Communicative English

Participant Hand Out

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 CURRICULUM PLANNING FOR SPOKEN ENGLISH

Unit Topics Contents Page No.

1. Introduction to Basic • Self introduction, introduction of 4

English class
• Alphabets and their
pronunciation, Marking words,
Word Puzzles.
• Introduction of commonly used
words – Vegetables, fruits,
flowers, and parts of the body,
colour and Human relationship
• Etiquettes and manners.

2. Introduction to Grammar • Parts of speech. 12

• Singular & Plural
• Articles
• Word games
• Tenses, marking simple
sentences (with example and
written exercises)
• Vocabulary building
• One word substitution
• Kinds of sentences.

3. Course on Conversation • Speech 33

• Voices
Conversation lessons, calling the
student for speech.
• Listening skills (Movies, Audio
Tapes etc)

4. Techniques • Formal and informal 42

• Difference between Curriculum
Vitae (Resume preparation)
• Interview techniques

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 SPOKEN ENGLISH

UNIT – I

INTRODUCTION TO BASIC ENGLISH

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Unit I
INTRODUCTION TO BASIC ENGLISH

Tips and Ideas for the First Day of Classes

One of the most important class days is the very first day. The first day can excite students
about the class, calm their fears, and set their expectations. The first day is an opportunity for
the teacher to get to know and begin to evaluate students and to express expectations for the
semester.

Be Early

Be early for class, even if only a few minutes, so that you can write on the board what the class
is. Being early allows you to arrange the room the way you want to and to make sure all the
necessary equipment is there. Write your name on the board. Do you want your student’s first
impression of you to be one where you run in like a chicken with your head cut off, or one
where you appear organized and in control?

Be Accessible

When your students have arrived (or, frequently, as they are arriving) introduce yourself. If you
use a nickname, explain what it means and why you use it. If you have office hours, tell
students when they can come and where your office is. Giving your students your office or
home telephone numbers allows them to call you when they won't be in class or to find out
what work they missed, and makes them feel closer to you. You seem more accessible. Give
them your e-mail ID and tell them they can practice writing by sending you messages.

Nicknames

At this point you can write students names in your roll book. Encourage students to take
English nicknames. Not only will this make remembering them easier for you, it allows shy
students a false identity to hide behind when they answer questions or do role plays.

Location

Explain the location of rooms and areas in the building. Students need to know where the
toilets, Laboratories are. Tell students where the Regional offices are. Don't forget to advise the
students of procedures in case of emergencies.

Class Rules

Talk about class rules. Students need to know what the absence and homework policies are. If
you don't allow cell phones or eating in class, it's easier to deal with it on the first day, rather
than address it when it occurs. You may have to address it then, as well, but you laid the
ground work on day one.

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Introduction Games

There are a myriad of introduction games to get to know students and to get them talking.
Very simple ones, such as introducing yourself and telling an interest, with the next person
repeating the information and adding theirs, works well with lower level learners. A variation
of this is to toss a ball, or other small object, back and forth, with the person catching providing
the information.

Interview games are sometimes better for students too shy to speak in front of groups. Prepare
a list of questions, such as "Who can play piano?", "Who can say 'good morning' in German?",
and "Who has one brother?", and have students walk around and interview each other to
gather the information. A variation of this is to put the questions on a Bingo board. If students
shyly stand waiting to be approached, take them to other students and walk them through an
interview. The teacher should also participate. This is a chance for you to get to know your
students.

An activity that works well with classes that have been together for several months is Timeline.
A timeline is a graph that notes important events, such as birth, school graduations, moving
from one town to another, and marriage, and the dates they occurred on. Feel free to include
less serious moments such as "my first attempt to ride a motor cycle". Students enjoy learning
special things about the teacher.

Before class, teachers prepare a timeline of their life. Teachers show their example, explain the
idea, give the student paper, and have them prepare one. Tell students to list at least five or six
events and not to put their names on the timelines. Collect them, when the students finish,
number them, and tape the time lines up around the room. Students then need to walk around
the room and interview each other to determine which timeline belongs to which classmate.
Students can ask either open ended information questions (When were you born?) or yes/no
questions (Did you get your first kiss in 1995?), but can not ask the interviewee's number. After
students have determined which timeline belongs to which student, or after a set time, remove
the timelines from the walls and ask students who is who.

These introductory tips and exercises work best with a two hour block of time, but can be
adjusted for shorter classes. Stretching this into a longer class could become tedious.

All the time you are doing the exercises, you should be evaluating the students. Who has a
good command of grammar? Who spells well? Who is shy, or outgoing? You can use all of this
information during the period of training.

Thank Students

Finally, thank the student for enrolling in the class. This is a simple thing, but in the first day of
class, when a lot is happening, students need to know they are appreciated. This is, certainly,
important with private language institutes, but university students need this, too.

Closing Comments

Remember when you were a student starting a new class. You wanted to know who those
people next to you were. You wanted to know who the teacher was and what was expected of
you. And you wanted to know where the bathroom was. Following this plan, or a similar one,
will answer your student's questions and help you to get to know them better and faster.
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Introduction to Basic English

A. Sound and Letters:-

When we talk, we speak words, the words made up of sounds spoken with the mouth. We hear
these sounds to understand the words of the speakers. So the spoken words are really sounds.
But only spoken words can not do. We have to write them too. So that we use some signs
these are collectively called as the letters.

These are 26 letters English language.

They are A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,M,N,O,P,Q,R,S,T,U,V,W,X,Y and Z these are the capitals and the
Small letters are denoted as a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l,m,n,o,p,q,r,s,t,u,v,w,x,y and z.

On the basics of the sounds of letters, the letters are mainly classified into two.
They are.
1. Vowels,
2. Consonants.

1. Vowels:
A, E, I, O and U are named as vowels

2. Consonants:
B,C,D,F,G,H,J,K,L,M,N,P,Q,R,S,T,V,W,X,Y,Z

Rules to remember:

Usage of capital letters:

1. The sentence should be started always with the capital letter.

a) The table is made of wood

b) Computers is an electronic device
c) Once up on a time there was a hungry tiger.

2. The name of a person or place always beings with the capital letter.

Eg: 1. Delhi is the capital of India.

2. Ram and Sham are going to school.
3. Rose is a beautiful flower.

3. Capital letters are used for abbreviations.

1. M.B.A
2. U.S.A
3. M.A
4. S.S.L.C

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Lesson: 2

Word Making

Note: Extract some new words from the given word.

1. Postman
(post, pan, sat, mat, Man stamp, Toast)
2. Understand
(Stand, stem, and, Under, Ever, Dear, Tear )
3. Management
(Age, Sage, Man, , And ,Mint, Met, Nage )
4. Development
( Men, Devote, Ment, omelet, develop )
5. Auditorium
(Audit, Audio,rim,rum,ruin,orium,)

Lesson: 3

Introduction to commonly used words

Names of some common Trees

1. Arecanut 11. Jack

2. Bhir tree 12. Neem
3. Casuarina 13. Mango
4. Chincono 14. Platium
5. Coconut 15. Palmyral
6. Fig 16. Rain
7. Curry Leaves 17. Sandal Wood
8. Emblic 18. Silk Cotton
9. Eucalyptus 19. Tamarind
10. Guava 20. Teak.

