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Natural Gas Industry B 8 (2021) 146e153
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Research Article

Research progress and prospect of key technologies for high-strain line pipe
steel and pipes*,**
Feng Yaorong a,*, Ji Lingkang a, Chen Hongyuan a, Jiang Jinxing b, Wang Xu c, Ren Yi d,
Zhang Duihong e, Niu Hui f, Bai Mingzhuo g & Li Shaopo h
a
State Key Laboratory of Performance and Structure Safety for Petroleum Tubular Goods and Equipment Materials//CNPC Tubular Goods Research Institute,
Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710077, China
b
Nanjing Iron & Steel Co., Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210035, China
c
CNPC Bohai Equipment Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Tianjin, 300457, China
d
Angang Steel Co., Ltd., Anshan, Liaoning, 114021, China
e
PetroChina Pipeline Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100011, China
f
CNPC Baoji Petroleum Steel Pipe Co., Ltd., Baoji, Shaanxi, 721008, China
g
Baoshan Iron & Steel Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201900, China
h
Shougang Group Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100043, China
Received 22 July 2020; accepted 25 September 2020
Available online 15 April 2021

Abstract

The development and supporting technologies of high-strain line pipe steel and pipes used for oil and gas pipeline projects in special
geological environments (such as earthquake zone, landslide zone, mine goaf and subsidence zone) is one of the international research hotspots,
and it is also a major problem that China's major oil and gas pipeline projects have to solve. Focusing on a series of key technical difficulties in
the research & development and application of high-strain line pipe steel and pipes, a number of theoretical and technological innovations have
been achieved after more than ten years of joint researches. And the main achievements are as follows. First, the method of applying many
different parameters (e.g. stress ratio, yield to tensile ratio and uniform elongation (UEL)) to comprehensively characterize and evaluate the
deformation behavior of steel pipes is proposed, and a technical index system and standard for the new products of X70HD/X80HD high-strain
line pipe steel and pipes are established. Second, a complete set of X70HD/X80HD steel plate manufacturing technology is researched and
developed, and the high-strain steel plate with the properties of low yield to tensile ratio, high uniform elongation, high stress ratio and high
strength and toughness is worked out. Third, the X70HD/X80HD JCOE and UOE high-strain longitudinal submerged arc welded pipe
manufacturing technology is researched and developed, reasonable performance matching between a steel pipe and a welding seam is realized,
and the performance deterioration in the process of forming, welding, diameter-expending and thermal coating is solved. Fourth, a full-scale test
device of steel pipe internal pressure þ bending large deformation is independently developed, and the physical simulation based steel pipe
deformation test technology is formed. X70HD/X80HD high-strain line pipe steel and pipes have been applied in the West to East Gas Pipeline,
the ChinaeMyanmar Pipeline and other major gas pipeline projects in the large scale, and their application effects are remarkable. To satisfy the
new needs of pipeline construction and long-term safe operation under complex geological conditions, some suggestions were put forwarded,
such as developing new methods of strain-based pipeline design, and researching and developing or improving the supporting technologies
suitable for the higher matching requirements of girth weld, such as welding methods, welding materials, welding processes, and girth weld

*
Project supported by the National Key R&D Program of China “Research and Development of High-strain Marine Line Pipes” (No. 2018YFC03010300),
PetroChina's Major Science & Technology Project “Research on Key Technologies for Controlling Pipe Fracture and Deformation in the Second West-East Gas
Pipeline” (No. 2009E-0105) and “Research and Development of Special Welded Pipes for the Second West-East Gas Pipeline” (No. 2009E-0104), and CNPC's
Science & Technology Infrastructure Program “CNPC Infrastructure Construction of Key Laboratory for Petroleum Tubular Engineering” (No. 07H611).
**
This is the English version of the originally published article in Natural Gas Industry (in Chinese), which can be found at https://doi.org/10.3787/j.issn.1000-
0976.2020.09.013.
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (Feng YR).
Peer review under responsibility of Sichuan Petroleum Administration.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ngib.2020.09.015
2352-8540/© 2021 Sichuan Petroleum Administration. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communication Co. Ltd. This is an open access
article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
 Feng YR et al. / Natural Gas Industry B 8 (2021) 146e153 147

performance quality and defect control requirements.

