CHEMISTRY CLASSES (NEET / IIT-JEE /11th / 12th /

8210348188
NEW GUIDED BY

VISION (A logical institute where zero becomes hero)

(NEET / IIT-JEE / 11th / 12th / 8th / 9th /10th) AJIT SIR

CLASS - 12 BOARD EXAM CHAPTERWISE SUMMARY Guided by : AJIT SIR

CHAPTER - SOLUTION

 SOLUTION
 Solvent + Solute = Solution
 Mass of solvent = Mass of solution − Mass of solute
 Mass of solute = Mass of solution − Mass of solvent
Mass of component in the solution
 Mass % of a component = Total mass of solution
× 100

Ex- A 10% (by mass) glucose solution in water means that 10 g of glucose is present
in 100 g solution.
������ �� ��������� �� ��� ��������
 ������ % �� � ��������� = ����� ������ �� ��������
× ���
���� �� ������ �� �
 Mass by vol. percent of a solute = × ���
���.�� ���.�� ��
��.�� ����� �� ������
 Parts per million (ppm) = ����� ��.�� ����� �� ��� ���������� �� �ℎ� �������� × 106
���� �� ������ �� ����
 Strength =
������ �� �������� �� ������
��.�� ����� �� ������ �
 Molarity (M) = =
������ �� ��������� �� ����� �
 Strength = Molarity × Molecular weight
������ �� ����� �� ������ �
 Molality (m) = ���� �� ������� �� ��
=
�
CHEMISTRY CLASSES (NEET / IIT-JEE /11th / 12th /

NEW 8210348188 GUIDED BY

VISION
(A logical institute where zero becomes hero)
(NEET / IIT-JEE / 11th / 12th / 8th / 9th /10th) AJIT SIR

 MOLE FRACTION
The ratio of the number of moles of a component to the total number of moles in the solution is known as
mole fraction of the component.
��
�� =
�� + ��

o HENRY’S LAW
At a constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the gas
present above the surface of liquid or solution.
OR
The partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase(p) is proportional to the mole fraction of the
gas(x) in the solution.
� = �� × �
o RAOUT’S LAW FOR VOLATILE SOLUTES
According to this law, for a solution of volatile liquids, the partial vapour pressure of each
component in the solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction.
�∝�
� = �0 × �
�0 → ������ �������� �� ���� ��������� �� �ℎ� ���� �����������
������ = �1 �01 + �2 �02
 ����������� �� ������ �����
�� = �� × ������

o COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
o RELATIVE LOWERING OF VAPOUR PRESSURE
�01 − �1
= �2
�01

�01 − �1 �2
=
�01 �1
CHEMISTRY CLASSES (NEET / IIT-JEE /11th / 12th /

NEW 8210348188 GUIDED BY

VISION
(A logical institute where zero becomes hero)
(NEET / IIT-JEE / 11th / 12th / 8th / 9th /10th) AJIT SIR

�01 − �1 �2 × �1
=
�01 �2 × �1
 �01 → vapour pressure of pure solvent
 �1 → vapour pressure of solvent in solution or vapour pressure of solution
 �01 − �1 → Lowering (reduction) of vapour pressure of solvent
�01 −�1
 → Relative lowering of vapour pressure
�01
 �1 → mass of solvent
 �1 → Molar mass of solvent
 �2 → mass of solute
 �2 → Molar mass of solute
o ELEVATION OF BOILING POINT

∆�� = �� × �

�� × 1000 × �2
∆�� =
�2 × �1
�� ×1000×�2
�2 = ∆��×�1

 ∆�� = �� − �0� → Elevation of boiling point

 �0� → Boiling point of pure solvent

 �� → Boiling point of solution
 �� → Boiling point elevation constant or molal elevation constant or Ebullioscopic
constant
 �1 → mass of solvent
 �2 → mass of solute
 �2 → Molar mass of solute
o DEPRESSION OF FREEZING POINT

∆�� = �� × �
CHEMISTRY CLASSES (NEET / IIT-JEE /11th / 12th /

NEW 8210348188 GUIDED BY

VISION
(A logical institute where zero becomes hero)
(NEET / IIT-JEE / 11th / 12th / 8th / 9th /10th) AJIT SIR

�� × 1000 × �2
∆�� =
�2 × �1
�� ×1000×�2
�2 = ∆�� ×�1

 ∆�� = �0�−�� → Depression in freezing point

 �0� → Freezing point of pure solvent

 �� → Freezing point of solution
 �� → Freezing point depression constant or molal depression constant or Cryoscopic
constant
 �1 → mass of solvent
 �2 → mass of solute
o OSMOTIC PRESSURE
� = ���
�2 ��
�2 =
��
� → Osmotic pressure

� → Molarity of solution

� → Gas constant (0.083 � ��� ���−1 �−1 )

� → Volume of solution

 van’t Hoff factor (�)

It is the ratio of normal molecular mass to the observed molecular mass of the solute.
������ ��������� ����
�=
�������� ��������� ����

�������� ����������� ��������

�=
���������� ����� �� ����������� ��������

����� ��. �� ����� �� ��������� ����� ����������/������������

�=
��. �� ����� �� ��������� ������ �����������/������������
CHEMISTRY CLASSES (NEET / IIT-JEE /11th / 12th /

NEW 8210348188 GUIDED BY

VISION
(A logical institute where zero becomes hero)
(NEET / IIT-JEE / 11th / 12th / 8th / 9th /10th) AJIT SIR

 van’t Hoff factor expresses the extend of association or dissociation of the

solute particles in the solution.
 In case of association, � < 1.
 In case of dissociation, � > 1.
When there is neither association nor dissociation, � = 1.
 Modified form of colligative properties:
 Relative lowering of vapour pressure

�0� − ��
= ���
�0�

 Elevation in boiling point,

∆�� = ��� �

 Depression in freezing point,

∆�� = ��� �

 Osmotic pressure,

� = ����