Names of some common Vegetables

1. Beans 12. Lime

2. Cabbage 13. Lemon
3. Capsicum 14. Mint
4 Carrot 15. Onion
5. Caulioflower 16. Peas
6. Coriaqnder 17. Potato
7. Coriander 18. Pumpkin
8. Cucumber 19. Spinach
9. Eggplant 20. Sweet Potato
10.Brinjal 21. Tomato

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Names of some common fruits:

1. Apple 2. Apricot 3.Banana

4. Custard Apple 5. Grapes 6.Guava
7. Mango 6. Melon 7.Orange
8. Papaya 9. Peach 10.Pear
11. Pine Apple 12. Pomegranate 13. Water Melon

Names of some common flowers:

1.Rose 2.Lotus3.Lilly
4.Oleander 5. Mary Gold 6.Jasmine
7.Saffron

Names of Body Parts:

1. Ankle 2.Arm 3. Armpit 4.Back

5. Beard 6.Blood 7. Body 8. Bone
9. Brain 10.Breast(Woman’s) 11. Cheek 12. Chest
13.Chin 14. Ear 15. Elbow 16. Eye
17.Eyeball 18. Eyebrow 19. Eyelashes. 20. Face
21. Finger 22. Finger Nail 23. Flesh 24. Foot
25. Forehead 26. Hair 27. Hand 28. Head
29. Heart 30. Heel 31. Kidney 32. Lip
33. Liver 34. Lung 35.Moustache 36. Mouth

37. Nail 38. Neck 39. Nose 40. Palm

41. Shoulder 42.Skin 43.Skull 44. Spine
45.Stomach 46. Teeth 47.Thigh 48. Throat
49. Thumb 50.Toe 51. Tongue 52. Vein
53.Waist 54. Wrist.

Names of some common Colour’s:

1. Black 2. Blue 3. Brown 4.Green 5.Olive 6. Orange

7. Purple 8. White 9. Yellow 10. Green 11. Red 12. Violet

Names of Human relationships:

1.Father 2.Mother 3.Son 4.Daughter

5.Brother 6.Sister 7.. Brother-in-law 8.Sister-in-Law
9. Husband 10. Wife 11.Father-in-law 12. Nephew
13. Niece 14. Relative 15.Son-in-Law 16. Step-Father
17.Step-Mother 18. Grand Father 19 Grand Mother 20.Mother-in-Law
21. Uncle 22. Aunty 23. Daughter-in-law 24. Neighbours

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Lesson : 4

Etiquettes and Manners – Some sentences for your practice

1. I came late.
2. It is possible
3. How is it possible?
4. He has not come yet.
5. The school will open on Monday.
6. It is for you.
7. God is always with us.
8. This is the problem here.
9. It is not just.
10. Please, ring up to me.
11. I shall deal with them.
12. He is very smart.
13. Did you have the Lunch?
14. I had the lunch just now.
15. Could I speak to Mr. Niman?
16. Get me a cup of Tea.
17. I am not sure.
18. Both are same.
19. I am sorry.
20. Excuse me.
21. May I come in?
22. Let me come in.
23. I think so.
24. I feel so.
25. I hope so.
26. Glad to meet you.
27. Your good name please.
28. May I know your name?
29. Shall we go to a hotel?
30. I am feeling hungry.
31. I am suffering from fever.
32. Please consult a doctor.
33. Please meet my friends.
34. Let me introduce my friends to you.
35. Hello, how are you.
36. I am fine, thank you.
37. Would you like some milk and biscuits?
38. No thanks.
39. Try to catch my points.
40. Be wise.
41. Be intelligent.
42. Be calm, but vigilant.
43. How great he is.
44. How sweet she is.
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 45. How come this?
46. He is cunning.
47. There are helpless.
48. Don’t mention it.
49. They are generous.
50. It is alright.
51. It is raining heavily.
52. No Problem. It is alright.
53. I don’t mind it.
54. Don’t take it to your heart.
55. Tell me your address.
56. Nobody goes there.
57. Try to stand on your own legs.
58. Why are you said?
59. Can you tell me the way to the bus stand?
60. How is your business?
61. What is the price of it?
62. Tell him to come on Tuesday.
63. Tell me whether it is good or not?
64. Do what I say.
65. If you go there you will suffer.
66. Give me permission.
67. Tell that in detail.
68. Shall I take leave?
69. Let us meet in the beach.
70. I want coffee with less sugar. Don’t make noise.
71. Correct your mistakes.
72. What can we do now?
73. Sorry I forgot your name.
74. Is it your pen?
75. What is it regarding?
76. Whom are you waiting for?
77. You take leave now.
78. He lives amidst many difficulties.
79. I can handle the problem.
80. I am the class leader.
81. They came and invited us.
82. I am happy with you.
83. What is your future plan.
84. I prefer coffee to tea.
85. Don’t bother about others.
86. Consider others please.
87. My business is neither gain nor loss now.
88. He is on the line.
89. How far have you walked?
90. Follow me.
91. If you don’t mind, can you please pass the water?
92. Somebody has come.
93. I will help you.
94. Try to understand me.
95. He is kind hearted.
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 96. Don’t hurt others.
97. None of your business.
98. I am working for ICICI bank
99. Wish you all the best.
100. Thanks a lot

SPOKEN ENGLISH

UNIT – II

INTRODUCTION TO GRAMMAR

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 UNIT: 2
INTRODUCTION TO GRAMMAR

Lesson: 1
Parts of speech

A language is made up of letters and words letters make words.

Words are divided into eight kinds.
1. Noun
2. Pronouns
3. Adjective
4. Verb
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection

1. Noun: A noun is a name of a person, place of

Eg: Ram, Book, Bag, Water, Tea, Milk etc.
a. Ram is good boy.
b. Bomabay is the capital of Maharashtra

1. Pronoun: It is a word used in place of noun

Eg: He, She, It, You, We, They, I, This, Him, Me, Them, That.

a. Ram is an intelligent boy, He always stand first in the class.

a. The students are on the ground, they are playing football.

2. Adjective: An adjective is word that describes a noun is pronoun.

Eg: Good, Beautiful, Hard, Big etc.

1. Mumbai is a beautiful city

2. John is a good boy.

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 3. Verb: A verb is action or work done.
Eg: Come, go, eat, read, write, play, sing, run, give, take, etc.
1. I go to church on Sunday.
2. Priya, brings me a glass of water.

4. Adverb: It is a word that describes a verb.

Eg. Fast, slow, Here, There Heavy, Bright Etc.
1. Rohit please walk fast.
2. Raju please walk slowly.
5. Prepositions: A Preposition is word which placed before a noun or pronoun to show
relation with other words.
Eg. In, Into, On, Upon, For, Of, Under, AT, From, Among Etc.
1. The books are on the table.
2. I am waiting for my friends.
6. Conjunction: A words that’s joins two sentences, words or phrases are called
conjunctions.
Eg: And, But, Because, As long as, So that, If that, Which, Where, Etc
1. Amit and Rohit are playing in the garden.
2. I am planning to go to Bangalore, but I need to get permission of my boss.
7. Interjection: An Interjection expresses some sudden feelings.
Eg: Ah! Oh ! Alas! Oh God! Hello! Well-Done!
1. Alas! Raju passed his exams.
2. Ah! What a beautiful flower it is.

Lesson: 2
Singular and Plural

Read these sentences-

This is a cat These are cats
The girl is swimming The girls are swimming
That boy is playing Those boys are playing
The boy is playing Those boys are playing

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 In these sentences we find the nouns-
Cat cat
Girl girls
Boy boys
‘Cat, girl and boy,’ stand for one person.
‘Cats, girls and boys’ stand for more than one person.
The noun which stands for one person is said to be in Singular Number.
The noun which stands for more than one person is said to be in Plural Number.
Thus: we know Nouns can change themselves into two numbers.
Example
Singular Number - ball, book, belt, boys.
Plural Number – balls, books, belts, boys.
We can form plurals in many ways.
1.By adding‘s’ at the end of the noun words.

