MODULE I

Introduction of Light: Types of illumination, Day lighting, Artificial

light sources- artificial lighting and total lighting,
Quality of good lighting, Factors affecting the Physical processes-
Incandescent and Halogen lamps, Fluorescent lamps, LPSV and HPSV
lamps, mercury vapour lamps, metal halide lamps, LED lamps- modern
trends.
Supplementary lighting - shadow, glare, reflection, Colour rendering
and stroboscopic effect, Methods of artificial lighting,
Lighting systems-direct, indirect, semi direct, semi indirect, Lighting
scheme, General and localised, Different types of Luminaires
 INTRODUCTION OF LIGHT
• Light is the visible part of the
electromagnetic spectrum.
• Light: That part of radiant energy from a hot
body which produce visual sensation on
human eye
• Visible light spectrum is the part of the
electromagnetic spectrum that humans can
see.
• It's a range of wavelengths that can trigger
color and brightness perception in humans,
and is located between ultraviolet and
infrared radiation
• Light rays can however, be reflected, transmitted or absorbed when
they strike an object
• Light can be of different colours depending on the wavelength of
radiation causing it.
• Light from natural sources such as the
sun is known as white light and is made up
from the different frequency components
of the visible spectrum.
• Artificial light from sources such as
candles, tungsten filaments and gas
discharge lamps, etc., has a different mix of
frequency components which produce a
different colour light
 DAY LIGHTING
• Day lighting is the practice of placing windows, skylights and other
openings and reflective surfaces so that sunlight (direct or indirect)
can provide effective internal lighting
3 reasons to provide daylight:
• To maximise visual comfort - Healthier and more satisfactory
indoor environment
• To reduce energy usage by simply installing fewer electric lights or
by automatically switching off or dimming lights where daylight is
present – cost savings - known as daylight harvesting.
• Conserves earth’s resources
• Daylight varies with latitude, season, coastal or in land location, climate
and air quality.
• Daylight (both sunlight and skylight) is usually admitted into a building
by the means of windows and skylights.
Quantity of daylight obtained within a room will be dependent upon:
• Orientation, geometry and space planning of the spaces to be lit.
• Dimensions and orientation of the openings through which daylight will
pass.
• Location and surface properties of any internal partitions which may
reflect and distribute the daylight.
• Location, form and dimensions of any shading devices which will
provide protection from too much light and glare
 UPRISE OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING

• Until the 1950’s, buildings were designed to allow natural light

and reach virtually all parts of the interior of the building.
• Following reasons led to the uprise of artificial lighting,
1. Later, taller buildings grew in popularity particularly in city
centres where land was extremely expensive
2. In addition, air and noise pollution made it necessary to keep
windows closed and provide air conditioning.
3. Development of fluorescent lamp development
4. Cheap energy
 TYPES OF ILLUMINATION/ ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
GENERAL OR AMBIENT LIGHTING
• To light up a room in its entirety.
• Provides a uniform level of illumination throughout the space
independently of other lighting source.
• Purpose is to ensure safe and easy traffic, as well as to create an overview
of the room.
• Ambient light ‘bounces’ off the walls to illuminate as much space as
possible.
• Usually installed in order to ensure visibility and increase security around
a building.
• Recommended to light up the exterior of the building, entrances and
stairs to reduce and perhaps eliminate the risk of injury that can occur
when entering and leaving the building.
TASK LIGHTING
• Illuminates the tasks a person carries out in a given space such as
reading, cooking, computer work.
• A brighter light is required in a smaller focal point of the room for
these sorts of tasks.
• For a more pleasant illumination, it is often best to avoid harsh lights
or lighting that casts troublesome shadows.
• practical to install a single switch for focal lighting, independent from
the room’s overall lighting switch.
ACCENT LIGHTING
• Used mainly to focus on a specific point of interest or to achieve a
desired effect.
• This type of lighting gives the impression of a larger room.
• Used to highlight an architectural feature, a plant (in outdoor layout), a
sculpture, or a collection of objects.
• As a general rule, effective accent lighting requires the installation of
three times more light on the focal point than ambient lighting
generally provides to attract the viewers.
• This type of lighting imparts drama and character and allow certain
features regarded of interest to be highlighted. The idea is to draw
viewers attention to the item that is lit.
 General Service Lamp
Producing visible
light by heating Reflector Lamp
an object.
Halogen Lamp
Incandescent
TYPES Lamp UV radiation cause Fluorescent Tube
phosphor coating glow
OF Produces light by
Fluorescent Lamp
Compact Fluorescent
electron collision
LAMPS through ionization
Combines the principle of
Lamp

