CHAPTER

6 Combustion and Flame

Learning objectives
6.1 Combustion 6.2 Fire extinguishers 6.3 Flame 6.4 Fuels

We use different kinds of fuel in homes, industries and

transport vehicles to meet our energy requirement. Olympiad Bite
Fuels like wood, charcoal, coal, petrol, diesel, LPG The head of the safety match contains a mixture of
ete. are burnt to obtain energy in the form of heat,
antimony trisulphide and potassium chlorate. The rubbing
light and in some cases sound also. surface on the side of matchbox has a coating of powdered
glass and a little red phosphorus. When the match is struck
6.1 COMBUSTION against the rubbing surface, some red phosphorus gets
Converted into white phosphorus which immediately reacts
Combustion is a chemical process in which a substance with potassium chlorate to produce enough heat to ignite
reacts with oxygen of air to give heat and light. Some antimony trisulphide and start combustion.
fuels like magnesium, camphor, kerosene, candle etc.
Table : Types of combustion
produce flame while others like coal and wood do not
produce flame. Description Examples
Type
Slow Co mbustion Rusting of
Olympiad Bite combustion Occurs at very slow iron
rate and is difficult Metabolism
The nature of flame of different materials differs. Some
fuels like magnesium burn with a white flame, some fuels to observe
like candle produce yellow flame while LPG produces blue Rapid The combustible Burning of
flame. combustion substance burns LPG
quickly Burning of
a candle
Combustible and Non-combustible
Burning of
Substances kerosene
The materials which catch fire and burn are said to wick stove
be combustible e,g., paper, kerosene, diesel etc. while Spontaneous The combustible Burning of
the materials which do not burn readily are called combustion substances catch fire phosphorus
non-combustible e.g., metals, ceramics, glass etc. on their own when Burning of
exposed to air sodium
Conditions Necessary For Combustion Combustible Burning of
Explosion
> Presence of combustible substance. substances when fire crackers
burnt release a lot
Attainment of ignition temperature. The lowest Burning of
of energy instantly
temperature at-which a substance catches fire is coal dust in
in the form of heat, coal mines
called ignition temperature. light and sound
> Presence of supporter of combustion.
Class-8|Science 63
 6.2 FIRE EXTINGUISHERS Pressure reliet
Operating
To lever
control
hre, one or more of the devise
lor combustion should be removed. conditions required Discharge -Salety pin
A fire may be
extinguished by tube
Control valve
Removing all the combustible substances from the
site of fire
Cutting off the supply of oxygen Discharge
> Bringing down the horn
temperature of the burning
substance below its ignition temperature. Liquid CO.

Commonly Used Fire Extinguishers

Water Carbon dioxide-based fire extinguisher
It is the most common fire
extinguisher which cools the
combustible substance below its ignition temperature.
Also, water vapours formed cut off the supply of oxygen. Knob
It is best suited for fire caused by
burning paper or wood.
Olympiad Bite Bottle

Water is not suitable for fires involvingoil arnd petrol. Water

is heavier than oil, so it sinks below the oil and oil keeps Sulphuric
acid
burning on the top. Water is also not suitable for fires
involving electrical equipments.
Carbon dioxide Container
-Sodium
Carbon dioxide being heavier than oxygen covers the bicarbonate
combustible substances like a blanket and cuts off solution
the supply of oxygen. It is best suited for ire caused Soda-acid type fire extinguisher
by short circuiting in electrical equipments or hre 2NaHCO, +H,SO, ’ Na,SO, + 2H,0 +2CO,
caused by burning of inflammable liquids like oils Sodium Sulphuric Sodium Water Carbon
etc. Carbon dioxide is stored in liquid form at high bicarbonate acid sulphate dioxide
pressure. Compressed carbon dioxide when released
causes formation of blanket around the fire and also Sand and soil
cools down the temperature of the fuel. Sand and soil are good fire extinguishers for fire caused
by burning oils.
:SELF TEST-1
1. Burning of coal dust in acoal mine is an example of 3. Shobha studied the nature of a few common
(A) Spontaneous combustion substances and summarised her results in the given
!( Explosion table.
i (C) Rapid combustion S.No. Material Combustible/Non-combustible
(D) Slow combustion. 1. Wood Combustible
2. The temperature at which asubstance starts burning 2 Iron nails Non-combustible
is called 3 Charcoal Combustible
(A), Kindling temperature 4 Glass Combustible
B Ignition temperature 5
Matchstick Non-combustible
(C) Flash point 6. Kerosene Combustible
(D) All of these.