Singular Plural Singular Plural

Boy +s = Boys School +s = Schools
Student +s = Students Cup +s = Cups
Word +s = Words Pencil +s = Pencils

2.By adding ‘as’ to a noun ending with – ‘s, sh, ch, x. or, o’
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Class +s = Classes Bench +s = Benches
Bus +s = Buses Box + s = Boxes
Watch +s = Watches Fox +s = Foxes

3.By adding ‘es’ to a noun ending in ‘y’ (preceded by a consonant) by changing ‘y’ into ‘i’ –
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Baby + ies = babies Body + ies = Bodies
City + ies = Cities Army + ies = Armies
Story + ies = Stories Lady + ies = Ladies

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4.By putting ‘s’ to a noun ending in ‘y’ but preceded by a vowel –
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Toy +s = Toys Day +s = Days
Key +s = Keys Monkey +s = Monkeys
Boy +s = Boys Donkey +s = Donkeys

5.By changing f, fe’ into ‘v’ and adding ‘s’ to it (ves)

Singular Plural Singular Plural
Life + ves = Lives Leaf + ves = Leaves
Wife + ves = Wives Thief + ves = Thieves
Knife + ves = Knives Shelf + ves = Shelves

6. By changing the inside vowel of a singular number noun

Singular Plural Singular Plural

Tooth (oo = ee) Teeth Ox + en = Oxen
Man (a = e) Men Child + ren = Children
Woman (a = e) Women Mouse Mice
Foot (oo = ee) Feet

Lesson :3
Articles

The words a or an and the are called Articles. They come before nouns.

There are two Articles – a (or an) and the.

A or an is called the Indefinite Article, because it usually leaves indefinite the person or thing
spoken of; as,

A doctor; that is, any doctor

The is called the Definite Article, because it normally points out some particular person or
thing; as,

He saw the doctor; meaning some particular doctor.

The indefinite article is used before singular countable nouns, e.g.

A book, an orange, a girl.
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The definite article is used before singular countable nouns, plural countable nouns and
uncountable nouns e.g.

A or AN

The choice between a and an is determined by sound, before a word beginning with a vowel
sound an is used;

An ass, an enemy, an ink-pad, an orange, an umbrella, an hour, an honest man, an heir.

It will be noticed that the words hour, honest, heir begin with a vowel sound, as the initial
consonant h is not pronounced.

Before a word beginning with a consonant sound a is used; as,

A boy, a reindeer, a woman, a yard, a horse, a hole, also a university, a union, a European, a
ewe, a useful article.

Because these words (university, union, etc.) begin with a consonant sound that of yu.

Similarly we say,

A one rupee note, such a one, a one eyed man.

Because one begins with the consonant sound of w.

Some native speakers use an before words beginning with h if the first syllable is not stressed.

An hotel (more common: a hotel)

An historical novel (more common: a historical novel)

use of the definite article

The Definite Article the is used –

1. When we talk about a particular person or thing, or one already referred to (that is,
when it is clear form the context which one we mean); as,

The book you want is out of print. (which book? The one you want.)
Let’s go to the park. (= the park in this town)
The girl cried. (the girl = the girl already talked about)

2. When a singular noun is meant to represent a whole class; as,

The cow is a useful animal.
(Or we may say, “Cows are useful animals.”)
The horse is a noble animal
The cat loves comfort
The rose is the sweetest of all flowers.
The banyan is a kind of fig tree.
(Do not say, “a kind of a fig tree”. This is a common error.)
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The two nouns Man and Woman can be used in a general sense without either article.
Man is the only animal that uses fire.
Woman is man’s mate.

But in present – day English, a Man and a Woman (or men or women) are more usual.

A woman is more sensitive than a man.

3. Before some proper names, viz., these kinds of place names.

a. Oceans and seas, e.g. the Pacific, the black sea.
b. Rivers, e.g. the Ganga, the Nile
c. Canals, e.g. the Suez Canal
d. Deserts, e.g. the Sahara
e. Groups of islands, e.g. the West Indies
f. Mountain ranges, e.g. the Himalayas, the Alps
g. A very few names of countries, which include words like republic and kingdom
(e.g. the Irish Republic, the United Kingdom) also. The Ukraine, the
Netherlands (and its seat of government the Hague)

4. Before the names of certain books; as,

The Vedas, the Puranas, the Iliad, The Ramayana

But we say –
Homer’s Illad, Valmiki’s Ramayana

5. Before names of things unique of their kind; as,

The sun, the sky, the ocean, the sea, the earth.

(Note – Sometimes the is placed before a common to give it the meaning of an Abstract
noun; as,
At last the warrior (the warlike or martial spirit) in him was thoroughly aroused).

6. Before a proper noun when it is qualified by an adjective or a defining adjectival clause; as,

The great Caesar; the immortal Shakespeare

The Mr. Roy whom you met last night is my uncle.

7. With Superlatives; as,

The darkest cloud has a silver lining.
This is the best book of elementary chemistry.

8. with ordinals; as,

He was the first man to arrive
The ninth chapter of the book is very interesting.

9. Before musical instruments; as,

He can play the flute

10. Before an adjective when the noun is understood; as,

The poor are always with us.
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11. Before a noun (with emphasis) to give the force of a Superlative; as,
The verb is the word (= the chief word) in a sentence.

12. As an Adverb with Comparatives; as,

The more the merrier.
(= by how much more, by so much the merrier)
The more they get, the more they want.

Use of the indefinite article

The indefinite article is used –

1. In its original numerical sense of one; as,

Twelve inches make a foot.
Not a word was said.
A word to the wise is sufficient.
A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.

2. In the vague sense of a certain; as,

A Kishore Kumar (= a certain person named Kishore Kumar) is suspected by the police.
One evening a beggar came to my door.

3. In the sense of any, to single out an individual as the representative of a class; as,
A pupil should obey his teacher.
A cow is a useful animal.

4. To make a common noun of a proper noun; as,

A Daniel come to judgment; (A Daniel = a very wise man)

Omission of the article

The article is omitted –

1. Before names of substances and abstract nouns (i.e. uncountable nouns) used in a
general sense; as,

Sugar is bad for your teeth.

Gold is a precious metal
Wisdom is the gift of heaven
Honesty is the best policy.
Virtue is its own reward.

Note: Uncountable nouns take the when used in a particular sense (especially when qualified
by an adjective or adjectival phrase or clause); as,

Would you pass me the sugar? (= the sugar on the table)

The wisdom of Solomon is great.
I can’t forget the kindness with which he treated me.

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2. Before plural countable nouns used in a general sense; as,
Children like chocolates
Computers are used in many offices.

Note that such nouns take the when used with a particular meaning; as, where are the
children? (=our children)

3. Before most proper nouns (except those referred to earlier), namely, names of people
(e.g. Gopal, Rahim), names of continents countries, cities, etc. (e.g. Europe, Pakistan,
Nagpur), names of individual mountains (e.g. Mount Everest), individual islands, lakes,
hills, etc.

Lesson : 4
Tenses:

What is tense?
 Tense is the period of time in which an action is done.

Types of Tenses:
There are 3 main tenses in English.

They are

1. Present Tense
2. Past Tense
3. Future Tense

These main tense are divided into four each.

Classification of Tenses:

The tenses are classified on the basis of the time of an event.

Tense

Present Past Future

1. Simple Present 1.Simple Past 1.Simple Future

2. Present Continuous 2.Past Continuous 2.Future Continuous
3 Present perfect 3.Past Perfect 3.Future Perfect
4. Present Perfect 4.Past Perfect 4.Future perfect
Continuous Continuous Continuous

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 1. Simple Present Tense:
 S + Present Verb(s)
If the subject is 3rd person singular (He,She,It, Rama, Sita etc….. ) add ‘S’ to the verb.
Uses:
1. To express the habitual actions.

a) I go to school by bus everyday.

b) He plays football on week ends.
c) We visit the orphans monthly.
d) Anu gets up at 6 ‘O’ clock every morning.

2. To Express the Universal truths:

a) The sun rises in the East everyday.

b) Ice melts above zero degree Celsius.
c) Water contains hydrogen and oxygen.

3. To Express a Pre- Planned Future action.

a) The Governor opens the new building next month.

b) My father comes from Dubai next week.
c) The examination begins on 25th of next month.