of gas
Fluorescence and High
Gas Discharge Intensity Discharge Lamps Low Pressure Sodium
LAMPS
Lamp Miscellaneous Discharge Vapour Lamp
Lamp
High Pressure Sodium
Produces light Operate at very high Vapour Lamp
by release of temperature and pressure
energy through
recombination High Intensity Discharge High Pressure Mercury
of electron hole Lamp Vapour Lamp

Light Emitting Makes use of magnetic field

Diode Induction Lamp Halide Lamp
General Service Lamp Reflector Lamp
Halogen Lamp
 Fluorescent Tube

Sodium Vapour Lamp

Compact Fluorescent
Lamp
Mercury Vapour Lamp
 Light Emitting Diode

Induction Lamp Metal Halide Lamp

 GENERAL SERVICE INCANDESCENT LAMP
• General Service Lamps (A-lamps) are the pear-shaped, common household
lamps.
• Consist of filament enclosed in an evacuated glass bulb filled with inert
gas such as argon, krypton, nitrogen
• Produces light when electricity heats the lamp filament to the point of
incandescence.
• Gas helps in increasing the brilliance of the lamp and prevents the
filament from burning out
• Filament is usually made of tungsten.
• 90% or more of an incandescent lamp’s emissions
are in the infrared (thermal) and not in the visible
range of the electromagnetic spectrum
 REFLECTOR INCANDESCENT LAMP
• Working principle same as that of General Service Incandescent Lamp
• Reflector Lamp has a reflective coating applied to part of the bulb
• Reflective surface is optically contoured in parabolic shape for control of light
distribution.
• Reflector lamps, such as flood or spotlights, are generally used to illuminate
outdoor areas or highlight indoor retail displays and artwork
 HALOGEN LAMP
• Halogen lamp has a tungsten filament and a bulb filled with
halogen gas
• Current flows through the element and heats it up
• Tungsten atoms evaporate from the hot filament
• Moves towards the cooler bulb and combine with oxygen and
halogen to oxyhalide molecules
• Then moves towards the hot filament where higher temperature
breaks them down
• Tungsten atoms are redeposited on the cooler regions of the
filament not in the exact places from which they evaporated
 FLUORESCENT TUBE LAMP
• Discharge lamp that works by fluorescence principle
• Gas tube containing a small trace of gas such as mercury vapor (white),
carbon dioxide (green), neon (red) etc with a special fluorescent/
phosphorescent coating on the interior surface of the tube
• Contains 2 filaments on at each end of the tube.
• When we switch ON the supply, full voltage comes across the
lamp and as well as across the starter through the ballast.
• Gas inside the starter gets ionized due to this full voltage and heats
the bimetallic strip (starter).
• Bimetallic strip bends to connect to the fixed contact.
• Current starts flowing through the touched contacts
• Voltage reduces, bimetallic strip cools and opens.
• Choke does not permit sudden change in current and by Lenz’s law
induces a high voltage
• High voltage gradient appears in the neon bulb and sets off an arc
discharge
• Delivers ultraviolet radiation through discharge process
• Ultraviolet radiation causes the phosphor coating of the lamp inner
wall to radiate visible light.
• Luminous flux is dependent on temperature
• As compared to incandescent lamps,
• 3 or 5 times more efficient
• 10 or 20 ties longer life
 COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMP
• Miniature version of fluorescent tube
• Operates in a similar way
• Luminous flux is dependent on temperature
• As compared to incandescent lamp,
• Uses less power
• Longer life
• Can fit into existing incandescent lamp fixtures
 LOW PRESSURE SODIUM VAPOUR LAMP
• Outer tube is made up of ordinary glass
• Inner glass tube / discharge tube is made from borosilicate glass.
• Inner tube is fitted with metal electrodes and filled with a mixture of metallic
sodium and inert gases argon and neon
• When current passes between the electrodes, it ionizes the neon and argon,
giving a red glow until the hot gas vaporizes the sodium.
• In this way, the lamp starts its normal operation emitting yellow light
 HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM VAPOUR LAMP
• Outer tube is made of ordinary glass
• Inner glass tube is made of poly crystalline translucent glass
• Tube is coated with Aluminium Oxide
• Inside the tube, a mixture of mercury, sodium and xenon gas is used.
• Operates at a high internal pressure inside arc tube
• Outer shell is evacuated for maintaining high degree of vacuum and
