,1• 1 'Ill It, lr1l Vllt11111 (ll11 11111 (Ill 1111 t,11,,1111 , '''" 1,11111111, ,,/ ,111,1,1, ,,, Ir
i ,,
X1l•<1,.1 '//1 11111
1 1
,~1,,rrr ,rtl ' ,,,, 1,,,,,,
1
t,, ,,,,, ii f• 111 ,, ,J
"' 1111
1111) WI I,11 l•J 1nt11111I Ir{
111, m/trtr',/ ,,( f/11 I l•·t11• ,,I I
' ' ,,, Ill V 1,, II 1111111 1" n,
I 1 ,,, 1,11,J' ,,1.,,, {!1,,,1111,,1
I 1 , ,/ ,
hi\\ \,II hr II tlf ., "''' ,, 1111d i'irt 1111111 ml11111,/
, t11rrr111' ,,t ,, ,,,,,,,,,, / I 1
1 11
.,. ""d"' 'I
C ns od Rosponao (Do~crlp1ivn) tfon~J
VcH) Short l\nswc1 Typl1 Q111 1i,t1011,
,o r1lr11111lr,11I ,,m,p1i1111 f , ,1, 111,,, •,111r,lr,1t,
1 ,, '
~
/1111
1 • ¥.h Ch fewn <2(1 llom•, i ,,t,1111 ,1q11,iou1i •,111i1t111111,·1 <11v1·
11 le Ill 111,,,w,,,w,•j
(I) lrJ1J11 Y111 .. lmrnul,, ,,, , 111111,,,,,,1111, ,, ,.
i ~ v,,,1,,,1s of 111c follnw111~ Plt•n11 1111•, II r.horn 11,,i 1
Wrllo po1Jfllv1,
(II) wlum '
11
' '
I ·,11t/11u,, 1111 1, 1
Ion I•, fllpl:11,11/1 /Jy
1111urn (11) Coh111t
thlJ '"'lUlllflP, (,()trlP,JIHII
nc (IVJ Hrid011

,~ i\ the 1011 prt"s~nt 111 (11 Al>!CO ), (II) /\IU, 1 IIII) N " "'"' P.,J',
Nmnu() 'J P,(IJ(Jfl11() ' w111, 1111,/,,r 111,1•.-,
1 21 /1) 4/Jljfn
~ rnol
1 , Jl•J known tr1 ,,xr Im~, lhli tlft
r. ' ,ir,r
1s I A') cltment has n \'illent y of t Writo llw shnplost
\ll'llUl,!J for {.Ulphide of !ht l'll•nwnt. (II) Nwnu' Ihu IJ lorn,mr,1pru•11mr Irr 1h11, P.~i·, ,111(J ,,,,,,.
tholr Vfilcmoy.
, ·~ me tho oon pound rL•µrci:.Pnlt!d by forn1ulH K So,,.
(111) C,Jlr.u Ict to t'hu rormulH uni! rnr1• ,r, "' tfa ;,i<,() '
Co111potono¥ Bn1od Quo.
16 1,, tormur;i 01 cnrhonato of c1 rnut<1I Mi!i M,co,. What ls
ti t fo1111u1a lor phosptia1t, of M? fGlvun utomlc rnrJti!. or N,J rJ u, C 1:, u

1 G1vcone point of <11tfe1ence betweon r111 atom und an Ion. HficJ() lfJ uj

Co,nputonoy Bnaod Quo.

22 An olumont Xhas • ~• 1•ncy 1- c,.,,0,1,.,,, 11,,,., Q•
n \\r iett,t r11em1ca1 syrnbols of two ulements.
(I/ Wrlto tho ohemlcttl formula 01 Iii:; Ph<>',ph1cJ,.
1NI c11 are formed from lht• first lettor of thu elemunt's
am,,? (II) Write the chornlcal formu1~1 ot lf ,j r,lllr,r,cf(,,
(Ill) Is elemont Xa rnoti--JI or rt l10tt •niot11I?
Whose narrir:s
11 clements have but:11 takon lro1111110 nnines of tho
111 t.a1rn?