Negative Sentences:
 S + do/does + not + Verb
a) I do not go school by bus everyday.
b) He does not play football on week ends.
c) We do not visit the orphans monthly.
d) Anu does not get up at 6’O’ every morning.

Making Questions:
 Do/Does + S + Verb
a) Do you go to school by bus everyday.
b) Does he play football on week ends?
c) Do you visit the orphans monthly?

2. Present Continuous :
 S+ am /is/are +verb +ing

I + am + go + ing.
We+ are + go + ing.
You + are+ go + ing.
He + is + go + ing.
She + is + go + ing.
It + is + go + ing.
They + are+ go + ing.

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Uses :
To express the work which is in progress.
a) I am writing a letter now.
b) He is waiting for his friends.
c) They are helping the poor.
d) Ajith is studying English.

Negative Sentences:
 S+ am/is /are + not + verb + ing
a) I am not writing a letter now.
b) He is not waiting for his friends.
c) They are not helping the poor.
d) Ajith is not studying English.

Making Questions:
 Am/is/are +S+ verb +ing
a) Are you writing a letter?
b) Is he waiting for his friends?
c) Are they helping the poor?
d) Is Ajith studying English?

3. Present Perfect
S+Have/Has+P.P
Have- I, We, They, You
Has- He, She, It
Uses:
To express the work that completed at present
a.I have competed my Home work just now
b. They have eaten bananas.
c. Somebody has come to see you.
d. I have visited Chennai
Negative Sentence
S + Not + Have or Has+ Not +PP
a. I have not completed my work.
b. Somebody has not come to see you.
c. They have not come to see you
d. I have not visited Chennai.

Making question
a. Have you completed your homework?
b. Have they eaten Bananas?
c. Have you eaten Bananas?
d. Has he sung a song?

Communicative English - 21 -
Present Perfect Continuous

S + Have + been or has been + Pr V + ing

Have been – I, we, you, they
Has been- he, she, it
Use: A work that has been started in the past and is still in progress.
b. Ex: 1. I have been living in Chennai since 1979
c. He has been driving his car for the past four years.
d. She has been supervising the exam from this morning.

Negative sentences

S+ have been, has been + not + present verb + ing

Ex:
a. I have not been living in Chennai since 1979
b. He has not been driving his car for the past four years.
c. She has not been supervising the exam from this morning.

2. PAST TENSE

A. Simple past

S + past verb

Use: It is used to express an action completed in the past.

Did – I, we, you, he, she, it, they

Ex: 1. I saw Priya yesterday

2. We played cricket last week
3. They visited Mangalore two weeks ago

Negative sentences
S + did + not + past verb

Ex: 1. I did not see Priya yesterday

2. We did not play cricket last week
3. They did not visit Mangalore two weeks ago

Making questions

Did + S + Past verb

Ex: 1. Did you se Priya yesterday?

2. Did you paly cricket last week?
3. Did they visit Mangalore two weeks ago?

Communicative English - 22 -
Past Continuous tense

S + Was or were + Present verb + ing

Use: We use this tense to express an action which was in progress or in certain period of time
or some point of view.
Ex: 1. She was wearing a saree yesterday.
2. It was raining last night.
3. They were visiting their aunt’s house two day back.

Negative sentense

Ex: 1. She was not wearing a saree yesterday.

2. It was not raining last night.
3. They were not visiting their aunt’s house two day back.

Making questions
1. Was she not wearing a saree yesterday?
2. Was it not raining last night?
3. Were you not visiting you aunt’s house last night?

Past perfect

S + had + past participle

Use: It is tense to express an action which had been completed before another action had
begun.
Ex: 1. you had driven a car last year.
2. They had sung in the Church on Sunday
3. She had worked hard all night

Negative sentence

S + had + not + past participle

Ex: 1. you had not driven a car last year.

2. They had not sung in the Church on Sunday
3. She had not worked hard all night

Making questions
Had + S + Past participle

Ex: 1. Had you driven the car last night?

2. Had they sung in the Church on Sunday?
3. Had she worked hard all night?

Past perfect Continuous

S + had been + present verb + ing

Communicative English - 23 -
Use: It is use to express an action that had been going on for some time in the past or before
another action took place in the past.

Ex: 1. She had been singing on the stage.

2. They had been doing their records.
3. You had been teaching English.

Negative sentence

S + had + not + been + present verb + ing

Ex: 1. She had not been singing on the stage.

2. They had not been doing their records.
3. You had not been teaching English.

Making questions

Had + S + been + present verb + ing

Ex: 1. had she been singing on the stage?

2. Had they been doing their records?
3. Had you been teaching English?

Simple Future tense

S + will or shall + present verb

Will – you, we, they, it

Shall – I, we

Ex: 1. I shall bring lunch for you tomorrow.

2. He will complete the notes tomorrow.
3. The milk man will deliver the milk in the morning.

Negative sentence

S + shall/ will + not + present verb

Ex: 1. I shall not bring lunch for you tomorrow.

2. He will not complete the notes tomorrow.
3. The milk man will not deliver the milk in the morning.

Making questions

Shall + S + present verb

Ex: 1. shall I bring lunch for you tomorrow?

2. Will he complete the notes tomorrow?
3. Will the milk man deliver the milk in the morning?
Communicative English - 24 -
Future continuous tense

S + will be/ shall be + present verb + ing

Use: To express an action which likely to happen in future.

Will be – you, he, she, it, they

Shall be – I, we

Ex: 1. You will be cleaning the Garden next week

2. He will be going to Chennai tomorrow
3. I will be participating in Asian Games.

Negative sentence
S + will/ shall not be + present verb + ing

Ex: 1. You will not be cleaning the Garden next week

2. He will not be going to Chennai tomorrow
3. I will not be participating in Asian Games.

Future Perfect tense

S + will have/ shall have + past participle

Use: It is use to express an action which has to be completed by a certain period in the future.

Ex: 1. I shall have taught all the lessons before the final exams.
2. She will have finished her work by this time.
3. You will have finished your test by this time tomorrow.

Negative sentence

S + shall/ will + not + have + past participle

Ex: 1. I shall not have taught all the lessons before the final exams.
2. She will not have finished her work by this time.
3. You will not have finished your test by this time tomorrow.

Making questions

Ex: 1. Shall I have taught all the lessons before the final exam?
2. Will you have finished your test by this time tomorrow?

Future perfect continuous tense

S + will have/ shall have + present verb + ing

Use: It is use to Express an action that will go on for a long time in the future.

Communicative English - 25 -
Ex: 1. You shall have been undergoing your training here for four months.
2. They will have been learning their lessons at that time.
3. I shall have been working on this project since Monday.

Negative sentence

S + shall/ will + not + have been + present verb + ing

Ex: 1. You shall not have been undergoing your training here for four months.
2. They will not have been learning their lessons at that time.
3. I shall not have been working on this project since Monday.

Making questions:

Ex: 1. Have you been undergoing your training here for four months?
2. Will they have been learning their lessons at that time?
3. Shall I have been working on this project since Monday?