high temperature for increasing the life of the lamp
• When voltage is first applied across the electrodes, xenon which has
the lowest ionisation potential, facilitates the discharge
• Produces a dark pink glow and a pink orange
light when warmed
• Heat generated by the discharge arc helps to
vaporise mercury and sodium
• Produces a bluish white light when mercury
glows before the sodium is completely
warmed
• Mercury vapour raises the gas pressure and
operating voltage
• When then pressure inside the tube is
sufficient, sodium vapour starts producing
yellow light.
 MERCURY VAPOUR LAMP
• Hard cathode gas discharge lamp
• Makes use of vaporized mercury to
generate light by using an electric arc
• Lamp is contained an inner quartz arc
tube and outer borosilicate glass
envelope.
• Space between the tubes is evacuated to
prevent losses
• Arc tube contains the mercury in liquid
form and argon gas.
• Argon is used to start the lamp
• Two main electrodes and a starting electrode are inside the arc tube.
• When the main supply voltage is applied to the mercury lamp, a high
voltage gradient is set up across the starting electrode and the adjacent
main electrode
• Local argon arc is created
• Initial arc heats up the mercury and vaporizes it
• 5 to 7 minutes to make all of the mercury to be vaporized completely.
• Lamp gets its state of its operational stability.
• Mercury vapor arc gives visible spectra of green, yellow and violet.
 METAL HALIDE LAMP
• Modified version of high-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp.
• Metal halides such as sodium, scandium, indium, thallium, and dysprosium are
added along with the mercury vapor and inert gas
• Changing the combination of the metal halides allows the production of MHLs
with various emission spectra
• Consists of an outer glass bulb and an inner arc tube
• Outer casing is made of UV-filtering borosilicate glass to block the UV radiations
of mercury.
• Inner glass tube is quartz arc tube filled with mercury, argon and metal
halides
• Consist of 2 main electrodes and a starting
electrode
• When full voltage is applied across the main
electrodes, no arc is produced at the time of
switching.
• Bimetal switch is there to short the starter
electrode to the main electrode just at the
time of starting.
• Starter electrode is used to create
initial arc between main and auxiliary
electrode that heats up the metal halide
salts.
• Discharge is first in argon and then in
mercury.
• Small amount of mercury vapor helps to establish main arc
formation between main electrodes through metal halides vapor
one by one.
• Reaches up to full light output within 5 minutes.
 INDUCTION LAMPS
• Generate light through an electromagnetic field that activates mercury in
gases such as krypton and argon.
• Has 3 different parts: a ballast, an electromagnet inductor, and a discharge
tube.
• Ballast creates high frequency current
• Current is sent through the electromagnet and an electric field is
produced.
• Energy is transferred from the magnet to the mercury in the tube in the
same way that a transformer works... induction.
• Mercury vapor emits UV light which strikes the phosphor and makes light
• Induction lamps are coated in electrically conductive materials to reduce
electromagnetic interference.
 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE
• LED comprises a semiconductor wafer chip housed within an epoxy or
plastic lens, with connecting wires for directing the electrical current.
• Chip is impregnated with specific impurities or dopants
• Two types of dopants:
• n-type - elements having a high number of valence electrons
• p-type - elements having a high number of holes in the valence shell.
• p-type- and n-type-doped semiconductor crystals are fused together to
form a “p–n heterojunction.”
• As the electric current moves across the diode, electrons from the n-side
cross over to the p-side.
• These electrons now fall into the vacant spaces in the orbitals of the p-
type dopant resulting in “electron-hole pairing.”
• As the energy of the newly acquired orbital is lower than the energy
possessed by the electron, the excess energy is liberated as
electromagnetic radiation having a specific wavelength or color.
• This wavelength corresponds to difference in valence shell energies of p
and n dopants
COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT
TYPES OF LAMPS
 QUALITIES OF GOOD LIGHTING
Good lighting - Process of providing the right quantity of light at the right
quality

