Communications Network

ECE 539
Lecture #1
'Il Introduction
E Communication Networks &
Their Models

Lecturer: Dr. Hesham Abd EL Hakim

Email : [email protected]
 Announcements

* EBOOK ; Text:
* Michael G. Solomon, David Kim“Fundamentals of Communications and
Networking”, 3rd Edition,2021.
« R. Srikant, Lei Ying,“Communication Networks , An Optimization, Control,
and Stochastic Networks Perspective ”, , 15t Edition, 2013.
 Course Assessment

2 Midterms

3 Assignments 5%

MATLAB-based ! o
Assignments 5%
Lectures & Practicals 10%

Final exam covers all

90%
Lectures

Notes:
1. The MATLAB assignment should be viewed as a term project
 Prerequisites
(Things you should know already!)
* Knowledge of analog and digital modulation
* Matlab and Python Programming
 Basics of Telecommunications
Electronic
Transmitter

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The field of communication systems includes two major traditional
research areas: telecommunication and computer communication.
Telecommunication is communication at a distance by technological means,
particularly through electrical signals or electromagnetic waves.
 Basics of Telecommunications
g Internet

.
Internetwork

Network Network

The electronic transmission of information over distances, called

telecommunications, has become nearly close from computers:
Computers and telecommunications create value together.
Communications networks are key infrastructures of the information
society with high socio-economic value. Such networks contribute to the
correct operations of many critical services, from healthcare to finance,
scientific research, transportation, video broadcasting and entertainment.
 Definition of terms:

Networking is the practice of linking two or more computers or devices

with each other. In order to make a number of computers communicate
with one another, on a meaningful basis, there are many definitions that
need to be established, including:
Communication Protocols and contention schemes
Svnchronous/asynchronous transmission mode
Bit rates
Error detection and correction techniques
Electrical signaling methods
Cable types and connector types
Modulation techniques
Software structure to support applications programs.
The common language between networking communication devices is
known as protocols. The communication networks are usually described
by a stack of protocols that defines a framework for implementing the
communication process.
 Transmission Protocols
ink different networks together and to create low cost networking
hardware. The problem with trying to rationalize networking standards 15
that 1t 15 a very complex fask to decde for any individual networking
requirement. That 1s, should a standard definejust cables or connectors or
cables, connectors, signaling techniques and contention schemes? Where
does one draw the boundartes for standards? The International Standards
Organization (ISO) fackled this problem by developing a framework
teferred to as Open Systems Interconnect or "O81" model,
open systems interconnect (OSI)Model

1. Application | Software application programs Data stream

6. Presentation | Data representation and encryption Data stream
5. Session | Inter-host communication Data stream
4 Transport | End-fo-end connections and reliability | Segment
3. Network | Path determination and logical addressing | Packet
2.Data Lk | Physical addressing Frame
[ Physical | Equipment, Media, and signal transmission | Bit
 Open Systems Interconnect (OSI)Model
The Physical Layer defines the electrical and physical specifications for
network devices. This includes the specifications of network cards, hubs,
cable, and voltage levels. The main functions of this layer is the signal
modulation and transmission over a physical channel {cables, or air).

The Data Link Layer provides the procedural means to transfer data
between network nodes and to detect and correct errors. Examples of data
link protocols are Ethernet and Point-to-Point (PPP) protocol.

The MNetwork Layer performs network addressing and routing

functions, and might also perform assembly (encapsulation)} and
fragmentation of data. Routers, which are sending data throughout the
network, operate at this layer. The best-known example of a Laver 3
routing protocols is the Internet Protocol (IP).
The Transport Layer controls the reliability of a given link through flow
control, data segmentation/assembly, and ermror control. Although not
developed under the OSI Model, typical examples of Layer 4 are the
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol
(UDP). The Session Layer controls the dialogues between computers. It
eshblishfi,mm:agfimflminatesihecmnecfiensbetwemfllelocal
and remote application, and commonly implemented in application
environments that use remote procedure calls (RPC).

