TME 223 SUMMARY

Scheme of Work
1. Different branches and scope of each area of engineering, with special emphasis on Mechanical
Engineering
2. Personnel training and development in the engineering profession.
3. Registration of Engineers.
4. Duties and code of conduct of Engineers.
5. Engineering Industries in Nigeria, their features and handicaps
6. Energy sources to industries, their future. Production types and features.
7. Factory Regulations and laws in operation in Nigeria
LECTURE ONE
What is engineering?
Engineering is defined as the science, skill, and profession of acquiring and applying scientific, economic,
social, and practical knowledge, in order to design and also build structures, machines, devices, systems,
materials and processes.
Branches of Engineering
1. Mechanical Engineering
2. Chemical Engineering
3. Electrical Engineering
4. Civil Engineering.
Who is an engineer?
An Engineer is an accredited University trained person who has acquired minimum of four years relevant
experience in his/her engineering field and corporate NSE member and dully registered in Engineering
cadre by the Council for the Regulation of Engineering Practice in Nigeria (COREN). Or an accredited
Polytechnic/College of Technology trained person who has acquired minimum of two years relevant
experience in his/her engineering field, possess graduate ship Certificate, Corporate NSE member and dully
registered in engineering cadre by the Council for the Regulation of Engineering Practice in Nigeria
(COREN).
The family of Engineers
1. Engineer
2. Technologist
3. Technicians
4. Articians/Craftmen
Who is an Engineering Technologists?
Engineering Technologist is an accredited Polytechnic/College of Technology trained person who has
acquired minimum of two years relevant experience in his/her engineering field and dully registered under
Engineering Technologist cadre by the Council for the Regulation of Engineering Practice in Nigeria
(COREN).

NSE
This is an association of engineers formulated and established by the members, sponsored and financed by
them. They are registered with Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC) and act as a body under COREN.
The functions are broadly categorized into five. These are:
i. Standardization and ethical practices.
ii. Educational and Professional training,
iii. Interest and conflicts,
iv. Monetary and land issues, and
v. Sponsorship and charity.
Year founded: 1958, 16th February.
First president: Engr. Chief G.O Aiweriola, FNSE, 1958
Current President: Engr. Tasiu Saad Gidari-Wudil, SMIEE, MNIM, CRS, CEM. Indigene of Kano state.
33rd president of the NSE.
DIFFERENT AREAS ENGINEERING INDUSTRIES IN NIGERIA
1. Building Industry
2. Manufacturing Industry
3. Communication Industry
4. Automobile Industry
5. Energy Industries including Oil and Gas
6. Aircraft manufacturing Industry
LECTURE TWO AND THREE
TOPIC: Personnel training and development in the engineering profession/Registration of Engineers
CONDITIONS FOR BECOMING AN ENGINEER
1. Four years accredited Polytechnic/College of Technology training plus one year mandatory
industrial training experience and possessing of Graduate ship certificate for the case of
Polytechnic/College of Technology product or 4 to 5 years for DE and UTME candidates
respectively for the case of university undergraduate.
2. Minimum of four years relevant engineering working experience after graduation.
3. Possessing of Corporate membership Certificate of the Nigeria Society of Engineers (MNSE).
4. Possessing of COREN Certificate of registration in engineering cadre of the Council for Regulation
of Engineering Practice in Nigeria (COREN).

BODIES RESPONSIBLE FOR THE TRAINING OF ENGINEERS IN NIGERIA

1. Tertiary institutions.
2. Professional bodies such as NSE, EEE, e.tc
3. Regulatory bodies such as COREN
4. Consulting bodies like ACEN.

MORE ON COREN

1. They are responsible for the certification of persons for the purpose of practicing the engineering
profession in Nigeria.
2. Highest professional ruling body instituted by the federal government decree NO 55 of the
Nigeria’s constitution.
3. They register Engineers, Engineering Technologists, Technicians, Artisans and Craftsmen.
4. Engineering firms are registered too.

NIGERIA SOCIETY OF ENGINEERS (NSE)

This is an association of engineers formulated and established by the members, sponsored and
financed by them. The functions are broadly categorized into five.