Name: Class: Date:

Tense Practice Chart
Tense Present Tense Past Tense Future Tense
Simple Tense V1 V2

Continuous V4 V4
Tense

Perfect Tense V3 V3

Perfect V4 V4
Continuous
Tense

Communicative English - 26 -
Note: Write down the tenses given below with the suitable examples.
V1 Verbs Present Form V3 Past Participle
V2 Verb Past Form V4 Present Participle

Communicative English - 27 -
Lesson: 4
Basic Vocabulary of Words:

Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle

Go Went Gone
Come Came Come
Take Took Taken
Give Gave Given
Eat Ate Eaten
Drink Drank Drunk
Do Did Done
Drive Drove Driven
Flow Flowed Flowed
Know Knew Known
See Saw Seen
Buy Bought Bought
Write Wrote Written
Grow Grew Grown
Speak Spoke Spoken
Wear Wore Worn
Read Read Read
Beat Beat Beaten
Run Ran Run
Fly Flew Flown
Sing Sang Sung
Begin Began Begun
Throw Threw Thrown
Swim Swam Swum
Help Helped Helped
`Live Lived Lived
Learn Learnt Learnt
Sell Sold Sold
Say Said Said
Look Looked Looked
Complete Completed Completed
Tell Told Told
Want Wanted Wanted
Think Thought Thought
Visit Visited Visited
Travel Traveled Traveled
Climb Climbed Climbed
Ask Asked Asked
Follow Followed Followed
Stand Stood Stood

Communicative English - 28 -
Lesson: 5
One word substitution

1. A person living in a house near another is called A Neighbour

2. A man who is famous for scientific invention is called Scientist
3. A fight between two warriors is known as Combat
4. A person who is too much like a woman Efeminate
5. One who is present everywhere Omnipresent
6. One who knows everything is called Omniscient
7. One who is all powerful Omnipotent
8. A person who looks at the bright side of thing Optimist
9. A person who looks at the clark side of thing Pessimist
10. One who cannot read and write Illiterate
11. One who walk in sleep Somnambulist
12. A game or battle in which neither party wins Drawn
13. One who is unable to pay one’s debts in called Insolvent
14. Work for which no salary is paid Honorary
15. A man who cuts hair is called Barber
16. A person having little or no sympathy is known Callous
17. People working together in the same office or Colleagues
department is called
18. The state of remaining unmarried Celibacy
19. To give one’s authority to another is called Delegate
20. Incapable of being moved Immovable
21. With one voice, a decision, opinion on which all are Unanimous
agreed
22. A child born after the death of his father is called Posthumous
23. A person who donate something to others is called Donor
24. One who can not walk Lamb
25. One who can not see Blind
26. One who can not bear Deaf
27. A person who has less or no hair on head is called Bald
28. Some of money paid for getting someone free Ransom
29. Sending away out of the country as a punishment is Banishment
called
30. City from where the government of the state is carried Capital
on
31. A hole in the ground for burying a dead body is called Grave (Tomb)
32. A place for cattle with a fence or wall around is known Cattle shed
33. Skill in the use of a sward is called Swordsmanship
34. One who called another warrior for fight is called A challenger
35. One who is hasty in action without thinking of the Rash
result is called
36. A man who saves someone or some country from A Savior
danger is known
37. The period when one is a baby is called Babyhood
38. The quality of being able to produce laughter is known Humor
39. A diseased growth in the body often causing death is Cancer
known

Communicative English - 29 -
 40. An easy on a special topic produced for a University Thesis
degree is called
41. Something given as a present is called as A Gift
42. An unpleasant of angry feeling is called Bitterness
43. A small bit of fire is known as A spark
44. The inner voice with a person which tells him to Conscience
choose right or wrong is known as
45. Roof covering of straw and leavens is called A thatch
46. The money given to a person to buy help unjustly is Bribe
called
47. The punishment is given by a Judge is called Sentence
48. An officer acting as a Judge in police courts is called A Magistrate
49. A radio – active substance like radium is called Uranium
50. One thousand units of a milligramme make A gramme
51. A machine for taking a picture of the inside of a body An-Xray machine
is
52. A subject for study or discussion is called A topic
53. A four wheeled vehicle for carrying goods is called A Wagon
54. The smallest unit of an element is called An Atom
55. A person who eat too much is called Glutton
56. Government by one is called Autocracy
57. One who does not believe in God is An Atheist
58. A narrow minded man with prejudiced religious views Begot
is
59. People speaking two language Bilingual
60. Animal capable of living on land as well as in water Amphibian
61. The life story of a person written by himself is called Autobiography
62. An insect with many legs Centipede
63. Government by the people Democracy
64. An animal that can be tamed Domestic
65. A thing is fit to be eaten Edible
66. A speech made with out preparation Extempore
67. One who believes in fate Fatalist
68. A Medicine That Kills Germs Germicide
69. The killing of man Homicide
70. The script that can not be read Eligible
71. The matter that can not be believed Incredible
72. A sound that cannot be heard Inaudible
73. The science of animals Zoology
74. The science of finance Economics
75. The science of politics in Plitical science
76. Place where clothes or dress are kept is called Wordrobe
77. One who eats vegetable only Vegetarian
78. Speaking aloud one’s thought when alone is called Soliloquy
79. A man has evil reputation is society is called Notorious
80. One who believes is the existence of God Winner
81. One who believes is the existence of God Theist
82. One who is a great lover of books i called Bibliophile
83. One who is a great lover of books is called Monogamy

Communicative English - 30 -
 84. Marrying more than one man or more women is called Polygamy
85. A person who hates mankind is known Misanthrope
86. Murder or murderer of a king is Regicide
87. Murder or murderer of mother is Matricide
88. Murder or murderer of oneself Juicide
89. One who run after girl for love making is called Philanderer
90. One who thinks only of oneself is Egoist
91. One who goes door to door for selling articles is called Salesman
92. Person who makes ornaments is known Goldsmith
93. A place is surrounded by water is called Island
94. A man who repairs or polishes shoe for others is Cobbler
95. Person who elevate oneself for country in war is Soldier
known
96. One who spends very little money Miser
97. One whose hopes or dream have been dashed on the Frustrated
ground
98. A child who has no parents i called Orphan
99. A style that cannot be copy Inimitable
100. A person who makes sin is called Sinner
101. A man who compose poem is Poet
102. Concluding part of a literary work is Epilogue
103. Inventing things of scientist is called Invention
104. Worship of images or idols Idolatry
105. Something made or done to remind people of an Memorial
event, person etc.,

Communicative English - 31 -
Lesson: 6

SENTENCES

Definition:
A sentence can be defined as group of words which gives a complete sense.
Eg :1. Priya goes to school by bus everyday.
2.Raju gets up at 6 ‘O’ Clock every morning.
3. My father is going to Vijaywada today

Classification of sentences:
Sentences are mainly classified in to four kinds they are:
1. Assertive sentence (Statements)
2. Imperative sentence (Commands, Request, Suggestion and advice )
3. Interrogative sentence ( Question)
4. Exclamatory Sentence (Wonders)

1. Assertive sentence: A sentence that’s makes a statement is called as assertive

sentence.
Eg: a The River flows under the bridge.
b. God loves the World.
c. Geeta is a beautiful girl.

2. Imperative sentence :
A sentence that expresses a command, request, advice or suggestion is called an
imperative sentence.
Eg: a. Don’t talk (Order)
b. Please, Help me. (Request)
c. Let us go for a walk (Suggestion).

3. Interrogative sentence: Sentences that ask a question is an interrogative sentence.

There are two types of interrogative sentences.
A. Inverted question: (Yes or No Questions.)
Eg: 1. Have you seen the Taj Mahal.
Ans: Yes, I have seen Taj Mahal.
2. Do you prefer Tea to Coffee?
Ans: Yes, I prefer Tea to Coffee.
No, I do not prefer Tea to Coffee.
3. Did you go to Church yesterday?
Ans: Yes, I went to church yesterday.
No, I did not go to Church yesterday.

Specific Questions: (WH Questions):

Eg: 1,. What do you do?
Ans: I sing a song.
2. When are you going to Delhi?
Ans: I am going to Delhi on Monday.
3. Who is your father?
Ans: My father is Mr. John.

Communicative English - 32 -
4. Exclamatory sentence: A sentence that expresses sudden feelings or emotions such as Joy,
Sorrow, Surprise, wonder and blessing called as an Exclamatory sentence.