The Presentation Layer works to transform (format and encrypt) data

The Application Layer is the closest OSI layer to the end user, so that he
can interact with the software application. Some examples of application
layer include Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), and Simple Mail
Transfer Protocol (SMTPF).
Seven Layer ISO/0OSI Communications model

Transmit
Data

Transpon.
Network.
Data Link.

Receive Ehysical
Data

Physical Link (Channel)

 Types of telecommunications networks
The simplest form of telecommunications takes place between
two stations, but it is common for multiple transmitting and
receiving stations to exchange data among them.
The internet is the largest example of a telecommunications network.
On a smaller scale, examples include:
- Corporate and academic wide-area networks(WANSs)
- Telephone networks
- Cellular networks
- Police and fire communications systems
- Taxi dispatch networks
- Groups of amateur (ham) radio operators
- Broadcast networks
Data is transmitted in a telecommunications circuit by means of
an electrical signal called the carrier In order for a carrier to
convey information, some form of modulation is required. 10
 Telecommunication Network
A network has nodes connected by
links:
Externd Nevwurk

External nodes are users and sometimes access points to other

networks.
Internal nodes are part of the network infrastructure and perform
various tasks.
Links provide interconnections between nodes.
The goal is to have a path from any node to any other node
without the need for an excessive number of links.

10
 Public Switched Telecommunications Network
(PSTN)
The telephone is connected to the public switched
telecommunications network (PSTN) for local, national, and
international voice communications. These same telephone
connections may also carry data and image information.
The PSTN has ever-increasing data communications traffic
where the network is used as a channel for data. PSTN circuits
may be rented or used in a dial-up mode for data connections.
In many situations, the PC uses telephone connectivity to
obtain Internet and e-mail services. Cable television (CATV)
offers another form of connectivity providing both telephone
and Internet service.
 Public Switched Telecommunications Network
(PSTN)
There is a growing trend for users to bypass the PSTN
partially or completely.
The use of satellite links in certain situations is one
method for PSTN bypass.
Another possibility is to build a private network using any one or a
combination of fiber optics, copper wire line, line-of-sight microwave, and
satellite communications. Some private networks take on the appearance of a
mini-PSTN.

Local Network Local Network

The PSTN consists of local networks interconnected bv a lona-distance network.
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 Public Switched Telecommunications Network
(PSTN)
The PSTN, which is open to public correspondence, It is
usually regulated by a government authority or may be a
government monopoly, although there is a notable trend toward
privatization.
End-Users
End-users, provide the inputs to the network and are recipients
of network outputs. The end- user employs what is called an
I/0. An I/O may be a PC, computer, telephone instrument,
cellular/PCS telephone or combined device, facsimile, or
conference TV equipment.
 Public Switched Telecommunications Network
(PSTN)

To/from other nodes

or end-users

= Node |—— &

End-user End-user

End-users usually connect to nodes, it is a node, a point or junction

in a transmission system where lines and trunks meet.
A node usually carries out a switching function in the case of the
local area network (LAN).
 Public Switched Telecommunications Network
(PSTN)
Connectivity

BB — o Node [
End-user 7 End-user

A network interface unit is used, through which one or more end-

users may be connected.
Connectivity links an end-user to a node and from there possibly
through other nodes to some final end-user destination with
which the initiating end-user wants to communicate.
First, the equipment, both switching and transmission
facilities, are available to set up a path from, say, Socket A to
Socket B. Assume A and B to be user end-points. The second
interpretation would be that not only are the circuits available,
but also they are connected and ready to pass information. -
 End User as a Telephone User

There are three sequential stages to a telephone call.

1. Call setup
2. Information exchange
3. Call take down
Call setup is the stage where a circuit is established and activated. The
setup is facilitated by signaling, It is initiated by the calling subscriber
(user) going off-hook. This is a term that derives from the telephony
of the early 1900s. It means “the action of taking the telephone
instrument out of its cradle.

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Any Question

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