UNIT 3 SB VOCABULARY / GRAMMAR

ENGLISH 1º BACH

Unit 3 MAKING HISTORY

Vocabulary (p. 32) Ex. 1

1. A sceptical (excéptico) b cynical (cínico)
If a person is sceptical about sthg, they have doubts about if it is true or right.
If a person is cynical, they believe that people only care about themselves and are not sincere
or honest.
2. A genuine (auténtico) b authentic (realista)
If a person or emotion is genuine, they are honest and sincere. If an object is genuine, it is real
rather than pretend or false.
If an experience or thing is authentic, it is traditional or original, or very similar to the original.
It can also be used to mean real, not false or copied.
3. A gullible (ingenuo) b naïve (inocente)
If a person is gullible, they are easy to trick or deceive because they are too willing to believe
what other people say.
If a person is naïve, they are innocent and lack experience of life.
4. A trustworthy (de confianza) b reliable (fiable)
If a person is trustworthy, they can be trusted.
If someone is reliable, they can be trusted or believed because they behave in the way you
expect.

Workbook- p. 22 Ex 3
1. Classic- high quality. In particular, we use it to mean something that is valued because it has a
traditional style
Classical- to refer to the culture of the past and to art forms which belong to a long formal
tradition.
2. Economic- related to trade, industry or money
Economical- not using a lot of money
3. Electric- use electric in front of nouns to talk about particular machines or devices that use
electricity
Electrical- use electrical when you are talking in a more general way about machines, devices,
or systems that use or produce electricity. Electrical is typically used in front of nouns such as
equipment, appliance, and component
4. Historic- important or likely to be important in history
Historical- related to the study of things from the past

READING VOCABULARY (p. 33)

Draw a blank (phrase) quedarse en blanco Ex. I tried to remember her name, but my mind drew a blank.
Shift (verb) desplazar Ex. The government has shifted its attention away from the fight against crime.
Implication (noun)- consecuencia Ex. Some people believe that genetically modified crops will have serious
implications for the environment.
Alienate- (verb) enemistarse Ex. Would they dare risk alienating public opinion?
dawn on (phrasal verb)- caer en la cuenta - Ex. It was several months before the truth finally dawned on me.
Relatable (adjective) cercano Ex. Teenagers find this show about the lives of a group of high school students very
relatable.
Erosion (noun) erosión Ex. Erosion of beaches has resulted in less space for the turtles.
In awe of (phrase)- impresionado Ex. They were in awe of their hero and couldn’t stop staring at him.
 UNIT 3 SB VOCABULARY / GRAMMAR
ENGLISH 1º BACH

DEVELOPING VOCABULARY (p. 35)

TRANSITIVE SEPARABLE TRANSITIVE INSEPARABLE INTRANSITIVE
(always need an object) (no object)
Make up- invent a story or Get away with- manage to do Set out - to start doing or
explanation something bad without being working on something in order
Carry out- do or complete a caught, punished, held to achieve an aim
particular piece of work, responsible or criticized for it Go around- to behave or be
research, etc Stick at-persevere with sthg dressed in a particular way
-- difficult or unpleasant --
See off- say goodbye to Put up with- tolerate or accept Add up- seem correct or true
someone sthg or someone unpleasant Come about- happen
Cover up- hide the truth Read up on- research
Take up- accept work or --
responsibility Count on- depend on someone
to do what you expect
Call for- say publicly that sthg
must happen
Get on with- give your time to
sthg and make progress
Go over-think about a series of
things in order to understand
them
Make off with- steal an escape
with sthg

GRAMMAR-
Inversion with negative adverbial phrases (p. 42)
We can place certain negative adverbial phrases at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis, dramatic
purpose or formality.

This type of inversion uses negative and limiting adverbs. These are a group of adverbs which limit the
meaning of a verb or make it negative.
Examples:
never, hardly, no, rarely, seldom, little, barely, no sooner...than, in no way, under no circumstances,
nowhere, not (+time), (only+ time). This is not a complete list.

To invert a sentence, move the adverbial to the beginning of the sentence and invert the subject and
auxiliary verb.
Adverb + auxiliary verb + subject
‘I had never met someone so interesting.’
‘Never had I met someone so interesting.’

'He won't often go to work.'

'Not often will he go to work'

'You should not leave this room for any reason'

'Under no circumstances should you leave this room.'

'She hasn't seen him anywhere.'

'Nowhere has she seen him'
 UNIT 3 SB VOCABULARY / GRAMMAR
ENGLISH 1º BACH

Notice that if the auxiliary verb is negative in the first sentence, it becomes affirmative in the inverted
sentence and the 'not' moves to the front.