Eg :
a )What a tall boy he is!(Wonder)
b) May God bless you, my son!(Blessing)
c) Hurry! We have won the contest.(Joy)
d) Oh! What a pity (Sorrow)

Communicative English - 33 -
 SPOKEN ENGLISH

UNIT – III

COURSE ON CONVERSATION

Communicative English - 34 -
Unit - 3
COURSE ON CONVERSATION
Speeches

We may report the words of speaker in two ways:-

i) We may quote his actual words. This is called direct speech.
ii) We may report what he said without quoting his exact words. This is called indirect
or reported speech.

Direct: Rama said “I am very busy now”

Indirect: Rama said that he was very busy then.

• It will be noticed that in Direct Speech, we use inverted commas to mark off the exact
words of the speaker. In Indirect Speech we do not.
• It will be further noticed that in changing the above Direct Speech into Indirect Speech
certain changes have been made. Thus :
i) The conjunction that to be used before the indirect statement.
ii) The pronoun I is changed to He.
iii) The verb am is changed to was.
iv) The adverb now is changed to then.

• Important points to be remembered that in changing Direct Speech into Indirect Speech
certain changes have been made.

Thus:
a) Commas and quotation marks must be removed.
b) Reporting verb must be changed suitably.
c) Pronounce in the reported part should be changed.
d) Tense form of the verbs must be changed.
e) Suitable conjunction must be supplied.
f) Time adverbials should be changed.

Rule 1: When the reporting or principal verb is in the Past Tense, all present tenses of the
Direct Speech are changed into the corresponding past tenses.

Thus:
a) A simple present becomes simple past
He said, “I am unwell”. (Direct)
He said that he was unwell. (Indirect)

b) A present continuous becomes past continuous

He said, “My master is writing letters.”
He said that his master was writing letters.

c) A present perfect becomes past perfect

He said, “I have passed the examination.”
He said that he had passed the examinations.
Note: The shall of the Future Tense is changed into should and will into would.

Communicative English - 35 -
Rule 2. If the reporting word is in the Present Tense, the tenses of the Direct Speech do not
change. For example, we may rewrite the above examples, putting the reporting verb in the
Present Tense.

Thus:
i) He says, “I am unwell.”
He says that he is unwell.

ii) He says, “I have passed the examination.”

He says that he has passed the examination.

Rule 3 The tenses may not change if the statement is still relevant or if it is a universal truth.
We can often choose whether to keep the original tenses or change them.

i) Gopi said, “I know her address.”

Gopi said he knows her address.

ii) The teacher said, “The earth goes round the sun.”
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.

Rule 4 If the reporting verb is in the Past Tense, the past tense after reported speech change as
under:
i) Past Indefinite changes into Past Perfect
ii) Past Continuous changes into Past Perfect Continuous

Note: Past perfect and Past Perfect Continuous Tenses do not change at all.

Observe the following examples:

i) They said, “The police arrested the burglar.” (Direct)
They said that the police had arrested the burglar. (Indirect)

ii) He said, “The baby was crying.” (Direct)

He said that the baby had been crying. (Indirect)

iii) Kamala said, “Leela had gone home.” {Direct)

Kamala said that Leela had gone home. (Indirect)

iv) Krishna said, “It had been raining for an hour.” (Direct)
Krishna said that it had been raining for an hour. (Indirect)

Rule 5: The pronounce after Direct Speech are changed, where necessary so that there
relations with the reporter and his hearer.

Observe the following:

i) He said to me, “I don’t believe you.” (Direct)
He said that he didn’t believe me. (Indirect)

ii) She said to him, “I don’t believe you.” (Direct)

He said that she didn’t believe him. (Indirect)

iii) I said to him, “I don’t believe you.” (Direct)

Communicative English - 36 -
 I said that I didn’t believe him. (Indirect)

iv) I said to you, “I don’t believe you.” (Direct)

I said that I didn’t believe you. (Indirect)

Communicative English - 37 -
6. Rule: Word expressing nearness in time or place are generally changed into words
expressing distance.

Thus
Now : Then
Today : That Day
Here : There
Ago : Before
Thus : So
Tomorrow : Next day
Yesterday : The day before
Last Night : The Night before

Imperative Sentences: In reporting comments and requests, the indirect speech is introduced
by some verb expressing comment or request, and the imperative mode is changed into the
infinitive.

i) He said too him, “Please wait here till I return.” (Direct)

He requested him to wait here till he returned. (Indirect)

ii) Suresh said to Ravi, “Go away.” (Direct)

Suresh ordered Ravi to go away. (Indirect)

Interrogative Sentences: In reporting questions the indirect speech is introduced by some

people such verbs as asked, enquired etc.

When the question is not introduced by an interrogative word, the reporting verb is followed
by whether or if.

i) He said to me, “What are you doing?” (Direct)

He asked me what I was doing. (Indirect)

ii) “Where do you live?” asked the stranger. (Direct)

The stranger enquired where I lived. (Indirect)

iii) He said, “Will you listen to such a man?” (Direct)

He asked them whether they would listen to such a man. (Indirect)
Exclamatory Sentences: In reporting exclamation and wishes the Indirect Speech is
introduced by some verb expressing exclamation or wish

i) He said, “Alas! I am undone.” (Direct)

He exclaimed sadly that he was undone. (Indirect)

ii) Tommy said, “How clever I am!” (Direct)

Tommy exclaimed that he was very clever (Indirect)

Communicative English - 38 -
Examples Helpings Verbs Forms and their uses:

1. This is a book.
2. He was my friend.
3. I have a pen.
4. I had a bicycle.
5. I play.
6. I used to play.
7. I am to play.
8. I was to play.
9. I have to play.
10. I had to play.
11. I have got to play.
12. I had got to play.
13. I am playing.
14. I was playing.
15. I have been playing for two hours.
16. I had been playing for two hours.
17. I had played.
18. I have played.
19. I played.
20. I can play.
21. I could play.
22. I could have played.
23. I should play.
24. I should have played.
25. I will play.
26. I will have to play.
27. I will be able to play.
28. I will have played.
29. I will be playing.
30. I will have been playing for two hours.
31. He might play.
32. He might have played.
33. He might be playing.
34. Tea will do.

Lesson :3
Determiners
Determiners are words which tell us something about the places.

1. Here:
• Please come here.
• Here is your friend.
• He always studies here under the tree.
• The teacher comes here every day.
• Your pen is kept here.

Communicative English - 39 -
 2. There
• There are three books on the table.
• There are many good houses in the village.
• There are fifty girls in the class.
• There will be a holiday tomorrow.
• There is a boy in the class.
• There are three types of tenses in English.
3. This
• This is my pen.
• This is a good story.
• This is your car.
• This is the time right time to start the work.
• This is my brother.
• This is for you only.
• This is too horrible.
4. That
• That is raining outside.
• That is my friend.
• That is very hot today.
• That is 7 ‘O’ clock now.
• That is very difficult to understand.
• That is my duty to help you.

5. The Gerund
• The gerund is the word which is used on the place of noun with the combination
of (Verb+ing)
• Walking is good for health.
• It is a wise saying.
• Please stop talking.
• Smoking is prohibited.

Lesson: 4
Conversation:

1. Conversation between Mother and son:

Mom : why is johny is crying?
Tom : He wants something.
Mom : What does Johny wants?
Tom : He wants an Ice cream
Mom : Ice- cream only for Johny.
Tom : No, I too want it.
Mom : All right, where did mani go?
Tom : He went to see his friends.
Mom : Did he meet his friend?

Communicative English - 40 -
 Tom : No, he didn’t.
Mom : Whom did he see then?
Tom : He saw Dr. Abdul Kalam who happened to
come there.
Mom : He is very lucky.
2. Conversation between friends:
Rahul : Hello! Rohit, Have you ever gone to the Marina
Beach.
Rohit : Yes, I have already gone there.
Rahul : Rohit, will suresh too come with us?
Rohit : No, He will not come with us.
Rahul : Does Suresh need not go to the office daily?
Rohit : Yes, He doesn’t goto the office daily.
Rahul : Are you ready to go to the beach now?
Rohit : Yes, I am ready to go there now.
3. Conversation between friends:

Priya : Hello! Suriya how are you?