TRADITIONAL QUALITY CRITERIA

1. Visual Performance
2. Harmonious brightness distribution
3. No glare, flicker and stroboscopic effects
4. Avoid Veiling reflections
5. Correct light colour
6. Appropriate colour rendering
VISUAL PERFORMANCE (Sufficient illumination level)
• Provide adequate lighting for people to carry out their visual tasks.
• Visibility is defined by our ability to detect objects or signs of given
dimensions, at given distances and with given contrasts with the
background
• Defined by the speed and accuracy of performing a visual task
• Visual performance is improved with increasing luminance. Yet, there
is a plateau above which further increases in luminance do not lead
to improvements in visual performance. Thus increasing luminance
levels above the optimum for visual performance may not be justified
and can on the contrary lead to excessive use of energy
• Elementary step in creating comfortable and good quality luminous and
visual environments

UNIFORMITY OF LIGHTING
• Uniformity of lighting can be desirable or less desirable depending on
the function of space and type of activities
• Non uniform lighting may cause distraction and discomfort
• Lighting standards and codes usually provide recommended illuminance
ratios between the task area and its surroundings
• Compared to a conventional uniform office lighting installation with
fluorescent lamps, LEDs provide opportunities to concentrate light more
(non uniform) on actual working areas and to have light where it is
actually needed
CONTROLLING GLARE, FLICKER & STROBOSCOPIC EFFECTS
GLARE
• Glare is defined as the brightness within the field of vision of such a
character as to cause annoyance, discomfort, interference with vision or eye
fatigue.
• Glare is the loss of visual performance or discomfort produced by an
intensity of light in the visual field greater than the intensity of light to which
the eyes are adapted.
• Simply put, glare occurs when too much light enters your eye and interferes
with your eye’s ability to manage it.
• Glare can be distracting and even dangerous and can occur day or night in a
number of ways.
• Glare may come directly from a light source or be reflected.
• There are four types of glare: Distracting glare, discomforting glare,
disabling glare, and blinding glare.
• In indoor lighting the main concern is about discomfort glare.
DISTRACTING GLARE
• Distracting glare results from light being reflected when it moves from
one optical medium to another (e.g. from air to glass).
• This results in some of the light being reflected off the surface.
• Distracting glare comes from light reflected off the front of lenses so that
others can’t see your eyes, and from light reflected off the backs of or
within the lenses so that you see reflections in your lenses.
• This type of glare can also be experienced at day as well as night,
forming “halos” around headlights or streetlights.
• Distracting glare can represent an annoyance or distraction to the viewer
and lead to eye fatigue.
• Occurs between 1400 – 3000 lumens of light
DISCOMFORTING GLARE
• Occurs when we move from indoor lighting to outdoor lighting between
3000 to 10000 lumens
• Discomforting glare may result from direct or reflected glare and can be
caused by bright sunlight conditions.
• Discomforting glare occurs in varying degrees of intensity, but even the
milder degrees of discomforting glare result in visual discomfort, often
shown by symptoms of eyestrain or fatigue.
• The unprotected eye will respond to discomforting glare by squinting
and constriction of the pupil. It is common for the affected individual to
try to avoid the glare by shielding the eyes or turning another direction.
DISABLING GLARE
• Disabling glare, also known as veiling glare, is more intense than
discomforting glare and the high level of light produces a glare that can
actually interfere with or block vision completely.
• Greater than 10000 lumens
• This type of glare comes from excessive, intense light that can occur
when you face directly into the sun.
• Disabling glare causes objects to appear to have lower contrast than they
would if there no glare.
• Disabling glare occurs because light scatters when it enters the eye,
which, in turn, reduces the sharpness of vision and raises the differential
light threshold.
• Disabling glare tends to become more problematic in the elderly, as
the decreasing transparency of the crystalline lens that comes with
age leads to developing cataract formation.
BLINDING GLARE
• Blinding glare results from light reflecting off of smooth, shiny
surfaces such as water, sand or snow. It can be strong enough to
block vision.
• When the light reflects of the surfaces, it becomes polarized and
produces blinding glare.
• Blinding glare can block vision to the extent that the wearer
becomes visually compromised.
• Glare tends to be worse with older age, light colored eyes, prior eye
surgery, and certain eye conditions, including cataracts, dry eye.
• Effect – Loss of concentration , More frequent mistakes , Fatigue
• Remedy – Luminaires with limited luminance levels, Blinds on windows,
Matching luminaire to workstation (layout), Indirect lighting, Matt
surfaces

