Isiah 41:10

"So do not fear, for I am with

you; do not be dismayed, for
I am your God. I will
strengthen you and help you;
I will uphold you with my
righteous right hand."
TEMPERATURE

Reporter: REYNA CEMBER H. PONDOL

CONTENTS OF THE REPORT
01 02 03
Temperature Kinetic Theory MEASUREMENT of
of Matter. Temperature.

04 05 06
Different types Thermal
Thermometer of Thermometers. Equilibrium and
Thermal Expansion
 WHAT IS TEMPERATURE?
- is a measure of how hot or cold
something is; specifically, a measure of the
average kinetic energy of the particles in an
object, which is a type of energy
associated with motion.
The Kinetic Theory of
Matter
The kinetic theory of matter is a scientific
theory that explains the behavior of
matter in terms of the motion of its
particles. According to this theory, all
matter is made up of tiny particles, such as
atoms or molecules, that are in constant
motion.
 The kinetic theory of matter explains the
relationship between temperature and the
motion of particles in a substance.
 Temperature Depends on the Kinetic
Energy of Particles
In terms of the kinetic theory of matter, temperature is
defined as the average kinetic energy that each particle
in an object possesses. This means that an object
which has a high temperature would have particles that
have a high average kinetic energy or move very fast.
Objects with low temperatures would have particles that
have a low average kinetic energy or move slower.
In solids, particles vibrate In liquids, particles move In gases, particles are very
and mostly maintain fixed about and are further apart. far apart and move at high
positions. The amount of The speed of the particles speeds. The speed of the
vibration depends on depends on the temperature. particles depends on the
temperature. temperature.

The particles in the three states of matter have energy called kinetic energy which is the energy possessed by
any object that moves.
 PARTICLES LOSE ENERGY AS TEMPERATURE
DECREASES
DECREASING TEMPERATURE CAUSES CHANGE OF
STATE FROM GAS TO LIQUID TO SOLID

PARTICLES GAIN ENERGY AS TEMPERATURE

INCREASES
INCREASING TEMPERATURE CAUSES CHANGE OF
STATE FROM SOLID TO LIQUID TO GAS
Scales of Temperature.

Degrees Celsius (°C) also called Degrees

Centigrade
- it is the most common unit for temperature .
Water freezes at 0°C and water boils at 100°C.
It was created by a Swedish astronomer, Anders
Celsius.
Kelvin (K)

-It is the base unit of temperature in the International

System of Units (SI), which is the most widely used
system of measurement in the world, named after the
physicist and engineer Lord Kelvin.
-a temperature scale having an absolute zero or 0°K
below which temperatures do not exist, and it
corresponds to a temperature of −273.15° on the Celsius
temperature scale.
Fahrenheit (F)

-It was proposed by the German physicist Daniel

Gabriel Fahrenheit in 1724.
- is based on a system where the freezing point of
water is 32°F and the boiling point of water is 212°F
at standard atmospheric pressure. This places the
boiling and freezing points of water exactly 180
degrees apart.
The Kelvin degree is the same size as the Celsius
degree; hence the two reference temperatures for
Celsius, the freezing point of water (0°C), and the
boiling point of water (100°C), correspond to
273.15°K and 373.15°K, respectively.
Temperature Unit Conversion Formulas

Kelvin to Celsius:
C = K - 273 or C = K - 273.15 if you want to be more precise
Kelvin to Fahrenheit:
F = 9/5(K - 273) + 32 or F = 1.8(K - 273) + 32.
Celsius to Fahrenheit:
F = 9/5(C) + 32 or F = 1.80(C) + 32.
Celsius to Kelvin:
K = C + 273 or K = C + 271.15 to be more precise
Thermometer

-The word thermometer comes from the

Latin thermo-, meaning 'heat,' and -metrum,
meaning 'measure.' So, a thermometer is a
scientific tool for measuring temperature.
 To measure the correct temperature,
thermometer must first be calibrated by adding
a scale which is divided into 100 equal
intervals. These 100 equal intervals are spaced
between two fixed points, which are definite
temperatures at which some physical change
always happens.
Lower fixed point -is the temperature at which
pure ice melts or pure water freezes (sometimes
called the ‘ice point’). Scientists decided to call this
0 degrees Celsius.

Upper fixed point –is the temperature at which

pure water boils (sometimes called the ‘steam
point’). Scientists decided to call this 100 degrees
Celsius.
The main physical properties that change with changes
in temperature are;

(a) volume of a liquid

(b) length of a solid
(c) pressure of a gas at constant volume
(d) electrical resistance of a conductor
(e) radiation emitted by an object at high temperatures
Types of Thermometers
Liquid -in-glass thermometer - it consist of a glass stem having a
fine uniform bore capillary, having a thin walled glass bulb at lower end.
• Makes use of the fact that liquid volume increases when temperature
increases.
• The liquid usually mercury or alcohol, sealed in a hollow glass rod.
• Most clinical thermometers are this type.
Types of Thermometers
Bimetallic Strip ( or compound bar)- one of the most trouble-free and
durable thermometers. It is simply two strips of different metals bonded
together and held at one end.

