Duhok Polytechnic University

Technical college of Administration

Information Technology management DPU

Subject: E-management

Report About

E-commerce

Name of student Name of Supervisor

Mizgeen Fakhre Dr. Fairoz Hamdi

Araz Salih
Blind Abdullah
Shaker Mohamed
Hazhar Jbrael

2022 – 2023
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCION .................................................................................... 3
How does e-commerce work? ............................................................... 4
Types of e-commerce ............................................................................. 5
Business-to-business (B2B .................................................................. 5
Business-to-consumer (B2C): ............................................................. 6
Consumer-to-consumer (C2C): .......................................................... 6
Business-to-administration (B2A): .................................................... 7
Consumer-to-administration (C2A) .................................................. 7
Social security. ............................................................................. 7
Taxes............................................................................................. 7
Health. .......................................................................................... 8
Mobile e-commerce: ............................................................................ 8
Advantages and disadvantages of e-commerce ................................... 8
Availability. .......................................................................................... 8
Speed of access ..................................................................................... 8
Wide availability.................................................................................. 9
Easy accessibility. ................................................................................ 9
International reach.............................................................................. 9
Lower cost. ........................................................................................... 9
CONCLUION ....................................................................................... 10

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 INTRODUCION

Ecommerce, also known as electronic commerce or internet commerce, refers

to the buying and selling of goods or services using the internet, and the
transfer of money and data to execute these transactions

E-commerce (electronic commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and

services, or the transmitting of funds or data, over an electronic network,
primarily the internet. These business transactions occur either as business-
to-business (B2B), business-to-consumer (B2C), consumer-to-consumer or
consumer-to-business.

The terms e-commerce and e-business are often used interchangeably. The
term e-tail is also sometimes used in reference to the transactional
processes that make up online retail shopping.

In the last two decades, widespread use of e-commerce platforms such as

Amazon and eBay has contributed to substantial growth in online retail. In
2011, e-commerce accounted for 5% of total retail sales, according to the U.S.
Census Bureau. By 2020, with the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, it had
risen to over 16% of retail sales.

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 How does e-commerce work?

E-commerce is powered by the internet. Customers access an online store to

browse through and place orders for products or services via their own
devices. As the order is placed, the customer's web browser will communicate
back and forth with the server hosting the e-commerce website. Data
pertaining to the order will be relayed to a central computer known as
the order manager. It will then be forwarded to databases that manage
inventory levels; a merchant system that manages payment information, using
applications such as PayPal; and a bank computer. Finally, it will circle back
to the order manager. This is to make sure that store inventory and customer
funds are sufficient for the order to be processed.

After the order is validated, the order manager will notify the store's web
server. It will display a message notifying the customer that their order has
been successfully processed. The order manager will then send order data to
the warehouse or fulfillment department, letting it know the product or
service can be dispatched to the customer. At this point tangible or digital
products may be shipped to a customer, or access to a service may be granted.

Platforms that host e-commerce transactions include online marketplaces that

sellers sign up for, such as Amazon; software as a service (SaaS) tools that
allow customers to "rent" online store infrastructures; or open source tools
that companies manage using their in-house developers.

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 Types of e-commerce

Business-to-business (B2B): e-commerce refers to the electronic

exchange of products, services or information between businesses rather than
between businesses and consumers. Examples include online directories and
product and supply exchange websites that let businesses search for products,
services and information and initiate transactions through e-procurement
interfaces. A Forrester report published in 2018 predicted that by 2023, B2B
e-commerce will reach $1.8 trillion dollars and account for 17% of U.S. B2B
sales.

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Business-to-consumer (B2C):

is the retail part of e-commerce on the internet? It is when businesses sell

products, services or information directly to consumers. The term was
popular during the dot-com boom of the late 1990s, when online retailers and
sellers of goods were a novelty. Today, there are innumerable virtual stores
and malls on the internet selling all types of consumer goods. Amazon is the
most recognized example of these sites. It dominates the B2C market.

Consumer-to-consumer (C2C):

is a type of e-commerce in which consumers trade products, services and

information with each other online. These transactions are generally
conducted through a third party that provides an online platform on which
the transactions are carried out.

Online auctions and classified advertisements are two examples of C2C

platforms. EBay and Craigslist are two well-known examples of these
platforms. Because eBay is a business, this form of e-commerce could also be
called C2B2C -- consumer-to-business-to-consumer. Platforms like Facebook
marketplace and Depop -- a fashion reselling platform -- also enable C2C
transactions.

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Consumer-to-business (C2B):

is a type of e-commerce in which consumers make their products and services

available online for companies to bid on and purchase. This is the opposite of
the traditional commerce model of B2C.

A popular example of a C2B platform is a market that sells royalty-free

photographs, images, media and design elements, such as iStock. Another
example would be a job board.

Business-to-administration (B2A):

refers to transactions conducted online between companies and public

administration or government bodies. Many branches of government are
dependent on various types of e-services or products. These products and
services often pertain to legal documents, registers, social security, fiscal data
and employment. Businesses can supply these electronically. B2A services
have grown considerably in recent years as investments have been made in e-
government capabilities.

Consumer-to-administration (C2A)

refers to transactions conducted online between consumers and public

administration or government bodies. The government rarely buys products
or services from individuals, but individuals frequently use electronic means
in the following areas:

• Social security. Distributing information and making payments.

• Taxes. Filing tax returns and making payments.

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• Health. Making appointments, providing test results and information
about health conditions, and making health services payments.

Mobile e-commerce:

(m-commerce) refers to online sales transactions using mobile devices, such

as smartphones and tablets. It includes mobile shopping, banking and
payments. Mobile chatbots facilitate m-commerce, letting consumer’s
complete transactions via voice or text conversations.

Advantages and disadvantages of e-commerce

Availability.
Aside from outages and scheduled maintenance, e-commerce sites are
available 24/7, enabling visitors to browse and shop at any time. Brick-and-
mortar businesses tend to open for a fixed number of hours and may even
close entirely on certain days.

Speed of access.
While shoppers in a physical store can be slowed by crowds, e-commerce
sites run quickly, which is determined by compute
and bandwidth considerations on both the consumer device and the e-
commerce site. Product and shopping cart pages’ load in a few seconds or
less. An e-commerce transaction can comprise a few clicks and take less
than five minutes.

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 Wide availability.

Amazon's first slogan was "Earth's Biggest Bookstore." It could make this
claim because it was an e-commerce site and not a physical store that had
to stock each book on its shelves. E-commerce enables brands to make a
wide array of products available, which are then shipped from a
warehouse or various warehouses after a purchase is made. Customers will
likely have more success finding what they want.

Easy accessibility.
Customers shopping a physical store may have difficulty locating a particular
product. Website visitors can browse product category pages in real time and
use the site's search feature to find the product immediately.

International reach.
Brick-and-mortar businesses sell to customers who physically visit their
stores. With e-commerce, businesses can sell to anyone who can access the
web. E-commerce has the potential to extend a business's customer base.

Lower cost.

Pure play e-commerce businesses avoid the costs of running physical stores,
such as rent, inventory and cashiers. They may incur shipping and warehouse
costs, however.

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 CONCLUION

E-Commerce is not an IT issue but a whole business undertaking. Companies

that use it as a reason for completely re-designing their business processes are
likely to reap the greatest benefits. Moreover, E-Commerce is a helpful
technology that gives the consumer access to business and companies all over
the world.

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