64 mtG Olympiad PREP-GUIDE

 The incorrect observations are (C) Throwing sand over it
(A) 2 and 3 only (D) All of these.
(Y4 and 5 only 5. A soda-acid fire extinguisher contains ()_ and
(C) 3, 4 and 5 only (ii)
(ii) in two separate compartments. (i) and
(D) Iand 6 only. are respectively
4. Fire caused by short circuit in an electrical (A) Washing soda and vinegar
equipment cannot be extinguished by (B) Sulphuric acid and soda lime
47 Pouring water over it (C) Soda lime and washing soda
(B) Using carbon dioxide gas fire extinguisher (D Baking soda and sulphuric acid.
6.3 FLAME Table: Different zones of aflame

The word flame is derived from the Latin name Zone Description
Flamma'. It is the region where combustion of gaseous
substances takes place. All gases which undergo Outermost or Non Zone of complete
combustion produce flame while only those solids and luminous zone combustion
liquid fuels which vaporise on heating burn with a Hottest part of flame
flame, e.g., wax, camphor, kerosene and mustard oil Carbon particles of
vaporise on heating and produce flame.
wax burn completely
Types of Flame to form water vapours
and carbon dioxide
Depending upon the availability of oxygen, the flame
produced by a substance is of two types: Temperature is quite
high, about 1400°C
Yellow flame
Yellow flame is produced by incomplete combustion Middle zone or Zone of incomplete
of afuel due to insufficient supply of oxygen. Yellow Luminous zone combustion
flame is caused by the glow of hot unburnt carbon Wax vapour do not
particles produced due to incomplete combustion of
fuel. The yellow flame produces light, so it is said to burn completely due
be a luminous flame, e.g., flame of a kerosene lamp. to inadequate supply
of oxygen, the carbon
Blue flame particles glow emitting
Blue flame is produced by complete combustion of a yellow light
a fuel due to sufficient supply of oxygen. Blue flame Leaves a black soot and
does not produce much light so it is said to be a non other residues on an
luminous flame, e.g, flame of LPG.
object placed here
Structure of a Flame Moderately hot
Temperature is about
Outermost zone of complete
combustion (blue) 1200°C
Hottest part
-Middle zone of
Moderately hot
partial conmbustion (yellow) Innermnost zone or Dark black in colour
Least hot: Dark zone Consists of unburnt
-Innermostzone of
unburnt wax vapours (black) wax vapours
Wick Least hot
-Wax candle Temperature is about
800-1000°C
Different zones of a flame