© 2021 Sichuan Petroleum Administration. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communication Co. Ltd. This is an open
access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Keywords: High-strain line pipe steel; High-strain steel pipe; Deformation behavior evaluation; X70; X80; Girth weld; ChinaeMyanmar Pipeline; West to east gas
pipeline project

0. Introduction index system and standard of high-strain line pipe steel and
pipes, systematically studying and revealing the internal
In order to meet the growing demand of clean energy for relation and influence law among chemical composition,
China's national economic development and promote the microstructure, properties and service performance, and
implementation of the “One Belt and One Road” initiative, it productionemanufacturing process of line pipe steel and
is urgent to build high pressure, large throughput long-distance pipes, and developing the productionemanufacturing tech-
oil/gas pipelines for purpose of “West to East Gas/Oil Trans- nologies of high-strain line pipe steel and pipes and sup-
portation”, “North to South Gas/Oil Transportation”, “Onshore porting technologies.
Gas/Oil Transporting Offshore” and “Offshore Gas/Oil Take the ChinaeMyanmar Oil and Gas Pipeline (herein-
Landing ". The geology and geomorphology are complex in after referred to as ChinaeMyanmar Pipeline) and the Third
the vast territory of China; therefore, large-diameter and high- West to East Gas Pipeline as examples, the design pressure is
pressure long-distance oil/gas pipelines inevitably pass between 10 MPa and 12 MPa, X70/X80 steel line pipes are
through a large number of earthquake fracture zones, landslide used along the whole lines, and the pipe diameter is between
zones, mine goafs, subsidence zones and other areas with 813 mm and 1219 mm. These line pipes encounter the most
complex working conditions. For the pipeline working in these complex geological and geomorphological conditions in
complex conditions, the strain-based limit state design method China. In order to ensure the successful completion and safe
have to be used to replace the traditional allowable stress operation of these pipeline projects, it is urgent to carry out the
design method, which puts forward high demand for high- research and development of X70HD/X80HD high-strain steel
strain line pipes. line pipes and the applicable key technologies. JFE first put
High-strain line pipe is a new type of steel pipe with low forward the concept of high-strain steel line pipe [4,5], and
yield to tensile ratio (Rt0.5/Rm), high uniform plastic defor- developed and manufactured X65 product for application in
mation elongation (hereinafter referred to as uniform elon- Sakhalin Pipeline in Russia. Later, Nippon Steel and JFE
gation, UEL), high deformation hardening index (n) and high developed X70 and X80 high-strain steel pipes, which were
critical buckling strain capacity (εave), in addition to high applied in the ChinaeMyanmar Pipeline and the Second West
strength and high toughness. These pipeline are applicable in to East Gas Pipeline projects.
passing through geological hazard areas such as landslide The research and development of X70/X80 high-strain line
zones, earthquake fracture zones, subsidence zones and mine pipe steel and pipes was carried out in China basically in step
goafs, to prevent pipeline buckling, instability and ductile with Japan. Supported by multiple research projects, including
fracture due to the large strain caused by internal pressure and the National Science & Technology Support Program
axial compression, which may lead to catastrophic accidents “Research on Specification and Key Technology for X80
[1,2]. However, as oil/gas pipeline develops towards high Pipes” and the CNPC project “Research on Key Technology
pressure, large diameter and high strength, the main grade of for Pipeline Construction in Special Areas”, X70HD/X80HD
line pipe steel and pipe has evolved from X52 and X60 to high-strain steel line pipes and relevant application technolo-
X70 and X80, with its yield to tensile ratio increasing from gies were developed through decade of efforts [6e9]. These
0.80 to 0.90e0.93 or above, but the excessive yield to tensile China-made X70HD/X80HD high-strain line pipe steel and
ratio restricts the ultimate plastic deformation ability of line pipes have been extensively applied in the ChinaeMyanmar
pipe steel and pipes, thus seriously threatening the safety of Pipeline and the West to East Gas Pipeline, facilitating the
pipelines [3]. Therefore, the development of high-strain line implementation and operation of such projects in complex
pipe steel and pipes with low yield to tensile ratio and good working conditions such as earthquake fracture zones, land-
plastic deformation ability has become an inevitable slide zones, mine goafs and subsidence zones. Therefore,
requirement of safe service of pipelines, especially under timely summarization of the theoretical and technical
strain control working conditions. It is challenging that high- achievements and experiences in the research, development
strain line pipe steel and pipes can meet both the strength and application of high-strain line pipe steel and pipes in
requirement and the toughness requirement, and also have China are very significant to the further development of high-
good plasticity and high-strain capacity under complex strain line pipe steel and pipes and relevant key application
working conditions. These performance requirements are technologies, the improvement of pipe line design and con-
often contradictory, so how to balance them is a major in- struction capacities, and the guarantee of long-term safe
ternational problem. This requires establishing a technical operation of pipelines.
148 Feng YR et al. / Natural Gas Industry B 8 (2021) 146e153

