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Microscope Lab 1 Physiology

The document provides an overview of microscopy, including definitions, history, types of microscopes, and their uses in biological science. It explains key concepts such as magnification and resolution, detailing different microscope types like compound, dissection, SEM, and TEM. Additionally, it includes guidelines for proper microscope handling and focusing techniques.

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saifgoran037
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5 views

Microscope Lab 1 Physiology

The document provides an overview of microscopy, including definitions, history, types of microscopes, and their uses in biological science. It explains key concepts such as magnification and resolution, detailing different microscope types like compound, dissection, SEM, and TEM. Additionally, it includes guidelines for proper microscope handling and focusing techniques.

Uploaded by

saifgoran037
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Noble Institute – MLT Dept.

Practical Human Physiology & Anatomy


First stage

Microscopic techniques
Dr . Rabar Mohammed Hussein
PhD in Biological Science
[email protected]

Lab 1(Practical)
1
WHAT IS A MICROSCOPE?
WHAT IS MICROSCOPE

A microscope is an instrument
for viewing objects that are too
small to be seen easily by the
naked eye.
Micro means ( small)
scope means (to look)
HISTORY
1675: Enter Anton van
Leeuwenhoek, who used a
microscope with one lens to observe
insects and other specimen.
Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe
bacteria. 18th century: As technology
improved, microscopy became more
popular among scientists. Part of this
was due to the discovery that
combining two types of glass reduced
the chromatic effect.
LEEUWENHOEK
MICROSCOPE
WHAT IS MAGNIFICATION?
Magnification is defined by the

magnification by the objective


x
the magnification by eyepiece

BUT maximum magnification does not mean maximum resolution!


WHAT IS RESOLUTION?
Resolution describes the minimal distance of two points that can
be distinguished.
•Compound Microscope
•Dissection Microscope
•Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
•Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
Compound microscopes are light
illuminated. The image seen with this type
of microscope is two dimensional. This
microscope is the most commonly used.
You can view individual cells, even living
ones. It has high magnification. However,
it has a low resolution.
They are used
everywhere
from research
labs to high
school biology
classrooms.

Frog’s blood
1,000x

Bacteria under compound microscope 1000x


A dissection microscope is light
illuminated. The image that appears is
three dimensional. It is used for dissection
to get a better look at the
larger specimen. You cannot
see individual cells because
it has a low magnification.
(also called stereo
microscope)
Head of a moth pupa
60x

Sunflower with moth


pupa in the stem
10x
SEM use electron illumination. The
image is seen in 3-D. It has high
magnification and high resolution. The
specimen is coated in gold
and the electrons bounce
off to give you and exterior
view of the specimen. The
pictures are in black and
white.
pigeon blood

cockroach antenna
TEM is electron illuminated. This gives a
2-D view. Thin slices of specimen are
obtained. The electron beams pass
through this. It has
high magnification
and high resolution.
bacillus bacteria
dividing

mitochondrion
Always carry with 2 hands
Never touch the lenses with your fingers.
Only use lens paper for cleaning
Do not force knobs
When you are finished with your "scope", rotate
the nosepiece so that it's on the low power
objective, roll the stage down to lowest level,
rubber band the cord, then replace the dust
cover.
Ocular lens

Revolving Nosepiece
Arm
Objective Lens

Stage
Stage
Clips Coarse adjustment knob
Diaphragm
Fine adjustment knob
Light

Base
Ocular lens

magnifies; where you


look through to see the
image of your specimen.
They are usually 10X or
15X power. Our
microscopes have an ocular
lens power of 10x.
the part that holds two
or more objective lenses
revolving nosepiece
and can be rotated to
easily change power
Adds to the magnification
Usually you will find 3 or
4 objective lenses on a
microscope. They almost
objective lens
always consist of 4X, 10X,
40X and 100X
powers. When coupled
with a 10X (most common)
eyepiece lens, we get total
magnifications of 40X (4X
times 10X), 100X , 400X
and 1000X.
The shortest objective lenses
lens is the lowest power, the
longest one is the lens with
the greatest power.
controls the amount of light
going through the specimen
Many microscopes have a
rotating disk under the
stage. This diaphragm has
different sized holes and is
diaphragm
used to vary the intensity
and size of the cone of light
The proper way to focus a microscope is
to start with the lowest power objective
lens first and while looking from the
side, crank the lens down as close to the
specimen as possible without touching
it. Now, look through the eyepiece lens
and focus upward only until the image
is sharp. If you can't get it in focus,
repeat the process again.
Once the image is sharp with the low
power lens, you should be able to
simply click in the next power lens and
do minor adjustments with the focus
knob. If your microscope has a fine
focus adjustment, turning it a bit should
be all that's necessary. Continue with
subsequent objective lenses and fine
focus each time.
Partially rotate so that 40x and 100x
objectives straddle the specimen.
Place a small drop of oil on the slide in
the center of the lighted area. (Take care
not to dribble on the stage.)
Put the small drop
of oil directly over
the area of the
specimen to be
Examined.
Rotate so that the 100x oil immersion
objective touches the oil and clicks into
place.
Focus only with fine focus. Hopefully,
the specimen will come into focus easily.
Do not change focus dramatically.
Clean up!: When you have finished for
the day, wipe the 100x oil immersion
objective carefully with lens paper to
remove all oil. Wipe oil from the slide
thoroughly . Cleanse stage should any oil
have spilled on it. Recap the immersion
oil container securely, replace in drawer.
1. Use pencil - you can erase and shade areas

2. All drawings should include clear and proper labels (and be


large enough to view details). Drawings should be labeled with
the specimen name and magnification.

3. Labels should be written on the outside of the circle. The


circle indicates the viewing field as seen through the eyepiece,
specimens should be drawn to scale - ie..if your specimen
takes up the whole viewing field, make sure your drawing
reflects that.

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