These are:
i. Standardization and ethical practices
ii. Educational and Professional training
iii. Interest and conflicts
iv. Monetary and land issues,
v. Sponsorship and charity

Categories of membership of registration in the Nigerian Society Engineers (NSE)

1. Full Member

I. Fellows II. Corporate Member

2. Affiliates: I. Student Member II. Graduate Member III. Honorary Fellow Member IV. Associates
Member. V. Corporate firm membership.
NOTE: COREN registers individuals and firms.

ABOUT ACEN

The Association for Consulting Engineering in Nigeria ACEN was founded in 1972 and registered in 1979.
ACEN is a body of registered independent private engineering consultancy firms and voice of the
profession in Nigeria.

VISION STATEMENT
To remain the ultimate reference business association of choice for organizations providing professional
engineering consultancy services in Nigeria.

NOTES

Prior to December 2007, ACEN membership was open to individual and firm members. It became open to
firms only after the 2007 AGM. They boast of over 300 members across the 6 geopolitical zone in Nigeria.

ACEN & COREN

ACEN and COREN walk closely as ACEN is mandated by COREN to register engineering firms in Nigeria.
The President of ACEN is a member of the council of COREN.

ACEN & NSE

Most NSE members with interest in engineering consulting are members of ACEN. ACEN focuses on the
business interest of these firms and complement COREN and NSE so well.

ACEN & GAMA

Group of African Member Associations (GAMA) is a subset International Federation of Consulting

Engineers otherwise known as FIDIC to address specifically African concerns. It also promotes networking
among its members. ACEN members serves on their Executive.

ACEN & FIDIC

The International Federation of Consulting Engineers otherwise known as FIDIC provides strongest
platform for our international activities. FIDIC is the voice of consulting Engineering all over the world.
FIDIC is best known for its contracts documents, which are used all over the world, especially for
international projects in the third world. The documents are used extensively by the Nigerian Federal
Ministry of Works

ACEN REQUIREMENTS FOR COMPANY/FIRM REGISTRATION

1. Evidence of Company’s Income Tax Clearance Certificate for recent three (3) years
2. Evidence of Pension Clearance Certificate valid till 31st December, 2023 (Firm with minimum of
15 staff member)
3. Evidence of Industrial Training Fund (ITF) Compliance Certificate valid till 31st December, 2023
(Firm with minimum of 5 staff member)
4. Evidence of Nigeria Social Insurance Trust Fund (NSITF) Clearance Certificate valid till 31st
December
5. Company Audited Statement of Accounts for the last three (3) years (2020, 2021 & 2022).
 6. Company’s Profile, including current evidence of registration of the company’s key personnel
with relevant professional bodies ( COREN)
7. Verifiable documentary evidence of at least three (3) similar jobs executed in the last five (5) years
including Letters of Award, Valuation Certificates, Job Completion Certificates and Photographs
of the Projects where applicable.

NOTES

1. Companies have to be registered with COREN before they can be registered with CAC.
2. The certificates obtained from both the CAC and COREN empowered or qualified the company or
firm to compete in multimillion Naira or Dollar’s project’s biddings organized by the Federal
Tender Board and Federal Bureau of Procurement
LECTURE FOUR
Topic: Duties and code of conduct of Engineers

1. Relationship of the engineers towards his fellow associates

2. Responsibilities of the engineers towards his Society
3. Relationship of the engineer towards his clients
4. Responsibilities of the engineer to the Engineering Profession
5. Responsibilities of the engineer with regards to Contract.

Relationship of the engineers towards his fellow associates

1. The Engineer is to honor, respect and be courteous to his Fellow Associates in the Profession.
2. The Engineer is to acknowledge, accredit or venerate fellow associates for their contribution to
work.
3. The Engineer must not in any way connive with associates engaging in unethical activities
4. The Engineer must avoid and refrain from piracy in oral or written matters.
5. The Engineer shall at all times contribute to the advancement of his associates in the profession.

Responsibilities of the engineers towards his Society

1. The engineer will approve designs that is proven safe for public use.
2. The Engineer must be honest and objective in the preparation and presentation of reports,
statement or testimonies.
3. The Engineer shall ensure proper verification and evaluation of information, facts and data before
presenting it to the public.
4. The Engineer shall avoid being instigated, motivated or sponsored by any party to express a
professional opinion on any issue, unless such parties on whose behalf he is expressing the
opinion is explicitly identified and the interest of the party properly revealed in the issue.