Class-8 | Science 65
6.4 FUELS
lhe wnbus1ble suhstance that 0s burnt o obtain heat OlympiadBite
and light iN called a tucl " Fuels are mostly made up of hydrocarbons
Table : substances made up of carbon and hydrogen ony
Fuel
Classiication of fuels " Complete combustion takes place when
a fuel hure
Description with enough oxygen to Support the burning process. Vhen
I\iNt in solid state at a hydrocarbon burns completely. the products formed
roonm are carbon dioxide and water. Heat and light eneray ara
Solt uels lemperature
released.
Wood charcoal, cow dung cakes, Methane +Oxygen ’ Carbon dioxide + Water +Enerqy
agriultural wastes, coal etc. Incomplete combustion occurs when suticient oxvoen
Exist in liquid state is not available. The resulting products in case of incompleta
Liqud at room combustion of hydrocarbons are carbon monoxide, water
fuels temperature
> and energy.
Kerosene, petrol, diesel, fuel oil etc. Methane +Oxygen -’ Carbon monoxide +Water +Eneray
Eist in gaseous state at room
Gascous
temperature Characteristics of a Good Fuel
fucls
Petroleum gas, natural gas, biogas High calorific value
el.
Higher the caloriic value of a fuel, more is the heat
produced when it is burnt.
Naturaland Processed Fuels
Natural fuels are also called primary fucls and they Low ignition temperature
fuel should be low but ouite
are used in the same form as they exist in
nature Ignition temperature of a
, coal, wood, etc. Processed fuels are also called as above the room temperature. 1f ignition temperature
is low, the fuel will catch fire very casily and if it is
secondary fuels and they are produced from natural high, the fuel has to be heated for a long time before
fuels after processing by chemical methods e, petrol, it can catch ire.
diesel, biogas cte. Substances like petrol, alcohol, kerosene oil, LPG
etc. have very low ignition temperature and easily
Olympiad Bite catch fire. Such substances are called inflammable
substances.
(omposition of some gaseous fuels:
Natural gas :Methane +Traces of ethane and propane Moderate rate of combustion
Biogas Methane + Carbon dioxide A
good fuelshould release heat ina controlled manner.
Hydrogen + Carbon monoxide In addition to all these characteristics, a good fuel
Water gas should be fairly cheap, easily available and should not
Producer gas Nitrogen + Carbon monoxide cause pollution.
Coal gas Methane +Hydiogen +Carbon monoxide
LPG Butane + Isobutane +Propane Efects of Burning of Fuels on Environment
> Carbon fuels like wood, petroleum etc. release
CNG Methane
unburnt carbon particles which are very ine and
cause respiratory diseases such as asthma.
Fuel Efficiency Incomplete combustion of carbon fuels releases
Dttercnt lucls produce diterent amounts of heat carbon monoxide which is a very poisonous gas.
on burnng Some fucls produce nore heat whereas Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane,
other fuels produce less heat. The efliciency of afuel is water vapour, nitrous oxides, aerosols etc. cause
global warnming which may lead to change in climate
expressed in tems of its calorific value. Calorific value of almost every part on the earth.
Is the amount of heat produced in kilojoules when
onc kilogram of a fuel is completely burnt. Higher the Oxides of sulphur and nitrogen released on
combustion of coal and diesel cause acid rain
calorit value, nore is thc ethciency of fuel. which is very harmful for crops, buildings and soil.
66 mtG Olymplad PREP-GUIDE
SELF TEST - 2
1 Which zone of a flame does the goldsmith use for (B) Low calorific value and high ignition temperature:
melting gold and silver? (C) Low calorific value and low ignition temperature
(A) Luninous zone () Non-luminous zone ( High calorific value and low ignition temperature
(C) Dark zone (D) All of these 4. Which of the following fuels has the lowest calorific
2. Complete combustion of most of the fuels produces value?
i) which is responsible for (ii). (i) and (ii) are (A) Coal (B) Petrol
respectively (C) Methane (PY Hydrogen gas
(A) Oxygen and respiration 5. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
(B) Carbon and photosynthesis (A) A luminous zone is formed due to complete
(Carbon monoxide and pollution combustion of fuel.
D Carbon dioxide and global warming. (B) Asubstance that does not vaporise during burning