FLICKER
• Produced by very fast fluctuations of amplitude.
• Light sources that are operated with AC supply produce regular
fluctuations in light output
• Visibility of these fluctuations depends upon frequency and modulation of
the fluctuation
• Hazard to health
• Can be minimized by stable supply voltage or by using high frequency
electronic ballasts.

STROBOSCOPIC EFFECTS
• The stroboscopic effect occurs when a flashing light source illuminates a
moving object.
• All discharge lamps are turned on and off 100 times per second when
operated on magnetic ballasts supplied by a 50 Hz power system
• Each time the voltage passes through the zero point the arc is
extinguished and the lamp ceases to produce light
• A rapidly rotating object at speeds which are multiples of 60 such as an
1800 rpm or 3600 rpm motor can appear to be motionless
• This effect is harmful to the vision and causes discomfort, visual fatigue
and headaches.
AVOID VEILING REFLECTIONS
• Specular reflections that appear on the object viewed and which reduce
the visual task contrast.
• Causes – Geometry of the surface, observer and sources of high
luminance like Glossy papers, glass surfaces and computer screens are
subject to cause veiling reflections
• In rooms with several computer screens inside the task area special care
has to be taken in the positioning of the luminaries to avoid luminous
reflections from the screens
AVOID SHADOWS
▪ A dark area or shape produced by a body coming between rays of
light and a surface.
▪ Obstructs the visibility of certain elements
• In lighting installations, formation of long and hard shadows causes
fatigue to eyes and, therefore, is considered to be a shortcoming.
• Complete absence of shadows altogether again does not necessarily
mean an ideal condition of lighting installations. A certain amount of
shadow is desirable in artificial lighting as it helps to give shape to the
solid objects and makes them easily recognised.
• Objects illuminated by shadowless light appear flat and uninteresting,
contours are lost, and it is difficult for the eye to form a correct
judgement of the shape of an object. However, there is one exception to
this, i.e., in drawing offices, where we are to see flat surfaces,
shadowless light is essential otherwise shadows will hinder the work.
• Hard and long shadows can be avoided by:
a) Using large number of small luminaries mounted at a height not less
than 2.5 metres
b) By using wide surface sources of light using globes over filament
lamps or by using indirect lighting system.

CORRECT LIGHT COLOUR & APPROPRIATE COLOUR RENDERING

• Colour of light sources is usually described by two properties viz
Correlated Colour temperature (CCT) and Colour Rendering Index (CRI)
Correlated Colour Temperature
• Colour appearance of a light source is evaluated by CCT
• Color temperature describes the color appearance of the light source and
the light emitted from it.
▪ For example, CCT of 2700K have a yellowish colour appearance and their
light is described as warm
▪ Fluorescent lamps or white LEDs have CCT of around 6000K with bluish
appearance and light is described as cool
Colour Rendering Index
▪ Color rendering describes how well the light renders colors in objects.
▪ Colour rendering is the ability of a light source to reproduce surface
colours
▪ Describes how a light source makes the color of an object appear to human
eyes and how well subtle variations in color shades are revealed.
▪ Measures how well a given light source renders a set of test colors relative
to a reference source of the same CCT as the light source in question
▪ Expressed as a rating from 0 to 100
▪ Higher the CRI rating is, the better its color rendering ability.
▪ Imagine two objects, one red, one blue, which are lighted by a cool light
source with a low CRI. The red object appears muted while the blue
object appears a rich blue. Now take out the lamp and put in a cool light
source with a high CRI. The blue object still appears a rich blue, but the
red object appears more like its true color.
▪ Best colour rendering is Ra = 100.
▪ Light sources are divided up into colour rendering levels:
NEW QUALITY CRITERIA
• Personal control
• Changing lighting situations
• Energy efficiency
• Daylight integration
• Light as an interior design element
LIGHTING SYSTEMS
Classified according to proportion of light directed upward or downward
from the fittings
1. Direct
2. Indirect
3. Semi direct
4. Semi indirect
5. General diffusing
LIGHTING DISTRIBUTION
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD LIGHTING SCHEME

