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Notes For gen Bio

The document discusses the evidence supporting evolutionary relationships among organisms, including the fossil record, comparative anatomy, molecular biology, and biogeography. It highlights the importance of key biomolecules like DNA and proteins in confirming these relationships, with examples illustrating genetic similarities among various species. Additionally, it explains the differences and similarities between cladograms and phylogenetic trees in representing evolutionary relationships.

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1 views

Notes For gen Bio

The document discusses the evidence supporting evolutionary relationships among organisms, including the fossil record, comparative anatomy, molecular biology, and biogeography. It highlights the importance of key biomolecules like DNA and proteins in confirming these relationships, with examples illustrating genetic similarities among various species. Additionally, it explains the differences and similarities between cladograms and phylogenetic trees in representing evolutionary relationships.

Uploaded by

zeravlashella43
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Infer evolutionary relationships among organisms using the evidence of

evolution

Evolution, is supported by multiple lines of evidence. The fossil record


reveals transitional forms and ancient lineages. Comparative anatomy
showcases homologous structures, analogous features and vestigial organs.
Molecular biology demonstrates DNA sequence similarities, protein
conservation and genomic comparisons. Biogeography illustrates geographic
distribution patterns, while comparative embryology highlights
developmental similarities.

- Evolutionary evidence shows relationships between living organisms.

# 1. Evolutionary Evidence

Evolutionary evidence reveals relationships between organisms through


shared characteristics, fossils, comparative anatomy, and molecular biology.

- Key biomolecules like DNA and proteins demonstrate these relationships

- Biomolecules are chemical compounds produced by living organisms,


essential for their structure, function and regulation. They’re the building
blocks of life!

# 2. Key Biomolecules

DNA and proteins serve as molecular fingerprints, confirming evolutionary


relationships. Examples:

1. *DNA*: Genetic code similarity

2. *Proteins*: Structural and functional similarities (e.g., hemoglobin,


cytochrome c)
3. *Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)*: Similarities in rRNA sequences

- The closer the similarities, the closer the evolutionary relationships.

# 3. Similarity and Relatedness

Closer similarities indicate closer evolutionary relationships. Examples:

1. *Humans-Chimpanzees*: 98.8% identical DNA

2. *Whales-Hippopotamuses*: Similar DNA despite physical differences

3. *Birds-Reptiles*: Shared DNA confirms evolutionary link

4. *Fruit Flies-Humans*: 60% identical DNA; shared developmental genes

5. *Mice-Humans*: 85% identical DNA; similar gene functions

These connections demonstrate evolution’s predictive power and confirm


life’s interconnectedness.

Cytochrome c functions within the mitochondrial electron transport chain by


receiving electrons from Complex III, transferring them to Complex IV, and
facilitating electron flow. This process drives proton pumping across the
membrane, generating a proton gradient. The gradient fuels ATP synthase,
producing ATP. Specifically, cytochrome c’s heme group binds and releases
electrons through reversible oxidation-reduction reactions, enabling electron
tunneling between complexes. This essential protein resides in the
mitochondrial intermembrane space, regulating energy production and
apoptosis.
# Cladogram

1. *Tree-like diagram*: Shows relationships between organisms.

2. *Simplified representation*: Focuses on shared characteristics.

3. *No time scale*: Doesn’t depict evolutionary time.

4. *Branching pattern*: Represents cladogenesis (divergence).

5. *Nodes*: Represent common ancestors or shared traits.

6. *Terminal taxa*: Organisms or groups being compared.

# Phylogenetic Tree

1. *Visual representation*: Illustrates evolutionary relationships.

2. *Time-scale representation*: Often includes geological time.

3. *Detailed information*: Incorporates molecular, morphological, and fossil


data.

4. *Branch lengths*: May represent evolutionary distance or time.

5. *Rooted*: Has a clear ancestor-descendant direction.

6. *Internal nodes*: Represent hypothetical ancestors.

# Key differences

1. *Time representation*: Phylogenetic trees often include time, while


cladograms do not.

2. *Detail level*: Phylogenetic trees provide more detailed information.

3. *Representation style*: Cladograms focus on shared traits, while


phylogenetic trees emphasize evolutionary history.

# Similarities

1. *Both illustrate relationships*: Between organisms.

2. *Use phylogenetic analysis*: To reconstruct evolutionary histories.


3. *Inform evolutionary studies*: Clarifying organismal relationships.

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