3. Which of the following represents the characteristics gives flame.
ofa good fuel? (C) Agood fuel should have high ignition temperature.
(A) High calorific value and high ignition temperature (9 All of these.
 EXERCISE
correct choice
1. Match the columns and select the correct option Which of the following represents the match
4. making the head of safety
from the given codes. of chemicals used for
ColumnI Column II and the rubbing surface? Rubbing surface
P. Rusting of iron Head of safety match White phosphorus and
(i) Spontaneous and
combustion (A) Antimony chloride glass powder
potassium chlorate
Q. Exposure of sodium (ii) Slow combustion Potassium chlorate and
phosphorus and
to open air (B) Red
antimony chloride glass powder
R. White phosphorus and
Burning of paper (ii) Explosion (C) Glass powder
and red
potassium chloride
dipped in kerosene phosphorus Glass powder and red
S. Burning of crackers (iv) Rapid combustion (D) Antimony trisulphide
phosphorus
(A) P-(ii), Q-(iv), R-(iü), S-(i) and potassium chlorate
B P-(ii), Q-(i), R-(iv), S-(ii) substances are listed as:
5. Afew combustible
(C) P-(iv), Q-(ii), R-(ii), S-(i) ) Candle (i) Camphor
(D) P-(iv),Q-(ii), R-(i), S-(i) (N Magnesium ribbon
(üi) Coal
2. Ms Saira, a science teacher demonstrated the (vi) Charcoal
(w Petrol
correct
following experiment to the students. Which of the following represents their
classification?
Water Do not form flame
Form flame
(i), (ii), (v), (vi)
Paper pan (A) (),(iv)
(B) (), (iv), (v) (iü), (üi),(vi)
(e i), (ii), (iv), (v) (iüi), (vi)
Wire mesh
Candle (D) (ii), (iv) (), (iüi), (v), (vi)
Tripod stand 6. Select the correct statements.
Both soda-acid type and foam type extinguishers
cannot be used in fighting electrical fires.
Which of the following represents the correct
observation and inference? I. Liquid carbon dioxide can be used for both électrical
and oil fires.
Observation Inference
III. Gaseous fuels are better than solid or liquid fuels.
(A) The paper pan catches Paper is inflammable. IV. Burning of charcoal produces flame with four
fire and water spills all
over the wire mesh. distinct zones.
(4 Iland IIl only (B) III and IV only
(B) Paper pan does not Paper has very high (C) Iand IV only (D) I, II, III and IV only
catch fire. ignition temperature.
() Paper pan does not Water in the pan absorbs 7. Match the columns and select the correct option
catch fire. heat from the candle flame. from the given codes.
(D) Paper pan does not Water vapours condense Column I Column II
catch fire. back to water and do not P. Gas obtained on complete (i) Dark zone
let the paper burn. combustion of fuel
-X
3. Observe the given figure carefully. Q. Coldest part of flame (ii) Hydrogen
Which of the following represents the R. Gas obtained on (ii) Carbon dioxide
correct order of temperature range in incomplete combustion
different zones of the candle flame? of fuel
S. Gas used in rocket (iv) Carbon monoxide
(A) Y>X> Z (B) Z> Y>X
(erX> Y>Z (D) None of these (v) Non-luminous zone
(vi) Nitrogen
68 WtG Olympiad PREP-GUIDE
(A) P0). Q-(v). R(ii), S-iv)
S-(vi)
(B) Unburnt carbon particlcs left behind because of
(B) P(i), Q (), R-(iv), insufficient oxygen for burning
P(00), Q(), R-(iv), S-(0) (C) Burning of hydrocarbons
() P(iv). Q(v). R(i), S-(vi) (D) All of these.
Q Obscrve the given experimental sct-up. 12. If 10 kg of a fucl X produccs I,60,000 Jof heat on
complete combustion then, the calorific value of X is
(A) 16000 J/kg (B) 160 kJ/kg
(C) 1.6 k</kg (D) 16 kl/kg
13. Which of the following is correct for the process of
burning of a candle?
() (1) (I) (A) There is formation of a beautiful cup around the
In which case, the candle will go off first? wick of the candle.
(A) I (B) II (B) Capillary action of the wick draws the liquid wax
(C) III (D) Both Iand Il together up the flame where it vaporises.
9. Read the given passage and fill in the blanks by (C) The flame is drawn to a good height by the rising
column of hot air.
sclecting an appropriate option.
(D) All of these.
The amount of heat energy produced on (i) combustion
of 1kg of a fuel is called its (ii)_. It is expressed 14. Study the given fire triangle. (i), (ii) and (ii) represent
conditions necessary for combustion.
in units of(ii) Fuels like wood and coal release
unburnt (iv)_ particles which are pollutants and cause
many respiratory diseases such as_(v). (ii