Suriya : Oh! Priya, it’s nice to hear your voice.
I am very fine, what are you doing now?
Priya : I am doing my home work.
Suriya : Where did you go yesterday with your mom?
Priya : I went to shopping with her.
Suriya : what did you purchased?
Priya : I purchased some gifts books.
Suriya : How many books?
Priya : Only Four books.
Suriya : Why did you buy them?
Priya : To Present to my sister on her birthday.
4. Conversation between Passenger and conductor:

Passenger : Sir,When will this bus leave?

Conductor : At 10 am.
Passenger : Will this bus stop at mandapam?
Conductor : Yes, it will
Passenger : What is the bus fare?
Communicative English - 41 -
 Conductor : Rs. 5.50
Passenger : Sorry Sir, I have only five rupees, would you allow
me to travel?
Conductor : Alright.
Passenger : Thank you very much sir.

Communicative English - 42 -
 5. Introducing others:
Meeting of friends at a birthday Party.
First Group : Ram, Ronnie, Tommy and Shelia
Second Group : Jessie, sonny, Vinu, and Ranee
Ram : Wow! What a crowd! Ajay is really living it up.
Tommy : Yeah! Looks like a fabulous party!
Ronnie : Ah! Here’s Jessie! Hi Jessie ! Come and join us.
We are beginning to feel lonely.
Jessie : Oh! What a surprise! I didn’t know you are friend
of Ajay! Well! Meet my friends. This is sonny, vinu and Ranee.
Ronnie : Hi! Nice to meet you all! This is Ram, Tommy and
Shelia.
Tommy : Where is our host, the birthday baby? Let’s try and
locate him!
Vinu : Oh yes! We got to wish him too

Visiting a Doctor:

Laxmi : Good morning doctor. I am Laxmi and this is

my mother. She is not feeling well.
Doctor : Good Morning, Please Sit down.
Laxmi : Doctor my mother is 87 years old. All of sudden
she experienced the feeling of giddiness three days a ago. So I thought it
is better to get your advice.
Doctor : Tell me madam, when and how did it start?
Mother : It began three day a ago and it lasted for while
since then I have been feeling giddy Off and On
Doctor : Are you diabetic?
Mother: No, I have only BP problem.
Doctor : Laxmi your mother is normal nothing to worry
about. I will prescribe some medicines. Please see to it that she takes it
regularly.
Laxmi : Ok, doctor I will take care. What is your fee?
Doctor : Only 100 Rs. I never charge more than that for
home visits.
Laxmi : Ok doctor here is your fee, when should she visit you again.

Communicative English - 43 -
 Doctor : I don’t think it will be necessary again she will recover with these
medicines.
Laxmi : Thank you doctor, Have a nice day.

7. Conversation between waiter and Guest:

Waiter : Good Morning Sir/ Madam

Welcome to
where would you like to sit, any particular seating
Preference.
Guest : The corner table will be fine.
Waiter : Chilled water will do sir?
Guest : Yes, sure.
Waiter : Would you like to listen to some soft music or would like
to read some magazines.
Guest : Instrumental soft music would be nice.
Waiter : May I have your order please.
Guest : Let me go through the menu.
Waiter : Take your time sir.
Guest : Let me have to 2 chicken burgers and 2 cheese burgers
along with 4 sprites.
Waiter : Fine sir, your order will be served in a few minutes.
Guest : Hope, It would not take more than 10 minutes.
Waiter : Sure sir.
Guest : The Burger was good, get me the bill.
Waiter : Thank you sir, it was a pleasure serving have a great day.

Communicative English - 44 -
 SPOKEN ENGLISH

UNIT – IV

LETTER WRITING AND WORK READINESS

Communicative English - 45 -
Unit - 4

LETTER WRITING AND WORK READINESS

1. Write a letter thanking your uncle for the wrist watch he has sent to you for your birthday.

Date: / /

My dear Uncle,
How are you? I am fine and hope the same with you.

I received the wrist watch sent by you. I received it exactly on my birthday. It is a very useful
present. It helps me to follow my Schedule perfectly. I will keep it in remembrance of you.

I thank you for your valuable present you have given me.

Yours lovingly
Priya

Address:
S.S Babu
East car Street,
Virudhunagar.

Communicative English - 46 -
2. Write a letter to the manager asking for permission to attend his/ her friend’s marriage.

From Date: / /
A.Kannan
20, Tvs Nagar,
Chennai-15

To
The Manager
TVS Motors
Chennai-15

Sir,

This is to inform you that one of my friend’s marriage is to be held on 22nd of this month in
Bangalore. So I request you to grant me leave for two days to attend his/her Marriage.

Thanking you

Yours Sincerely
XYZ

Communicative English - 47 -
3. Write a letter to your teacher asking him for permission to grant leave
because of your illness.

From Date: / /
P.G Shinde
20, Tvs Nagar,
Chennai-15

To
The class teacher
BLS centre

Respected sir/ madam

As I am suffering from fever, I will not be able to attend class tomorrow. Kindly grant me two
days leave.

Thanking you,

Yours truly,

P.G. Shinde

Communicative English - 48 -
4. Write a letter to the sub inspector of police about the theft of your bicycle.

From Date: 7.2.2008

M. Praksh
49, Nehru Place, II cross road
Delhi

To,
The Sub Inspector of Police
B-2, Town police Station 110005

Sub: Theft of my bicycle from Nehru place.

Sir,

Yesterday I went to Nehru Park at 9.00 pm and I left my bicycle unlocked. When I returned I
found it missing.

I request you to trace my stolen bicycle. The particulars are as follows;

Hercules model, color black, it has a basket in the front.

Thanking you,

Yours sincerely,

M. Prakash

Communicative English - 49 -
5. Write a letter to the bank manager asking him to stop the payment of a cheque.

From, Date: 6.2.2008

Priyanka
37, Netaji Road
Trivandrum 600014

To,
The Bank Manager
Indian Bank
Trivandrum

Sub: Stopping the payment of cheque vide no 23456

Sir/ madam

I Ms. Priyanka have an savings account number – 966 in your bank. I would request you to
please stop the payment of the cheque vide number: 23456 dated 2nd November, 2008. I
signed it in favour of Mr. Kannan. The sum was Rs. 1000/-(One thousand only).

Thanking you,

Yours faithfully

Priyanka
A/C No: 966

Communicative English - 50 -
6. Write a letter to the post master about the non delivery of the money order.

From 22.08.2007
Divya Pathange
55, Temple Street
R.S. Puram
Mumbai

To,
The Post Master
R.S. Puram post office
Mumbai

Sub: Non Delivery of Money Order.

Sir/ Madam

I had sent an amount of Rs.2000/- (two thousand only) to Mr. Ramesh in Pune by money order
on 10th August 2007. I received a letter from him yesterday stating that he had not received the
money so far.

I hereby furnish the details; the receipt number: 1234 dated 10.08.2007.

Receipt No. 1234, dated 10-8-2007

Please enquire into this matter.

Thanking you,

Yours sincerely

Divya Pathange

Communicative English - 51 -
7. Write a letter to the bank manager to open a new savings bank account.

From date: 10.01.2005

Kavitha. B
65, Indira Gandhi Road
Bhopal 700001

To,
The Manger
State Bank of India
Bhopal

Sub: Request for opening of new savings bank account.

Sir/ Madam

I the undersigned Ms. Kavitha. B working for BLS centre center. I want open an account in your
reputed bank. I have all the proofs which are required. So kindly guide me for the same.

Thanking you,

Yours truly,

Kavitha. B

Communicative English - 52 -
8. Write a letter to the publisher for purchase of books for BLS center.