., Long Answer Type Questions

Short Answer Type Questions
23 (I) Stttlo the two lrnportm1t luws of ctwrn1c,r11
18 Name an,, wo mo110,;,Je111 catrons, diva Jent cations a11u
ma~e.
""'""'''""'"'·Also
the:•PJ "'""' any on, con1poun11 oach on, ol co111blnat1011. llow Dalton's aton,,r. lhc•ory o,pJain1
tho two Laws'?
19 Tr .,~l'Jll)i:,ls of soin<> of ih<! 1oni:. nre giv1m below
1 chwn1ca1lonnu11w or nil nt10s (Ne 1 J 01
Ill) Writ• the
1\11•, Mgi , H'. C.Q·, , Cl , S' 11
No I K , /\1
I , Mg7 ' ,Cn 71 .Ir/'.
lJ 11,g 1111s •rtf0rr11at1on find ou1 tla• lorr11ul<1u of 2 1

&0d11,1rl") t:;:J1bcma1.c: 4 Iii What Is tho dlflorenco bot wuon 21 J nn,JJ I;

(IJ) llH1gm,,,,u,n Chlorldo
, , ityd rr.;gr•1 1fiulµtlld t• Ill) fho v111oncy or"" ulo111«11t X Is /4. Write llie1
lorn1u1a 01Its oxluo.
0 0111100
(Ill) Why '" ·, 6Yn 11>01, 001 USOtl in ChO,nisJryl

Con,Pfltoncy Baaed Que,

68 1l/ vJit Science 9th

 r~~w 'p ha•i> of ari Plern~r, x .
I I Tho rormula o 5 Ul" tormu a of mtruJu 'Jf 't .
~,(S04l3 What

elc·nent r:? the term chernlr,aJ fo,,.,,J :n

(111} What is me:~:ency of th<: ':!lemer •?
l, It related Or
, d and O Find J'cJP~ of an elem er• 7 ·, l /J ,.,•
The formuIa ofofOM
,.tement l?
is the varenc; ~

Constructed Response (Descrip

\er\ Sm,rt An~,,-e1 T)pe Questions

· I compoun
20 In a chem,ca . d ca 'c,um SUiphate:
1;i • :i-c: n st m aqueous solutions? G1, e ,._ the two 10ns.
(ii ldent,,, t alformula of comoouno fo,r,,.
,~ o~ the toOo" ng elements. Wrrte the
(ri) when positrve ,on is replaced by sodium iori. · ·
~her~u
' ..- ~ - Cobah
" Radon
.
(Ill/ ~ame the resulting compound.
-~ •
2
H ioris Pf"eSent n •I Al;,tCO~ 3 (i1) .\1B,i 1 (1) Name a greenhouse gas wrth molar
. . mass
h t·
44 g mor 1 an d is known to extingu1s 1.re.
·s _..,, ~ . has a \a enc-. of 3. Wnte the simplest
"' • SU'.olll<le oft~ e ernent. (ii) Name the eleme nts present in this gas arid ··
llrt=.

~ ci'"le-the con iiounc represented by formula Ki-SO.:. their valency.

~mpetency Based Que.

(iii) Calculate the formula unit mass of Na2C03-
16 Tllf: 'om lJ..a o1 ca•oonate of a :neta , \-1 1sM._eo _What is
•;.,e tormu:a ·3r Phosphate of M? 3 fGiven atomic mass of Na == 23 u, C == 12 u

G one pa r r of difference bet,..een an atom and an ion. ,)ind O::: 16 Uj

22 An element X has a valency 1. Com,,,,.,, e..., q,,
1 ~ mpetenC) Based Que.
.., ht che'Tl ec s:,·mbo1s of t,\o e emems. (i) Write the chemical formula of its Phosphide.
,•, : .., are 'ormeo frcn, the first 1ener of the element's
r.::11e? (ii) Write the chemical formula of its chloride .
(iii) Is element X a metal or a non-metal?
\',tioSt- namE-S ha,c been taken from the names of the
e e.me· ·s 1n lo~1ri?
,. Long Answer Type Questions
SMrt Answer T}'pe Questions
23 (i) State the two important laws of chemical
1a •~" • er, 0,o mono,aien, cat,ons. d1va1em cations and
.-. •n·
t!11 ~'Ti caoons. Also name any onecomoouno each one of
ma1-:i: combination. How Da~on's atomic the01y exp~;"
the two Laws?

19 T e S-Jlllt>o!-: cl sorne of th€: ions are given belov.

(ii) Write the chemical formulae of nitrates (NOJ) of
lk: ~ Mg" • w. co~ . Cl • S2 3
Na•, K+, Al \ Mg 2• ,Ca 2+, Zn 2+ _
- r:g tn,. · formation, fina out tr te formulat of
SOO, ."1 CE!rbof a~ 24 fiJ What is the difference between 2H and H,
h;drogr:n ~Jlp:uae IIIJ rnagne:s,urn C.llloride
(ii) The Yalency of an element X is 4. Write the7
formula of its oxide.

(iii) Why are Da~OO's 'Ymbo1s not used in chemistry?

Competency Based Que

68 !HJ :>1 Science 9th

ta.