• it expands at different rates when temperature increases and contract

at different rates when temperature is decreased, that causes the
bimetallic strip to bend.
• often used in industries where high temperatures are measured.
Types of Thermometers

Thermocouple- It is made by joining two different metals

assembled ( copper& iron) into two junctions.

• If the junctions are at different temperatures, an EMF (Voltage)

is produced. The greater the difference in temperature between
the wires, the greater the e.m.f.
Types of Thermometers
Resistance Thermometer – is a device that is used to
determine temperature by the variation in the resistance of a
conductor. It is commonly known as Resistance Temperature
Detector (RTD) and is an accurate temperature sensor.
• make use of the fact that resistance increases with an
increase in temperature.
Principle of resistance thermometers
The resistance value of the resistive element of a
resistance thermometer changes at a fixed ratio
with temperature changes.
The temperature is derived by passing a certain
current through the resistive element, measuring
the voltage at both ends of it with an instrument,
and calculating the resistance value through
Ohm’s Law (E = IR).
Types of Thermometers
Pyrometer- also is known as an Infrared thermometer or Radiation
thermometer or non-contact thermometer used to detect the
temperature of an object’s surface temperature, which depends on the
radiation (infrared or visible) emitted from the object.
•These are used to measure high-temperature furnaces.
•Pyrometers make use of the fact that hot bodies give off
electromagnetic (EM) radiation (infrared part of the EM spectrum).
Types of Thermometers
Constant -Volume Gas Thermometer – consists of a bulb filled
with a fixed amount of a dilute gas which is attached to a mercury
manometer. This thermometer makes use of the property of gases
where if the volume of a gas is constant then temperature is
proportional to pressure. As the temperature of the gas increases, its
volume increases and vice versa

• This thermometer works on the principle of Law of Gay-

Lussac.
 Thermal Equilibrium
● Two objects are in thermal equilibrium if their
temperature are the same. These two objects are
in close contact that allows either to gain energy
from the other, but nevertheless, no net energy is
transferred between them.

Ex. Measuring body temperature with a

thermometer
 When two objects have the same
temperature, they are
in thermal equilibrium.

No Temperature Difference → No Heat flow

•Note that being in thermal contact does not mean
that objects must be in physical contact or
“touching”. Thermal contact can still occur even
when objects are not touching.
 Thermal Expansion

When an object experience a change in

temperature, a change in length and
size also occurs simultaneously. This
changing in length and size when
change in temperature occurs is called
Thermal Expansion.
Effects of thermal expansion on roads and railway track.
Linear Expansion

-When heat is applied on a body, its length

expands proportional to the original length or the
change in temperature in the body.

• This deals with only changes in length

that occurs when temperature is increased or
decreased.
The equation for calculating the amount of change in the given length of object
for an object is given by;

•α -is called the coefficient of linear expansion which is unique number for different
materials where its unit is per degree Celsius (°C)-1,
• L0 -is the original length of the object,
•ΔT- is the change in temperature.

Some alternative forms of the linear expansion formula are shown below;
Area (Superficial) Thermal Expansion

–When heat is applied on a body, its area

expands proportional to the original area or the
change in temperature in the body.
Any change in area given by the following formula.
Each change in dimensions depends on the initial
lenghts. This means that for a shape as a rectangle, the
shortest side changes the least. However the rectangle
itself experiences a change in Area.
LET’S REVIEW SOME FACTS.
−89.2 °c (−128.6 °f) is the −In universe temperatures range
coldest temperature that has from about 3,500,000,000 Kelvin
been ever recorded on earth. It (a supernova) to 3 Kelvin (space).
was recorded at vostok station −Sun is known to be a class G
located in antarctica. yellow star .The average surface
−Body temperature is an early
temperature of Sun is 5,600 Kelvin.
warning sign of infection.
−Galileo in the early 1600s was −Air temperature affects what type
the first scientist to use a device of precipitation will fall from a
to measure heat and cold. cloud, like rain, snow or hail.
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Do you have any questions?

DOGS CAN
SMELL
YOUR
FEELINGS
Dogs can pick up on subtle changes in your scent, which can help him figure
out how you are feeling, such as by smelling your perspiration when you
become nervous or fearful.
 PANDAS DON’T
HIBERNATE.
When winter approaches, they head
lower down their mountain homes to
warmer temperatures, where they
continue to chomp away on bamboo!
 KOALAS ARE
EVEN
MORE
LAZY
THAN CATS.
Koalas don’t have much energy and, when not feasting on leaves, they spend
their time dozing in the branches. Believe it or not, they can sleep for up to
18 hours a day!
CATS
LOVE
TO SLEEP.
A fifteen-year-old cat has probably
spent ten years of its life
sleeping.

Also, cats use their whiskers as

feelers to determine if a space is
too small to squeeze through.
EDITABLE ICONS