1. Characterization, evaluation, prediction and control 2. Manufacturing technology of X70HD/X80HD high-

technologies for deformation behavior of high-strain steel strain steel plates
line pipes
In order to ensure the requirements for strength, plasticity,
Laser measurement was used to obtain the precise shape of toughness, weldability and strain aging behaviour of X70HD/
steel pipes; based on the digital reverse modeling technology, X80HD high-strain line pipe steel, in composition design, low
the actual constitutive equation of steel pipe material was carbon or ultra-low carbon content was selected, Mn, Mo, Cr,
introduced to perform precise simulation on the buckling Cu, Ni, Nb and Ti elements were added, the content of N was
behavior of steel pipe under the condition of internal pressure controlled, the content of detrimental such as S, P, O2 and H2
and bending (Fig. 1), and form the numerical simulation were strictly controlled, Al and Si were used for total deoxi-
technology for the buckling strain capacity of steel pipes dation, and the shape of inclusions was controlled through Ca
[10e14]. treatment [21e24]. The typical chemical composition is
The material's stress ratio (Rt5.0/Rt1.0, Rt2.0/Rt1.0 and Rt1.5/ shown in Table 2.
Rt0.5) instead of deformation hardening index (n) was pro- The dual-phase microstructure design of “granular
posed as an important index to evaluate the strain behavior of ferrite þ bainite” was applied, in which the bainite (hard
steel line pipes, the correlation between material's stress ratio phase) ensures the necessary strength of line pipe steel, and the
and average strain of 2D length of steel pipes was revealed ferrite (soft phase) ensures the sufficient plasticity of line pipe
(Fig. 2), and the method of determining the buckling strain steel. The influence of granular ferrite volume fraction on the
capacity of steel pipes by stress ratio was invented [15e19]. strength, yield to tensile ratio, stress ratio and UEL of line pipe
A technical index system of high-strain steel line pipes steel was systematically studied. When the granular ferrite is
(Table 1) was put forward, and multiple parameters such as 50%e75%, a reasonable match of strength, plasticity and
stress ratio, yield to tensile ratio and UEL were used to jointly toughness of X70HD/X80HD line pipe steel can be achieved.
characterize and evaluate the deformation behavior of steel The grain size is controlled at 3e6 mm; by means of reason-
pipes (Fig. 3), so that the quality and performance level of able match of combination of soft and hard phases, the steel
high-strain steel linepipes can be controlled in an all-round plate is ensured to have a yield to tensile ratio not greater than
way. The technical specification and standard of high-strain 0.75, an UEL not less than 11%, a high stress ratio and a high
steel linepipes were worked out, which were adopted and is- strength and toughness (Table 3, Figs. 4e6) [21,22,25e29].
sued by the American Petroleum Institute (API) as a standard The technique of using hot rolling method to prepare
appendix [15e20]. X70HD/X80HD high-strain line pipe steel was invented

Fig. 1. Precise measurement of shape, digital reverse modeling and numerical simulation calculation.

Fig. 2. Stress ratio vs. average strain of 2D length of steel pipes.

 Feng YR et al. / Natural Gas Industry B 8 (2021) 146e153 149

Table 1
Requirements for key technical indexes of X70HD/X80HD high-strain steel pipes.
Item Index
Rt0.5/MPa Rm/MPa Rt0.5/Rm Rt1.5/Rt0.5 Rt2.0/Rt1.0 Rt5.0/Rt1.0 A CVN/J DWTT UEL SeS curve
X70/X70HD transverse, 485e635 570e760 0.930 e e e 22% 160 85% e No requirement
before aging
X70HD longitudinal, 450e570 570e735 0.850 1.100 1.040 1.088 e e e 7.0% Dome type
before aging
X70HD longitudinal, 450e590 570e735 0.860 1.070 1.040 1.088 e e e 6.0% Dome type
200  C, after aging
X80/X80HD transverse, 555e690 625e825 0.930 e e e API 5L 220 85% e No requirement
before aging stipulation
X80HD longitudinal, 530e630 625e770 0.850 1.100 1.033 e e e e 7.0% Dome type
before aging
X80HD longitudinal, 530e630 625e770 0.860 1.070 1.033 e e e e 6.0% Dome type
200  C, after aging
X70/X80 longitudinal No requirement before or after aging
Note: A represents the elongation; CVN represents the Charpy impact energy, J; and DWTT represents the percentage of ductile fracture area of drop weight tear
test.

ferrite þ bainite” could be accurately regulated and

controlled [21,22,25e29].