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

Carbon Bronchbitis
(A) Complete Ignition (iii)
value dioxide
(B) Partial Ignition J/kg Carbon Asthma (i), (Gi) and (iüi) in the triangle could be respectively
value monoxide (A) Heating, cooling and vaporisation
(C) Complete Calorific kj/kg Carbon
Asthma (B) Oxygen, carbon dioxide and water
value (C) Oxygen, heat and combustible substance
(D) Partial Calorific J/kg Carbon Bronchitis (D) Oxygen, ignition temperature and calorific value
value 15. Select the incorrect statements.
science teacher I. Carbon dioxide is an inflammable gas.
10. While demonstrating an activity, the Carbon dioxide is heavier than air.
setup the experiment as shown in the figure: II.
III. Carbon dioxide stored as a liquid in fire extinguisher
Water
cools the combustible substance below its ignition
temperature.
Paper
cup Paper cup IV. Carbon dioxide is stored at high temperature.
(A) Iand IIonly (B) II and IV only
(C) Iand IV only (D) I, II, IIIand IV

Set 1 Set 2
Which of the following represent the correct observations? Achievers Section (HOTS)
I. Paper cup burns in set l.
Temperature of water rises in set 2. by
II. 16. Read the given passage and ill in the blanks
III. Paper cup absorbs heat from water in set 2. selecting an appropriate option.
IV. Paper cup loses heat to water in set 2.
Increase in concentration of ( ) in air causes
V. Ignition temperature of paper cup is not reached
in set 2. (i)) which results in rise in temperature of atmosphere
(B) IIl and IV only of earth. Oxides of (ii) and (iv) dissolve in
(A) Iland IV only water and form (v) which is very harmful for crops,
(C) I, II, IV and V only (D) I, IIIand V only
diesel
particles during burning of a buildings and soil. These days, the petrol and
11. The formation of soot are being replaced by(vi)_ which is comparatively
candle is due to a cleaner fuel.
(A) Burning of hydrogen
Class-8| Science 69
 () (ü) (iñi) (iv)
()
(vi) Which of the following is correct regarding this activity?
Globa! Carhm Hvdrogen Henides Compresse (A) The wax vapours rise up the gass tube and burs
natural gas into flame when burning matchstick is brought
Sodium Rotass1um Hvdroxides Liquefied near it.

C) Catn
eflet petroleum
gas
(B) The burning matchstick burns the candle wiclk
Green Sulptur Nitrogen Acid rain Compressed
which made of highly inflammable substance.
dode bocse
eiext natural gas (C) Carbon dioxide is released in the innermost dark
(D) Hdrogn Gioba Carbon zone which bursts into flames when burning
Sulphur Acid rain Liquefied matchstick is brought near it.
petroleum
gas (D) None of these.
17. A few substances are 20. Select the incorrect matches regarding the type of
Group I:Diesel, kerosene,grouped
stone,
together as:
petrol fire and fire extinguishers which can be used for that
Group II: Natural gas, petroleum gas, biogas,
Group II:Respiration, burning of paper,hydrogen gas particular type of n.
burning of Carbon dioxide, dry
candle, burning of kerosene I. Flammable gases
chemicals
Select the odd one out in each group and the
which nakes it odd one out in the group. property II. Cooking oil and fat Water

Group I III. Electrical Water, chemical foam

Group II Group III
(A) Stone equipments
(Solid)
Biogas Burning of
(Renewable) kerosene (Rapid IV. Combustible metal Carbon dioxide
combustion) (A) I and IIl only
(B) Stone (Non- Hydrogen (Not Respiration (B) II, III and IV only
combustibie) a household fuel) (Slow combustion)
Diesel (Fuel Petroleum Burning of
(C) Iand IV only
for heavy (D) IIand III only
(Non-renewable) candle
vehicies) (Slow combustion) SOF NS0 2022 QUESTIONS
(D) Petrol Hydrogen Respiration
(Highly (Inflarmmable) (Slow combustion) 1. Calorific values of some fuels are given as:
inflammable) Fuel Calorific value (kJ/kg)
18. Match the columns and select the correct match
Coal 25000-33000
from the given codes.
Diesel 45000
ColumnI ColumnlI Column III
LPG S5000
P Innermost (i) Blue (a) Complete CNG 50000
ZOne combustion
On the basis of this data, find out the correct order of
Outermost (iü) Yellow (b) No eficiency of fuels.
Zone combustion
(A) LPG> CNG >Diesel > Coal
R. Middle (iii) Black (c) Partial (B) Coal > Diesel > LPG > CNG
ZOne combustion (C) Diesel > CNG > Coal > LPG
(A) P-(iü)-(c), Q-(i)-a), R-(ii)-(b) (D) CNG > LPG > Diesel > Coal (Level-1)
(B) P-(i)-(a), Q-(iii)-(b), R-(ii)-(c)
(C) P-(i)-(c), Q-(ii)-(b), R-(i)-(a) 2. Read the given statements and select the option that
(D) P-(iiü)-(b), Q-(i)-(a), R-(ii)-(c) correctly identifies them as true (T) and false (F) ones.
I. A combustible substance cannot catch fire as
19. Manan,a class &student took a glass tube with a pair
of tongs and introduced its one end in the dark zone of long as its temperature is lower than its ignition
the candle flame as shown in the figure: temperature.
II. The head of the matchstick contains arsenic
trisulphide and potasium chloride.
III. Burning of white phosphorus at room temperature
is an example of rapid combustion.
IV. The calorific value of kerosene is higher than that
of coal.