Good lighting scheme should provide

1. adequate illumination
2. light distribution all over the working plane as uniform
as possible
3. avoid glare and hard shadows as far as possible
4. light of suitable colour
 DIRECT LIGHTING
• Commonly used type of lighting scheme
• More than 90 percent of total light falls
directly on the working plane with the help
of deep reflectors
• Though it is most efficient it causes hard
shadows and glare
• It is mainly used for industrial and general
out-door lighting
 SEMI DIRECT LIGHTING
• 60 to 90 percent of the total light flux is
made to fall downwards directly,
remaining light is used to illuminate the
ceiling and walls
• Best suited to rooms with high ceilings
where a high level of uniformly
distributed illumination is desirable
• Good for stairways, corridors, and
storage areas
INDIRECT LIGHTING
• More than 90 percent of total light flux is
thrown upwards to the ceiling where it is
diverted to the room through diffuse
reflection.
• Resulting illumination is softer and more
diffused, the shadows are less prominent and
the appearance of the room is much improved
• Used for decoration purposes in cinemas
theatres and hotels
 SEMI INDIRECT LIGHTING
• 60 – 90 % of the light produced by
the fittings is directed upwards and
10 - 40 % of light is directed
downwards
▪ Soft shadows and glare free
▪ Used for indoor light decoration
purposes
 GENERAL DIFFUSING

• Light produced is equally distributed upwards

and downwards
• 10 – 40 % upwards and 10-40% downwards
 LIGHTING SCHEME
GENERAL LIGHTING
• Most commonly used artificial lighting system
• Produced by a regular array of luminaires with or
without an indirect component results in a specific
horizontal illuminance with a certain uniformity.
• Will normally provide a rather bland “shadow free”
lighting installation high energy costs because the whole
area is illuminated to the highest level of illumination
required for the single most difficult task.
LOCALIZED GENERAL LIGHTING

• If the location of a particular work area is

known then localised lighting can be used to
raise the illuminance on this area whilst
maintaining general illuminance at a lower
level.
• Average general illuminance should be at lease
one third of the task illuminance where
localized lighting is provided.
• Localized lighting tends to provide a more interesting design
with emphasis placed on the work station.
• Localised lighting is more efficient with regard to energy
costs because of the more efficient use of light good
maintenance of these schemes is essential.
 Local /Task Lighting

• This is the term used for lighting which illuminates

a specific individual workstation
• This can be provided by additional luminaires
placed at a small distance from the visual task,
which illuminate only a limited area.
• General illuminance should be at least one third
of the local illuminance
• In industrial cases, this is often referred to as
supplementary lighting.
• The light should be positioned to minimize shadsows, veiling
reflection and glare.
• Local lighting ensures efficient use of light energy.
• Local individual control should be provided.
• Disadvantages are that low wattage lamps are normally less
efficient and maintenance costs are generally higher with
local lighting
 ILLUMINATION SYSTEMS
• There are incandescent lamps, discharge lamps and fluorescent
lamps to produce artificial illumination which has the ability to
produce light of a natural source like the sun.
• Lamps alone cannot help in illumination.
• Control, distribute and direct light on a particular object
• Luminaire is a light fixture, light fitting which is an electrical
device that contains ana electrical lamp that provides
illumination. All light fixtures have a fixture body and one or
more lamps.
 LUMINAIRES
• Provides support and electrical connection to lamps and lamps
within it.
• Control, distribute and direct light on the object
• Ensure that lamps are operated in a way such that operating
temperature is kept within prescribed limits
• Easy to install and maintain, aesthetically pleasant and
economically viable
• A luminaire is a complete lighting unit, comprised of a light
source (lamp or lamps), together with the parts that distribute
the light, position and protect the lamps, and connect the lamps
to the power supply.
Examples:
• Reflectors for directing light
• Outer shell or house for lamp alignment and protection
• Electrical ballast or power supply
• Shade to diffuse the light or direct it towards workspace such
as a desk lamp
• Louvre
• Chandeliers or supports for lamps.
THANK YOU !!!