Relationship of the engineer towards his clients

1. The Engineer shall not accept or undertake projects requiring technical services of which he has
no knowledge or adequate experience.
2. The Engineer shall disclose to his client any personal business affiliations, interests or connections
that will affect his decisions or mar the quality of services he should render.
3. The Engineer shall not disclose any secret information obtained from a client except in situations
where such information opposes the public interest or endangers the environment.
4. A registered Engineer shall discharge his duties to his employer with complete fidelity.
5. Registered Engineer shall not be the medium of payments made on his clients behalf unless
especially so requested in writing by his Client, but shall only issue certificates for payment.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE ENGINEER TO THE ENGINEERING PROFESSION
1. Registered Engineer shall not advertise services in any language or manner derogatory to the
dignity of the profession.
2. It shall be the duty of every Registered Engineer to bring to the attention of the council any
violation of this code of conduct and to endeavor to encourage other registered Engineers to
adhere to its provisions.
 3. Registered Engineer should satisfy himself to the best of his ability that the enterprises with which
he becomes identified are of legitimate character.
4. Registered Engineer shall not engage in the practice of making preliminary studies and estimate
of cost for proposed projects or render other professional service or advice without adequate
compensation.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE ENGINEER WITH REGARDS TO CONTRACT

1. Registered Engineer shall see that every provision which he considers necessary to protect the
interest of an owner, engineer, contractor or the public is incorporated.
2. Registered Engineer shall ensure that fairness and equity shall govern the use of every bid over
which he is to adjudicate.
3. The registered Engineer should ensure that after the acceptance of a bid, any alteration which
would have materially changed the bidding or award shall be avoided.
4. Registered Engineer shall not call for unnecessary full estimates from prospective bidders on
tentative projects, and if he calls upon a contractor for preliminary estimates or appraisals, the
Registered Engineer shall see that the contractor is paid for the service.
CONSULTANT, CONTRACTOR & CONTRACT (CCC)
A consultant is registered by COREN in his chosen area of specialty. A consultant cannot work as a
contractor and a consultant on the same project.
A contractor is not registered by COREN. He must not be an engineer. A contractor must be registered by
COREN before practicing as a consultant.
What is a contract?
Contract is form of agreement reached by two or more parties. Both the Consultant and Contractor can
be involved in a contract.
LECTURE FIVE
ENGINEERING INDUSTRIES IN NIGERIA, THEIR FEATURES AND HANDICAPS
What is an industry?
Industry can be defined as the production of an economic good or service within an economy. It can also
be defined as a specific branch of manufacture and trade e.g textile Industry.
Engineering Industries in Nigeria
1. Building Industry
2. Manufacturing Industry
3. Communication Industry
4. Automobile Industry
5. Energy Industries including Oil and Gas
6. Aircraft manufacturing Industry
Building Industry
Major setback: One of the major handicaps in building Industry is lack of qualified and experienced
personnel.
Other problems: Power and energy problems, fluctuation in price of building materials.
Consultants on the building project
1. Architect, (Prime Consultant)
2. Structural Engineer,
3. Quantity Surveyor,
4. Electrical Engineer,
5. Mechanical Engineer and
6. Food Technologist/Engineer.
Note: Contractors or Builders also feature prominently. Cement, sand, granite and gravels also feature in
Building Industry.
The role of a consultant on a building project from start to finish
1. Design and production of drawings (Architectural, Structural, Electrical and Mechanical.
2. Preparation of Bill of Quantities by the Quantity Surveyor and Bill of Engineering Measurement
(BEME) by the services Engineers (Electrical and Mechanical).
3. Preparation of the Tender document by the Quantities Surveyor for the purpose of award of
project.
4. Opening of the tender by the Client in the premises of all Project Consultants.