3. Manufacturing technology of X70HD/X80HD high-

strain steel line pipes

The variation law and correlation of the key mechanical

properties between steel plates and pipes with ferrite þ bainite
microstructure in the process of plate forming and pipeline
internal cold expansion were revealed, and the requirements
such as strength, stress ratio, toughness and plasticity of steel
plate were standardized (Figs. 8 and 9) [21,22,30e33].
The key technologies of JCOE and UOE exclusive forming
and cold expansion of high-strain steel pipes were developed,
and the cold expansion ratio and forming steps were optimized
Fig. 3. Deformation behaviors of steel pipes jointly controlled by stress ratios.
(Table 4) [21,22,30e33].
The temperature field and thermal cycle of welded joint
during submerged arc welding in multi-wire molten pool were
(Fig. 7), the manufacturing processes of acicular ferrite revealed, the influence of weld heat input on the microstruc-
type X70/X80 line pipe steel and JFE bainite þ M/A high- ture and properties of welded joint of “ferrite þ bainite” dual-
strain line pipe steel were broken through, and the dual- phase line pipe steel was mastered (Fig. 10), the high strength
phase microstructure and properties of “granular and high toughness matching welding material was invented,

Table 2
Composition design of X70HD/X80HD high-strain line pipe steel.
Item Composition
C Si Mn P S Cr þ Mo þ Ni þ Cu Nb Ti N
X70/X80 0.040e0.060% 0.150e0.300% 1.500e1.800% 0.012% 0.003% 0.150e0.800% 0.040e0.100% 0.010e0.020% 0.006%
X70HD/X80HD 0.040e0.060% 0.150e0.300% 1.500e1.800% 0.012% 0.003% 0.150e0.800% 0.030e0.050% 0.010e0.020% 0.004%
Note: The content of each element is calculated by mass fraction.

Table 3
Mechanical properties of line pipe steel plate with different ferrite content.
Ferrite content SeS curve Rt0.5/MPa Rm/MPa Rt0.5/Rm Rt1.5/Rt0.5 Rt2.0/Rt1.0 Rt5.0/Rt1.0 UEL CVN/J DWTT
34.2% Non-continuous 540 688 0.800 1.080 1.050 1.156 7.7% 277 97%
50.8% Dome type 495 660 0.750 1.110 1.079 1.200 11.9% 294 98%
70.2% Dome type 445 645 0.690 1.134 1.107 1.263 13.9% 351 98%
150 Feng YR et al. / Natural Gas Industry B 8 (2021) 146e153

Fig. 7. Technology comparison of X70HD/X80HD and X70/X80 line pipe

Fig. 4. Effect of ferrite content on the perroperties of line pipe steel. steel.

selected, and the thermal coating technology of high-strain

steel pipe was formed, which help reduce the thermal
coating temperature from 230  C to 200  C, and effectively
control the decrease of UEL and the increase of yield strength
of steel pipe during thermal coating [10,11,22,23,32e35].

4. Full scale test device and technology for large-diameter

steel line pipe deformation behavior

The internal pressure þ bending test system of full-scale

steel pipes with flexibility, accuracy and capability of per-
forming deformation behavior test of multi-specification steel
pipes was developed independently (Fig. 11-a) [36].
Replaceable flange is connected with the testing steel pipe,
allowing the test system to perform full-scale test of steel
pipes with OD of 508 mme1219 mm (Fig. 11-b). The
Fig. 5. Stressestrain curve comparison of X80HD and X80 line pipe steel.
detachable load-bearing frame ensures the test system to
perform full-scale test of steel pipes with a length of 6me12 m
and the multi-wire submerged arc welding technology was (Fig. 11-c). The load-bearing horizontal support structure with
developed independently, which have helped solve the prom- two degrees of freedom can effectively reduce the resistance to
inent problem of brittle welding heat affected zone of the test system and improve the test accuracy (Fig. 11-d). The
ferrite þ bainite dual phase steel and ensure the properties of angle measuring device of 2D length cross section in the
heat affected zone and the weld seam completely reach the middle of the test pipe can be used to obtain the cross-section
standard [33e35]. angle of particular part of the test pipe in the horizontal full-
The influence of thermal coating temperature on strain scale test, and the angle measuring device at the end of the
aging of steel pipe was clarified, the coating material was steel pipe can be used to effectively measure the bending

Fig. 6. Microstructure comparison of X80HD and X80 line pipe steel.