70WtG Olympiad PREP-GUIDE

 (iv) Non-luminous zone is the hottest part of the candle
(A) T F flame.
(B) T T (A) (i) and (iv) only (B) (i) and (iii) only
(C) T (C) (ii) and (iv) only (D) (ü), (iii) and (iv) only
(D) F T T (Level-1) (Level-1)
1 Raghav made two paper cups by folding a sheet of 7 Read the given statements and select the correct
paper. He flled water in one of the cups and kept the option.
other cup empty. He placed each of the paper cups over Statement 1 : Kerosene oil and wood do not catch fire
(wo burning candles as shown in the following figure.
on their own at room temperature.
Statement 2 : A combustible material cannot catch fire

-Paper
as long as the temperature is lower than its ignition
Water cups temperature.
(A) Both statement 1and statement 2 are true and
statement 2 is the correct explanation of statement 1.
(B) Both statement 1 and statement 2 are true but
statement 2 is not the correct explanation of
He observed that the empty cup starts burning immediately,
the
statement 1.
Rather,
but the cup containing water does not burn. (C) Statement l is true but statement 2 is false.
heat
water in the cup starts boiling when continued to (D) Both statement l and statement 2 are false.
for sonme more time. (Level-1)
What could be the most appropriate reason for this? 8 The nature of a few common substances are
(A) The heat supplied to the empty paper cup was summarised in the given table.
not sufficient enough to overcome its ignition S.No. Material Combustible/Non-combustible
temperature. Petrol Non-combustible
(B) The heat was unable to reach the paper cup filled
1.

with water, hence it does not burn. 2. Charcoal Combustible

(C) The heat supplied to the cup is transferred to water 3. Wood Non-combustible
via conduction and thus, in the presence of water, 4. Stone Combustible
the ignition temperature of paper is not reached. 5. Magnesium ribbon Combustible
(D) Excess of oxygen is present in the paper cup Non-combustible
6 Glass
containing water, due to which water starts boiling.
The incorrect classifications are
(Level-1)
(A) 1, 4 and 6 only (B) 1, 3 and 4 only
4. Which zone of the flame is used by goldsmith to (D) 2, 4 and 5 only.
(C) 2, 5 and 6 only
melt silver and gold? (Level-1)
(A) Middle zone (B) Outermost zone
9. Select the correct statement(s).
(C) Innermost zone (D) Either (A) or (C)
(Level-1) I. Methane has higher calorific value as compared to
-X coal.
5. Observe the given figure carefully. -} II. The rubbing surface of a matchbox has potassium
Which of the following represents the chlorate and a little white phosphorus on it.
correct order of temperature range in II. Water should not be used to extinguish fire involving
different zones of the candle flame?
electrical equipments.
(A) Y> X>Z IV. CO, is the best extinguisher for fire involving
(B) Z> Y>X inflammable materials like petrol.
(C) X> Y>Z (A) I and II only (B) 1, III and IV on!ly
(D) None of these (Level-1) (C) III only (D) I, II II and IV
(Level-2)
6 Which of the following statements are true?
(i) Luminous zone is the zone of completecombustion. 10. Which of the following materials does not produce
flame?
(1) Dark zone is the least hot zone of a candle flame.
(A) Wax (B) Camphor
(ui) Incompletecombustionoccursin thenon-luminous (D) Charcoal
zone of a candle flame. (C) Magnesium (Level-2)

Class-8| Science 71
 HINTS&EXPLANATIONS
SELF TEST-1 7. (C):
(B) :Burning of coal dust in a coal mine is an Gas obtained on complete Carbon dioxide
Cxample of explosion. combustion of fuel
2 (D) Coldest part of flame Dark zone