5. Tender analysis and its report before the project is finally awarded.
6. Supervision of the project right from the beginning to the end and handing over of the project to
the Client.
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
Examples of manufacturing companies in Nigeria
1. Nigerian textile company
 2. Beverage manufacturing company e.g Lever Brothers
3. Brewery such as The Nigerian Brewery, Nigeria Bottling Company like Sven-up bottling company,
Coca-Cola and etc.
4. Proctal and Gamble,
5. Nigerian Wire and Cable e.tc
Note: The raw materials are sourced locally or imported from foreign countries. Production is common to
manufacturing companies.
Major setbacks:
1. Energy or Power
2. competition or taste for foreign/imported products/goods
3. raw materials that are being imported from foreign countries
TOPIC: ENERGY SOURCES TO INDUSTRIES, THEIR FUTURE. PRODUCTION TYPES AND FEATURES.
Companies all over the world need energy to operate its factories. The most important form of useful
energy used by many industries to operate their machines and equipment in Nigeria is electricity.
Electricity is generated from different sources. These energy sources can be categorize into two namely
renewable and non-renewable energy.
Renewable and non-renewable energy
Renewable Energy Source Renewable Energy Source are those forms of energy that readily replace
themselves and are available in an unlimited supply. Examples are Solar Energy, Wind Energy,
Hydropower, Biomass and Geothermal.
Non-Renewable Energy Source are those forms of energy which once used cannot be easily replaced. They
are Fossil Fuel which consists of Coal, Natural Gas Petroleum and Propane. Others includes Nuclear and
green-house effect.
Sources of Renewable Energy
1. Hydropower plant.
Hydropower plant by way of definition is a scheme that convert energy of a mass of water flowing in a
stream with a certain fall to the turbine (termed the” head”) into electric energy at the lower end of the
scheme where the powerhouse is located. The power output from the scheme is proportional to the flow
and to the end.
Schemes/Plants are generally classified according to the “head”
• High head: 100-m and above • Medium head: 30-100m • Lower head: 2-30m
Schemes can also be defined as:-
• Run –of-river schemes • Schemes with the powerhouse located at the base of a dam • Schemes
integrated on a canal or in a water supply pipes.
BASIC CONCEPTS TO BE CONSIDERED IN PLANT/SCHEME DESIGN
1. Topography and geomorphology of site
2. Evaluation of the water resource and its generating potential
3. Site selection and basic layout
4. Hydraulic turbine and generators and their control
5. Environmental impact assessment and mitigation measures
6. Economic evaluation of the project and financing potential
7. Institutional framework and administrative procedure to obtain the necessary consents.
Parts of a hydrocarbon plant
Reservoir, dam, transformer, generator, power house, power line, intake, turbine, outflow, control gate.
Note: Learn the schematic representation of a hydropower plant and other diagrams.
HYDRO POWER CALCULATIONS
Note: Hydropower is very efficient
Efficiency = (electrical power delivered to the “busbar”) ÷ (potential energy of head water)
Note:
Typical losses are due to I. Frictional drag and turbulence of flow II. Friction and magnetic losses in turbine
& generator
Overall efficiency ranges from 75-95%
•P = power in kilowatts (kW) •g = gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s 2) • = turbo-generator efficiency
(0<n<1) •Q = quantity of water flowing (m3/sec) •H = effective head (m)
Example 1A
Q: Consider a mountain stream with an effective head of 25 meters (m) and a flow rate of 600 liters (ℓ)
per minute. How much power could a hydro plant generate? Assume plant efficiency () of 83%.
Solution
H = 25 m
Q = 600 ℓ/min × 1 m3 /1000 ℓ × 1 min/60sec
Q = 0.01 m3 /sec

 = 0.83
P  10QH = 10(0.83) (0.01) (25) = 2.075 P  2.1 Kw
Example 1B
Q: How much energy (E) will the hydro plant generate each year?
E = P×t
E = 2.1 kW × 24 hrs/day × 365 days/yr
E = 18,396 kWh annually
Q: About how many people will this energy support (assume approximately 3,000 kWh / person)?
People = E÷3000 = 18396/3000 = 6.13
About 6 people
Example 2A
Q: Consider a second site with an effective head of 100 m and a flow rate of 6,000 cubic meters per second
(about that of Niagara Falls). Answer the same questions as in 1
P  10QH = 10(0.83) (6000) (100)

P  4.98 million kW = 4.98 GW (gigawatts)