In cases where the tense does not use an auxiliary verb in the affirmative, such as the present simple or
the past simple, one must be added.

Present Simple: Add do or does in the inverted sentence.

‘I rarely go outside.’
‘Rarely do I go outside.’

'They don't ever know what to do'

'Never do they know what to do.'

'She almost never loses'

'Scarcely does she lose.'

Past Simple: Add did in the inverted sentence. (Notice how the verb changes from past tense to
infinitive)
‘She seldom worked very hard.’
‘Seldom did she work very hard.’

'We never went to the shopping centre.' becomes

'At no time did we go to the shopping centre.'

We use inversion:
- After a number of phrases with: NO, ONLY and NOT.
Examples:
Under no circumstances should you attempt to open this door.
Only after I met them did I realise they lived in my street.
Not once had he called them since the day he left.

- After some frequency adverbs such as: HARDLY EVER, RARELY, NEVER, seldom, scarcely
Examples:
Hardly ever would she leave the four walls of her bedroom.
Rarely do I get the chance to sit down and relax.
Never (before) had we been as afraid as on that awful night.

- After LITTLE. This means “not at all”.

Examples:
Little did she know that her family were waiting for her.

Some negative or limiting adverbials require you to complete a whole clause before the inversion takes
place.

‘I didn’t know what to do until I saw what had happened.’

‘Not until I saw what had happened did I know what to do.’
 UNIT 3 SB VOCABULARY / GRAMMAR
ENGLISH 1º BACH

Here are some negative adverbs and adverb phrases that we often use with inversion:

Hardly (ever) Hardly ever do I tell you what to do.

Never (before) Never before had she seen such a beautiful sight.
Rarely (ever) Rarely will you hear such beautiful music.
Seldom Seldom do we see such an amazing display of dance.

Only then Only then did I understand why the tragedy had happened.
Only later Only later did she really think about the situation.
Only with Only with this tool can we track the data.
Only now Only now am I able to accept the result.
Only in Only in this way could John earn enough money to survive.
Only after Only after lunch can you play.
Only by Only by working can you earn money.
Only when Only when he begged did she help him.

Not only ... but

Not only does he love chocolate and sweets but he also smokes.
Not for one moment
Not for one moment did we think we would achieve so much.
Not once
Not once have you given me a nice surprise.
Not until
Not until I filled my glass did I notice that it was broken.
Not since
Not since he was twenty years old have I seen him so happy.

No sooner… than No sooner had we arrived home than the police rang the doorbell.
Scarcely ….. when Scarcely had I got off the bus when it crashed into the back of a car.
Barely …… when Barely had they won the match when the coach had a heart attack.
Hardly ….. when Hardly had I arrived home when my phone rang. ***

Under no circumstances Under no circumstances are you allowed to disturb the pilots.
On no account On no account should you do anything without asking me first.
On no condition On no condition will the company bear responsibility for lost property.
In no way In no way do I agree with what you're saying.
At no time At no time did I say that.

Little did he know!

Little Little did she understand what the conversation was about.
Little did I realize the danger I faced.

Nowhere Nowhere have I ever had such bad service.

A: I don’t like that idea.

Neither
B: Neither do I.

*** Cuando cuentas algo que ya haya pasado se utilizan estas estructuras para enfatizar que a un primer
hecho le siguió rápidamente a una segunda acción. Es por eso que generalmente el verbo que describe
el primer hecho suele ir en pasado perfecto.

REWRITE THE SENTENCES

 UNIT 3 SB VOCABULARY / GRAMMAR
ENGLISH 1º BACH

I didn’t realize my mistake until years later.

Not until…………………………………………………………………….

We had never seen such magnificent scenery.

Never…………………………………………………………………………

They not only disliked her, but they also hated her family.
Not only……………………………………………………………………..

We had just started to eat when we heard someone knocking at the door.
Hardly…………………………………………………………………………

I have rarely read such a badly written novel.

Rarely…………………………………………………………………………..

They only lit the fire when it got unusually cold.

Only when…………………………………………………………………….

Shortly after he had gone to sleep there was a knock on the door.
No sooner……………………………………………………………………….

I had only just destroyed the evidence when the police arrived.
Scarcely……………………………………………………………………………

He has never regretted the decision he took on that day.

Never………………………………………………………………………………

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/es-LA/grammar/british-grammar/inversion
https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/inversion.html
https://test-english.com/explanation/b2/inversion-negative-adverbials/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AzNxZGC-Hg0