From, date: 12.12.2007

Shadan Khan
Center Incharge
BLS centre Nellore

To,
The Orient Longman Publishers
Hyderabad

Sub: Request for placing order for purchase of books.

Sir/ Madam

I shall be grateful if you will send me by VPP, one copy each of the following books as early as
possible.

The list is as follows:

1. Kumar’s Automobile volume II

2. Ravishankar’s web design module I
3. Insight of spoken –III
4. Bedside patient care (all volumes)
5. Elite’s Electrical complete book-I and II

Thanking you

Yours truly,

Shadan Khan

Communicative English - 53 -
9. Write a letter to the school principal applying for the post of computer operator.

From Date: 07.02.2008

Jatin Sen
216, Jagjeevan Ram Nagar
Bhubaneshwar

To,
The Principal
Vivekananda School
54, Vijay Nagar
Bhubaneshwar

Sub: An Application for the post of Computer Operator.

Dear Sir/ Madam

Understanding from the advertisement published in “Times of India” news paper dated 5th Feb
2008 that a post of computer operator is lying vacant under your kind disposal. I would like to
offer myself as a candidate for the same.

Necessary particulars relating to my candidature are attached herewith for your kind
information. Hope you will be king enough and give me an opportunity to serve under you so
as to enable me to prove my ability

Thanking you

Yours faithfully

Jatin Sen
Bhubaneshwar

Communicative English - 54 -
10. Write a letter to your friend congratulating him on his success in the examination

7/2/2008

Dear Mahesh,

I came to know that you have passed the DTP course examinations conducted by BLS centre
Guntur, scoring a total of 290 marks. It is really remarkable. It is the result of hard work and not
luck. Please accept my hearty congratulations. God showers blessings on you. I wish you to
continue your studies

Yours lovingly

Ramesh

Address on the envelope

To,

Mahesh
______
_______
_______

Communicative English - 55 -
11. Write a letter to the factory manager seeking permission to visit his factory

15th Sept 2007

From

Naveen. C,
BLS centre,
Mumbai.

To

The manager,
TVS Sri Chakra Tyres,
Mumbai.

Sub: Permission to visit your factory as a part of training offered at BLS centre

Dear Sir,

We would request you to kindly allow 25 candidates from BLS centre Mumbai center to visit
your esteemed factory on the 25th Sept 2007. This visit will enable the candidates to know
about the various processes followed in your factory. This would also enable the candidates to
learn and understand. I am attaching the list of candidates for your perusal

Thanking you

Yours truly,

Naveen

Communicative English - 56 -
Lesson :2
INTERVIEW TECHNIQUES

Healthy points for the interview

• Attend the interview at fixed time • Answer in an appreciable way

• Be a good listener • Create good impression
• Trust yourself • Speak English fluently
• Be confident • Have a resourceful mind
• Wear neat and tidy dress • Look cheerful and confident
• Be equipoised • Empower smiling
• Behave well • Behave gently
• Be natural • Be alert mentally
• Have eye-to-eye contact and positive body • Understand clear contents of your
language answer
• Be brief in your talk • Don’t give room for wavering
• “To win-win” should be your policy thoughts
• Have polite approach • Think clearly and answer logically
• Be respectful • Be motivational
• Have clarity of thought • Apply sharp mind
• Be concentrative and clear in your mind • Use good pronunciation
• Never lose your mind • Be active and smart
• Be intelligent
• Use captivating tone

Factors that should be avoided at the interview

• Confrontational tendency • Vague and boring answers

• Argumentative talk • Inferiority complex
• Agitative and confused mood • Stammering in your reply
• Impertinent answer • Poor self esteem
• Bad manners and behavior • Negative attitude
• Long talk • Grim face
• Fickle-mindedness

Check list before attending interview

• Note the date and time of interview to be punctual
• Be an early bird
• Go neatly dressed
• Keep the photocopies of the following certificates
o Marklist and provisional certificates
o Age proof
o Sports
o Paper presentation
o Project/ course
o Implant training and industrial visit
o Nativity
• Call letter

Communicative English - 57 -
 • Collect information about the company
• Be aware of the current affairs
• Have an ink filled pen or ball point pen
Lesson: 3
Preparation Resume / curriculum vitae

Resume:
• A one-page summary of an individual’s education, employment history, awards, and
other accomplishments
• Written summation of one’s professional experience

A resume should accurately represent the candidate’s career objective, summary of

experience, and a chronology of employment responsibilities. A resume should provide a
candidate’s objective, skills, education, personal qualities, accomplishments, and
achievements. Most well written resumes are limited to one or two pages.

A resume is a hunting tool used to get an interview; it should reflect your special mix of skills
and strengths. A resume has one purpose- to market your skills, achievements, professional
background, academic history and future potential to a prospective employer. A resume must
provide maximum data as quickly as possible, differentiate you from all other candidates and
be attractively packaged

Curriculum Vitae:

It is a special type of resume traditionally used within the academic community. Earned
degrees, teaching and research experience, publications, presentations, and related activities
are featured. Unlike a resume, a CV tends to be longer and more informational than
promotional in tone.

Difference between resume and curriculum vitae

A resume is a detailed summary of individuals’ professional experiences. These experiences

usually include education, experience or work history, projects, training and awards. This
document is designed to introduce the job seeker to potential employers and hopefully
interest them in a follow up interview. Often, the resume is the employers’ first impression of
the job seeker, so it is wise not to under estimate its importance. A resume is rarely more than
one page.

A CV contains the identical information as a resume; however, this document is usually

designed for a job seeker who is interested in an academic or research position. The CV is
usually more extensive in length, because the employer is probably seeking someone with
extensive experience as a professional nurse, educator, and / or researcher, as well as
someone with a list of publications and/ or research that have been completed or in progress.
Although there is no limitation on the length of a CV, it is important that it like the resume be
written concisely. It is wise to check the with the human resource or employment department
of the potential employer if it is not clear whether a CV or a resume is as expected

Communicative English - 58 -
How to write a resume

Important points to consider when preparing an effective resume:

• Clear – well – organized and logical

• Concise – relevant and necessary
• Complete – includes everything you need
• Consistent – dont mix styles or fonts
• Current – up-to date

Also note the following when preparing a resume

• A resume must present you in good light

• A resume must use appropriate language
• A resume must be visually appealing
• A resume must portray facts accurately
• A resume must be customised to the situation and the employer

Communicative English - 59 -
Sample resume
Peter Roebuck 12, Hungerford street
Kolkata – 700 042
(033) 24323456
[email protected]

Objective

To obtain a full time position providing in house catering for lunches, special events and
executive presentations

Educational qualifications

B.Sc., Hotel management, 1998

Kolkata University

Technical trainings

Four months certificate course on Food and Beverage service at BLS centre Kolkata

Achievements

• Presently, receiving 80 % of customers by referral mode from satisfied customers only.

• Had received the best front office staff for the year 2007 awarded by the Hoteliers
association of India

Experience

2003 – Present

Restaurant manager, Hotel Park, Kolkata

• Managing daily planning
• Managing a team of 12 stewards
• Daily logistics planning
• Men and ,material management

1998 – 2003

Captain – Peerless Inn, Kolkata

• Guest handling
• Leading a team of 10 stewards
• Managing room service

Communicative English - 60 -
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Spoken English

Sl. Name of the book / Reference Materials Source / Author

No.
1. A new concepts of learnings Dr. Shyamali Chaterjee
(Chatterjee English Speaking course
2. English Grammar and composition T.R. Rhanot
H. Marlin

3. Fundamentals of spoken English Gupta

4. Students future Don & Don publication

5. Useful structures for spoken English Anil Nagar

6. Advance English Devi Lakshmi Bhavan

7. ABC Gupta Publication

8. Fundamentals of Grammar Macmillan

Communicative English - 61 -