E = P×t = 4.98GW × 24 hrs/day × 365 days/yr
E = 43,625 GWh = 43.6 TWh (terrawatt hours)
People = E÷3000 = 43.6 TWh / 3,000 kWh People = 1.45 million people
(This assumes maximum power production 24x7)
Advantages of hydropower
i. Energy is virtually free, once the dam is built.
ii. It produces no pollution or waste
iii. It is more dependable when compared with wind or solar power.
iv. Enhances water storage above dams which can be used when needed at peak periods.
v. Constant generation of electricity is possible
vi. Hydroelectric power stations can respond faster to increase in power demand than other stations.
Disadvantages of hydropower
i.The cost of dam construction is high
ii. Upstream flooding by large dam constructions causes problems for animals in that habitat.
iii. Impact on people living around dams may be dangerous. This makes the finding of suitable sites for
dams difficult
iv. The quality of water downstream can be affected, thereby having a negative impact on life generally.
OTHER FORMS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY.
1. Wind Energy: The terms "wind energy" or "wind power" describe the process by which the wind is used
to generate mechanical power or electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into
mechanical power. Or Wind Energy is the kinetic energy contained in the force of winds or the contraction
of this energy by wind turbines as explained above.
Advantages:
i. Wind is freely available
ii. No waste is generated
iii. Energy can easily be supplied to remote or rural areas.
Disadvantages:
i. The wind source could be unreliable
ii. Some wind generators are noisy throughout the day and night.
iii. The wind towers could stand as death traps for birds since migrating flocks are attracted to strong
winds.
2. Solar Energy: This is the energy harnessed either directly (using solar panels) or indirectly (using power
satellites in geostationary orbit and beaming it down via microwaves) from sunlight. The energy from the
sun is produced by nuclear fusion in the suns core and travels at the speed of light to earth (186,000 miles/
second). Solar energy is a renewable source since there will be solar energy as long as the sun exists.
Advantages:
i. Solar energy is readily available for low-power uses in appliances such as battery chargers and low lights.
ii. Solar energy is fuel. No fuel is needed and thus produces no waste or pollution.
iii. Solar energy could be easily made available in rural or remote places where energy such as electricity
is difficult to obtain.
Disadvantages:
i. Solar energy is unavailable at night.
ii. Solar power stations are very expensive to build.
iii. Due to its high initial cost of installation, it is not really utilized except for low power application.
NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE- THERMAL POWER PLANT
Non-Renewable energy Source are those forms of energy which once used cannot be easily replaced. They
are Fossil Fuel which consists of Coal, Natural Gas Petroleum and Propane. Others includes Nuclear and
Green-house Effect.
PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS IN CYCLE ANALYSIS
1. Thermal efficiency: Thermal efficiency is the parameter which gauges the extent to which the energy
input to the device is converted to net-work output from it.
Thermal Efficiency = Net work in Cycle/Heat added in cycle
2. Heat rate: Heat rate refers to the amount of energy added by heat transfer to cycle to produce unit net
-work output. Usually energy added may be in kcal, unit of net-work output in kW h and unit of heat rate
may be in kcal/kW h. It is the inverse of thermal efficiency.
3. Back work ratio: Back work ratio is defined as the ratio of pump work input (–ve work) to the work
produced (+ve work) by turbine.
Back work ratio = Wpump/Wturbine
Generally, back work ratio is less than one and as a designer one may be interested in developing a cycle
which has smallest possible back-work ratio.
Small back-work ratio indicates smaller pump work (–ve work) and larger turbine work (+ve work).
4. Work ratio: It refers to the ratio of net work to the positive work.
Mathematically, work ratio = Wnet/Wturbine
5. Specific steam consumption: It indicates the steam requirement per unit power output. It is generally
given in kg/kWh and has numerical value lying from 3 to 5 kg/kWh
Specific steam consumption = 3600/Wnet (kg/kWh)
CARNOT VAPOUR POWER CYCLE
Carnot cycle is defined as an ideal cycle having highest thermodynamic efficiency. Carnot cycle is used for
getting positive work with steam as working fluid. Arrangement proposed for using Carnot vapor power
cycle is as follows.
1 – 2 = Reversible isothermal heat addition in the boiler
