DATE OF SUBMISSION: 31ST JANUARY, 2025

NAME:APPIAH KOWSON STEPHEN

INDEX NUMBER: BC/PET/22/034

COURSE: RESERVOIR ENGINEERING II

PROGRAMME: BTECH PETROLEUM ENGINEERING (III)

QUESTION TWO

SOLUTION

Data

N p=¿ 1 x 10 MMSTB

G p=1 MMSTB

G p 1100×10 6
Rp= = 6
=1100
Np 1× 10

The following data is also available: Swi = 0. 20, cw = 1. 5 × 10−6 psi−1, cf = 1 × 10−6 psi−1

a. The cumulative water influx, W e=

[
N p [ Bt + ( R p−Rsi ) B g ] −N ( B t−Bti ) +m Bti
( Bg
B gi ) ( S C +C
) ]
−1 + Bti (1+ m) wi w f ∆ p + W p B ℘
1−S wi
We=

[
10 [ 1.655+ ( 1100−1040 ) 0.00092 ] −10 ( 1.655−1.58 ) +0.25 ( 1.58 )
6 7
( 0.00092
0.0008
−1 )+1.58 ( 1+ 0.25 ) (
0.2 ( 1

We = 411,281 bbl
b. Net water influx = W e−W p B℘

=441,281 – 50000

=361,281 bbl

c. To calculate for the primary indexes, the parameter A must first be calculated for:

A = N p [ Bt + ( R p−Rsi ) B g ]

=106 [ 1.655+ ( 1100−1040 ) 0.00092 ]

= 1,710,000

N ( Bt −Bti )
i. Depletion Drive Index, DDI =
A
7
10 (1.655−1.58 )
=
1,710,000
= 0.4385

Nm Bti ( B g−B gi ) /B gi
ii. Segregation Drive Index, SDI =
A
7
10 × 0.25 ×1.58 ( 0.00092−0.0008 ) /0.0008
=
1,710,000
=0.3465

W e −W p B℘
iii. Water Drive Index, WDI =
A
411,281−50000
=
1,710,000
= 0.2112

iv. Expansion Drive Index, EDI = 1 - ( DDI +WDI +WDI )

= 1 - ( 0.4385+ 0.3465+0.2112 )

= 0.0036
 QUESTION FOUR

SOLUTION

Data
3
volume of gas∈ft
m= 3
volume of oil∈ ft
20000
¿
100000
¿0.2
G p 5.5 ×109
Rp= = =1100
N p 5 ×106

Solution

Solution:

Step1. Assuming the same porosity and connate-water for the oil and gas zones, calculate m:

𝑚 = 20,000/100,000 = 0.2

Step 2. Calculate the cumulative gas-oil ratio 𝑅𝑝:

5.5 ∗ 10^6 /5*10^6=1100scf/STB

Step 3. Solve for the initial oil-in-place by applying equation (15):

𝑁 = 5∗10^6 1.33+ (1100−500) 0.0015]- (3∗10^6−0.2∗10^6)/( 1.35−1.33) + (600−500) 0.0015+(0.2)

a. Five Basic Assumptions for Material Balance Equation Method:

1. Closed System: The system is closed, meaning there is no mass entering or leaving the system
during the time frame of interest.

2. Steady-State Conditions: The properties of the system do not change over time, leading to
equilibrium in the material balance.

3. Homogeneous Properties: The properties of the fluid and reservoir are uniform throughout the
entire system.

4. Single Phase Flow:The calculations assume that the flow is either liquid or gas, but not both at the
same time.

5. Negligible Volume Change: It assumes that the volume of fluids does not change significantly due
to pressure changes.

b. Five Uses of Material Balance Equation:

1. Reservoir Characterization: Helps in evaluating the original hydrocarbon in place (OHIP) for oil and
gas reservoirs.

2. Estimation of Reserves: Assists in calculating the recoverable reserves from a reservoir.

3. Production Forecasting: Used to predict future production rates based on historical data.

4. Assessment of Recovery Efficiency: Helps in understanding the efficiency of different recovery

5. Management of Resources: Provides foundational information needed for reservoir management

c. Five Limitations of the Material Balance Equation:

1. Simplifications and Assumptions: The assumptions may not hold true in all reservoir conditions,
leading to inaccuracies.

2. Limited Applicability: Not suitable for systems with complex geometries or non-homogeneous
properties.

3. Neglect of Temporal Changes: Doesn't account for time-dependent phenomena in dynamic

5. Inability to Capture Fluid Interaction: The equation doesn’t consider interactions between different
fluid phases or composition changes over time.

d. Importance of Combining MBE with Fluid Flow Equations (e.g., Darcy's Equation):

Combining the Material Balance Equation (MBE) with fluid flow equations such as Darcy's equation is
crucial in reservoir engineering as it allows for a comprehensive analysis of fluid movement and
behavior within the reservoir. MBE provides information on the mass balance and overall fluid
volumes, while Darcy's law describes how fluids flow through porous media. Together, they enable
engineers to:

- Accurately model reservoir behavior under different pressure and production scenarios.

- Better understand reservoir dynamics, such as pressure drops or saturation changes over time.

- Enhance predictions of production rates and recovery factors by accounting for flow characteristics.

- Optimize field development plans through integrated analysis of fluid behavior and resource
estimation.

- Facilitate improved reservoir management strategies by providing insights into reservoir

e. Five Driving Mechanisms for Natural Energy Necessary for Oil Recovery:

1. Primary Depletion Drive: Natural pressure decline in the reservoir provides energy for oil flow.

2. Solution Gas Drive:Dissolved gas in the oil expands as pressure decreases, driving oil to the
surface.

3. Gas Cap Drive:Gas present at the top of an oil reservoir expands and pushes oil downwards
towards the wellbore.

4. Water Drive: The influx of water from surrounding formations displaces oil and helps maintain
reservoir pressure.

5. Gravity Drainage: The natural tendency of oil to move downward due to gravity, especially in tilted
reservoir