 Feng YR et al. / Natural Gas Industry B 8 (2021) 146e153 151

Fig. 8. Yield strength and uniform elongation vs. cold expansion ratio

5. Application of high-strain line pipe steel and pipes in

major pipeline projects in China

Breakthroughs in X70HD/X80HD high-strain line pipe

steel and pipes and the corresponding applicable key tech-
nologies obviously improve the production technology and
product quality of high-grade steel pipes in China, and provide
a systematic support technology for pipeline failure control
and safety guarantee in strain-based design areas with complex
working conditions such as earthquake fracture zones, land-
slide zones, mine goafs and subsidence zones. In 2011, during
the construction of ChinaeMyanmar Pipeline, in order to
overcome the high-strain problem of line pipes passing
Fig. 9. Yield strength Rt0.5 vs. UEL and stress ratio. through the possible ground displacement zones such as de-
gree 9 zone, 5 active fault zones and geological hazard prone
zone, by using the strain-based design method, the 115.0 km
Table 4
Typical pipe-manufacturing process parameters of X70HD/X80HD and D1 016 mm  17.5 mm (wall thickness, the same below)
common X70/X80 line pipe steel. X70HD high-strain steel pipes, 5.0 km D1 016 mm  21 mm
Grade/O.D. Forming Expansion Weld heat input/(kJ$cm1) high-strain steel pipes, 10.5 km D813 mm  14.7 mm high-
steps ratio strain steel pipes and 7.5 km D813 mm  17.2 mm high-
X70/D1 016 mm 17e21 1.0e1.5% Wall thickness 21.0 mm: 42 strain steel pipes made in China were applied for the first
X70HD/D1 016 mm 23e29 0.6e1.0% Wall thickness 21.0 mm: 37 time in the aforesaid zones, with a total weight of 59126 t. The
X80/D1 219 mm 19e25 0.9e1.3% Wall thickness 26.4 mm: 53 steel plates were supplied by the Nanjing Iron & Steel Co.,
X80HD/D1 219 mm 25e31 0.6e0.8% Wall thickness 26.4 mm: 45 Ltd., the Baoshan Iron & Steel Co., Ltd., the Shouqin Metal
Materials Co., Ltd. of Shougang Group, the Shagang Co., Ltd.
deformation test result of the testing steel pipe end. The test and the Xiangtan Iron & Steel Group Co., Ltd., and the steel
evaluation technology and standard for steel line pipe pipes were manufactured by the CNPC Bohai Equipment
deformability are studied and formed [37], realizing the full- Manufacturing Co., Ltd. and the CNPC Baoji Petroleum Steel
scale test evaluation on the service performance of tubular Pipe Co., Ltd., which ensure the construction quality of
materials with a pipe diameter of 508 mme1219 mm, a wall ChinaeMyanmar Pipeline, and avoid the increase in project
thickness not greater than 26.4 mm and a length of 6me10 m. investment caused by passing round the above zones.

Fig. 10. Effect of weld heat input and peak temperature on the welded joint tensile strength and heat affected zone impact energy of X70 high-strain steel pipe.
152 Feng YR et al. / Natural Gas Industry B 8 (2021) 146e153

Fig. 11. Full-scale internal pressure þ bending deformation test system.

In 2012, in the engineering design of east section of the out the evaluation of line pipe girth weld property quality and
Third West to East Gas Pipeline in China, in the strain-based service performance, and improve the line pipe girth weld
design area, the 3.9 km D1 219 mm  26.4 mm X80HD high- property quality index system, so as to realize the effective
strain steel pipes made in China were applied for the first time. control of oil/gas line pipe failures under complex working
Steel plates were supplied by the Angang Steel Co., Ltd., and conditions.
steel pipes were manufactured by the CNPC Bohai Equipment
Manufacturing Co., Ltd., which realize the domestic applica- Conflicts of interest
tion of high-strain steel pipes. In 2017, in the construction of
the Fourth ShaanxieBeijing Gas Pipeline, 3.5 km D1 The authors declare that there is no conflicts of interest
219 mm  26.4 mm X80HD high-strain steel pipes (about
5000 t) made in China were applied. Steel plates were supplied Acknowledgement
by the Angang Steel Co., Ltd., and steel pipes were manu-
factured by the CNPC Bohai Equipment Manufacturing Co., Sincere gratitude is extended to CHEN Xiaowei from the
Ltd. and the CNPC Baoji Petroleum Steel Pipe Co., Ltd., CNPC Bohai Equipment Manufacturing Co., Ltd. and LIU
ensuring the engineering quality of the Fourth Xueguang from the PetroChina Southwest Pipeline Company
ShaanxieBeijing Gas Pipeline. for their devotion to this work.

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