2 – 3 = Reversible adiabatic expansion in steam turbine
3 – 4 = Reversible isothermal heat rejection in the condenser
4 – 1 = Reversible adiabatic compression or pumping in feed water pump
GAS POWER PLANT (CYCLES)
Heat engines whose working fluid is a gas rather than a vapor undergo gas power thermodynamic cycles.
Like steam power, gas prime movers fall into two broad mechanical design categories: Reciprocating and
turbine. In addition, unlike steam power prime movers, they fall into two heat source categories: external
combustion (EC) and internal combustion (IC).
NOTES
1. The Otto cycle and diesel cycle utilizes gas as it working substance.
2. Engines operating on gas cycles may be either cyclic or non-cyclic.
3. Hot air engines using air as the working fluid operate on a closed cycle.
4. Internal combustion engines where the combustion of fuel takes place inside the engine cylinder are
non-cyclic heat engines.
5. The word “cycle” used in reference to an internal combustion engine is technically incorrect since the
working fluid does not undergo a thermodynamic cycle; air enters the engine, mixes with a fuel, undergoes
combustion, and exits the engine as exhaust gases. This is often referred to as an open cycle, but we
should keep in mind that a thermodynamic cycle does not really occur; the engine itself operates in what
we could call a mechanical cycle.
CARNOT CYCLE
1. Carnot Cycle is a reversible cycle. A reversible cycle is an ideal hypothetical cycle in which all the
processes constituting the cycle are reversible.
2. The cycle consists of the following four successive processes:
a. A reversible isothermal process,
b. A reversible adiabatic process,
c. A reversible isothermal process and
d. A reversible adiabatic process.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY
Fossil fuels: These are energy-rich substances that have been formed from long- buried plants and
microorganisms. Petroleum, Coal and Natural gas make up the fossil fuels.
Advantages
i. It can be burnt for direct use such as to power cars once the fossil fuel has been extracted and processed.
ii. Transportation is very easy.
iii. The gas-fired power stations are efficient and reliable.
Disadvantages
i. It result in acid rain and global warming which are serious environmental issues.
ii. Land reclamation and oil spills are also associated with mining and transporting of fuels.
iii. There is the formation of sulphuric-acid when freshly excavated coal beds are exposed to air.
Nuclear energy: This is the energy released in the splitting process or fusing of atomic nuclei.
Advantages:
i. Large amount of energy is generated from little amount of fuel.
ii. It is highly reliable.
iii. It produces no smoke or carbon dioxide and small amount of waste.
Disadvantages:
i. Huge amount of money is spent on safety measures.
ii. It produces very dangerous waste that must be sealed up and buried for many years to kill off the
radioactive emission
TOPIC: FACTORY REGULATIONS AND LAWS IN OPERATION IN NIGERIA
Factory is define as any premises in which or within which, the close or cartilage or precincts of which one
person is or more persons are, employed in any process for or incidental to any of the following purposes,
namely: (i) the making of any article or of part of any article; or (ii) the altering, repairing, ornamenting,
finishing, cleaning, or washing, or the breaking up or demolition of any article; or (iii) the adapting for sale
of any article.
Nigeria factory laws and regulations are found under the following subdivisions:
(i) Registration of Factories
(ii) Health (General Provisions)
(iii)Safety (General Provisions)
(iv)Welfare (General Provisions)
(v)Health safety and Welfare (Special Provisions)
(vi)Notifications and Investigation of Accidents and Industrial Disease
(vii)Special Applications (Extension and Miscellaneous Provisions)
(viii) General Registers
(ix) Administration
(x) Offences, Penalties and Legal Proceedings
(xi) General
HEALTH (GENERAL PROVISIONS)
i. Cleanliness, ii Overcrowding, iii Ventilation, iv. Lighting, v Drainage of floors, vi Sanitary conveniences, v
Duty of inspector as to sanitary defects
SAFETY (GENERAL PROVISIONS)
i. Prime movers, ii. Transmission machinery, iii. Power machinery, iv. Other machinery v. Vessels
containing dangerous liquids, vi. Training and supervision, vii Hoists and lifts viii Cranes and other lifting
Machines, ix. Safe means of access and safe place of employment and x. Steam boilers.
WELFARE (GENERAL PROVISION)
i. Supply of drinking water, ii. Washing facilities, iii. Meals in certain dangerous places, iv Protective
clothing and appliances, v. Protection of eyes in certain processes and vi. Power to take samples.