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English course content for Master

Writing a scientific paper involves a structured approach that includes defining the research objective, conducting thorough research, and following a specific format. Key sections include the introduction, literature review, methodology, results, and conclusion, each addressing essential questions related to the research. The process culminates in proofreading and submitting the article for review, ensuring clarity and conciseness throughout.

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8 views

English course content for Master

Writing a scientific paper involves a structured approach that includes defining the research objective, conducting thorough research, and following a specific format. Key sections include the introduction, literature review, methodology, results, and conclusion, each addressing essential questions related to the research. The process culminates in proofreading and submitting the article for review, ensuring clarity and conciseness throughout.

Uploaded by

aboudramanesiri22
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Writing a scientific paper

Any researcher who has had this first experience knows that
writing a scientific article can be a frustrating experience. You
have to be able to summarise a complex and abundant body
of work in just a few pages. Not forgetting to be clear and
concise! This type of document has a very precise structure.
With method, the task is not impossible... Here are the steps
to follow to write a successful scientific article
Key stages in writing a scientific article
1. Define the objective and subject of the research ...
2. Conducting research ...
3. Drawing up the outline of the article. ...
4. Write the content using a 12-point structure. ...
5. Write a second version. ...
6. Proofread and correct. ...
7. Submit for review.

1. Define the objective and subject of the research


To begin with, it is essential to clearly define the subject and
purpose of the research. It is also important to determine the
target audience, i.e. the journal likely to publish the article, in
order to adapt the writing to the readership. Although the
structure varies little, writing for the general public is not the
same as writing for an audience of insiders.

2. Conducting research
Bibliographical and other research is essential to obtain
reliable and usable information. This stage allows you to
cross-check your sources.
3. Drawing up the outline of the article
Scientific publications follow a standard format. The article is
generally divided into 12 parts
- The title
- List of authors
- The abstract
- Introduction
- List of keywords
- Literature review
- Methodology
- Presentation of results
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgements
- Bibliographical references
- Appendices
Five of these items - from the introduction to the conclusion -
make up the body of the article itself. However, from an
editorial point of view, the writing is codified. Each of these
sections must answer a question.

Introduction What are the authors'


motivations?
Literature review What previous work has
been done on the same
subject and where do the
authors' contributions fit in?
Methodology What did the authors do?

Results What did they discover by


applying this methodology?

Conclusion What do the authors' results


mean?
Be aware that: the structure of the body of the scientific
article can also follow a construction known by the acronym
IMRAD for ‘Introduction, Methodology, Results and
Discussion’.
1. Write the content using a 12-point structure
The title:
It should describe the content of the article effectively, in just
ten or so words that highlight the research area and show its
originality. It should arouse the reader's interest.
While keywords are preferable, abbreviations should be
avoided.
Authors:
They can be listed according to several criteria: in order of
contribution, affiliation, role or alphabetical order. This is a
discussion between co-authors and supervisor.
Keywords:
Are required to ensure good referencing. Around ten/five well-
targeted terms are sufficient.
To be effective, they must correspond to the content of the
article, but also to the field in which it falls.
The summary plays an essential role
In not more than 250 words, it introduces the subject and
explains the purpose of the article. Above all, it attracts the
reader's attention and encourages them to read the article
(highlighting the innovative aspect of the work!). It is not a
second introduction. On the contrary, it should be a
condensed version of the article, summarising the main
points of its various sections. It summarises the research
problem, the main contributions, the methodology, the most
important results and the conclusion.
It is followed by keywords so that it can be easily referenced
online. Finally, it is generally has an abstract written in French
and English.
A piece of advice:
Although presented on the first page, the abstract should be
written last. To help you write it: start by identifying the most
important sentences in each section, formulate a paragraph
with these sentences and rework it to make it coherent and
fluid.
The introduction is crucial
Particular care must be taken when writing it. It requires you
to take a step back and is therefore best written at the end. A
good introduction begins with a contextualisation of the field
of research (description of knowledge on the subject, the
latest discoveries, references related to the subject), which
leads to the problem (the ‘why’ of your research in this
context): the aim is to identify the specific question to the
research presented in the article.
Next, the introduction outlines the authors' contributions,
explaining the approach proposed to address the problem:
this involves formulating hypotheses to be confirmed or
disproved through experimentation (experiments,
calculations, surveys, etc.).
Finally, it is possible to conclude by presenting the outline of
the article.
Literature review
This is used to present the main works on the same subject
covered in the article. The aim is to situate the authors'
contributions in this list, but also to demonstrate a certain
knowledge of the field.
It gives details in three points,
- the elements of the research,
- the stages involved in carrying it out
- and the approach used to validate the hypotheses.
It answers the ‘how’ of the research question (s).
It is the longest and most detailed section of the article, it
must be well structured to enable the reader to follow the
process.
The methodology
The description of the method describes the main elements of
the research, the steps involved in carrying it out and the
experimental approach used to validate the hypotheses. If
this is not done in the introduction, the notation (this sub-
section defines the mathematical symbols used) and the
theoretical framework (which contextualises the research and
places it in the continuity of other research) must be
presented.
Presentation of the experimental protocol and results
This section describes the research experiments and provides
the details that will enable the experiment to be reproduced.
The description of the experimental protocol and the
presentation of the results are often written together. The
results may be given in the form of tables, diagrams or
graphs.
A discussion generally follows the results in order to analyse
them. It offers a different perspective and enables the
research to position itself in relation to other studies on the
subject, by indicating the limits of the results or the elements
that need to be explored in greater depth.
The conclusion
This takes into account the research findings. The conclusion
begins by restating the objectives and contributions of the
study, before detailing the answers to the research questions,
highlighting the main findings.
It shows the contribution made to the advancement of
knowledge. Finally, it may announce future work.

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