3. (B) : Glass is non-combustible while matchstick is Gas obtained on incomplete Carbon monoxide
combustible. combustion of fuel
4. (A) Gas used in rocket Hydrogen
5. (D) 8. (C):The candle will go off irst in apparatus (IIn)
SELF TEST -2
as the supply of air is totally cut off.
1.
9. (C): The amount of heat energy produced on
(B) :Goldsmith uses the non-luminous zone for complete combustion of 1kg ofa fuel is called its calorihc
melting gold and silver as it is the bottest recinn of value. It is expressed in units of kJ/kg. Fuels like wood
flame.
and coal release unburnt carbon particles which are
pollutants and cause many respiratory diseases such
2. (D)
3. (D) as asthama.
4. (A) 10. (C) 11. (B)
5. (D): Aluminous zone is formed due to incomplete 12. (D): 10 kg of Xproduces heat = 1,60,000 J
combustion of fuel.
lkg of Xwill produce heat = 1,60,000/10 J
Asubstance which vaporises during burning gives flame. = 1,6000J= 16 k]
Agood fuel should have low ignition temperature.
Hence, calorifc value of fuel X= 16 k</kg
EXERCISE
13. (D)
1. (B) :
14. (C)
Rusting of iron Slow combustion
15. (C): Carbon dioxide is non-inflammable gas and
Exposure of sodium to Spontaneous combustion
it is stored under high pressure.
open air
Rapid combustion 16. (C) : Increase in concentration of carbon dioxide
Burning of paper
in air causes greenhouse effect which results in rise in
Burning of crackers Explosion temperature of atmosphere of earth. Oxides of sulphur
2. (C) : Paper pan does not catch fire and water in and nitrogen dissolve in water and form acid rain which
the pan absorbs heat from the candle and does not let is very harmful for crops, buildings and soil. These days,
the paper attain its ignition temperature. the petrol and diesel are being replaced by compressed
3. (C): Xis non-luminous (hottest) zone, Yis luminous natural gas which is comparatively a cleaner fuel.
zone (moderately hot) and Z is dark zone (least hot). 17. (B): Group I: Stone is non-combustible while
4 (D): Head of safety match contains antimony others are combustible substances.
trisulphide and potassium chlorate while the rubbing Group I : Hydrogen gas is not ahousehold fuel.
surface contains powdered glass and a little red Group III : Respiration is an example of slow combustion
phosphorus.
5. (C): Candle, camphor, magnesium ribbon and while burning of candle, burning of kerosene and burning
of paper are examples of rapid combustion.
petrol form flame while coal and charcoal do not form
flame.
18. (D): Innermost zone - Black- No combustion
6. (A):Both soda acid type and foam type extinguishers Outermost zone - Blue Complete combustion
can be used in fhghting electrical fires. Charcoal does Middle zone - Yellow - Partial combustion
not produce flarne on burning. 19. (A) 20. (B)

72 WtG Olympiad PREP-GUIDE

 ONOO QUENTIONQ
siven

N icael (val.

7 (A); he lowEst tenperatufé at which a4tsbetance

(ahos lire is called ito ignitio teopEralute Kesoene

lemperAlure be(ausE a (orobusible material CaD66t

(alch fire as long as the tenperatufe is lwer tha6 iA
ignition temperature
. (4) ;tetrol Coabustible
Igutu (vnpalue thus (he waler i the cup slarte (Charcoal Conbustitble
Wood (Combustitle
Slone Non (ombustible
48): Cuddamiha blow he (outemost Z0n (of a
Magnesiun rbbon Combustible
ilak withamealli blow pipe lor neltug gold and
(lass No6 (ombuetible
(11) The Calorific values of methane and coal ate
i 0 : \in the Qulemos Zn which is the hottest 50,000 kJ/kg and 25000-33000 k/kg respectively The
Piod the tle Yix the midlle wng which is less hot rubbiog surface of amatchbox has powdered glass and
thait WiN a , Zin the nnemost zone which is alitle red phosphorus on it. 1f an electrical equipraent
thk deNt Pl ot the lame. tlence, the corct order is (on fire, waler should not bé used as an extingusher
o tepri dluie rauge in düterent one% of the
candl This is because waler may conduct electricity and harm
tlat i k Z . those trying to douse the fire. C0, is the best extinguisher
for fire involving inflarmmable malerials like petrol as
: lhe QuernostZne ol a candle (lame is the
hica t of a llame. lt is th¹ hon-luminous zone ((), being hcavier than oxygen, covers the fire like a
da tl csat veIy little light, l is the zone of complte blanket,
wbiNQl aN ta this IKS the wax vapours have CuOugh 10. (D): Wax, camphor and magnesium vapourise
Nyge to bun wnplelely. prolucing cartbondioxide during burning, and thereby give flames Charcoal does
wal not vapourise and so does not produce tlame.

Class-8| Science 73