PROGRAM OUTCOMES

In pursuance of the college mission, the objectives of the College of Criminal Justice
Education are as follows:
A. apply knowledge essential to the conduct of criminological research on crimes, crime
causation, victims, and offenders to include deviant behavior;
B. apply knowledge, skills essential to the practice of crime detection and investigation and
fields of criminalistics;
C. apply knowledge, skills in criminal law, evidence and procedure;
D. apply knowledge, skills in law enforcement administration; and
E. apply knowledge, skills in handling offender’s welfare and development for their re-
integration to the community.

COURSE TITLE

GENERAL CHEMISTRY - ORGANIC

COURSE DESCRIPTION

GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY is the chemistry of the compounds of carbon. As

you study this course, you will see that organic compounds are everywhere around us. They
are in our foods, flavors, and fragrances; in our medicines, toiletries, and cosmetics; in our
plastics, films, fibers, and resins; in our paints, varnishes, and glues; and of course I our bodies
and the bodies of all other living organisms.

Perhaps the most remarkable feature of organic compounds is that they involve the
chemistry of carbon and only a few other elements – chiefly, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
While the majority of organic compounds contain carbon and just these three elements, many
also contain sulfur, a halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine), and phosphorus.

Organic chemistry concentrates on carbon, just one of the 118 known elements in the
periodic table of elements. The chemistry of the 117 elements comes under the field of
inorganic chemistry. Carbon is far from being among the most abundant elements in the Earth’s
crust. In terms of elemental abundance, approximately 75% of the Earth’s crust is composed of
just two elements: oxygen and silicon. These two elements are the components of silicate
minerals, clays, and sand. In fact, carbon is not even among the ten most abundant elements.
Instead, it is merely of the elements making up the remaining 0.9% of the Earth’s crust. Why,
then, do we pay such special attention to just one element from among 117? For the study of
carbon compounds as a separate discipline is the sheer number of organic compounds.
Chemists have discovered or synthesized more than 10 million of them, and an estimated
10,000 new ones are reported each year. By comparison, chemists have discovered or
synthesized an estimated 1.7 million inorganic compounds. Thus, approximately 85% of all
known compounds are organic compounds.

The study of organic chemistry is divided into the study of alkanes, alkynes, and alkenes
which includes the study of Benzene and its Derivatives and the study of alcohols, Ethers, and
some amines, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, carboxylic anhydrides, esters, and amides.
COURSE OUTCOMES (CMO)

In this course, the students should be able to:

1. discuss the definition of organic chemistry, how it is related to the study of

criminal justice;
2. explain the importance of carbon compounds in the study of criminal justice;
3. explain why carbon can form many different compounds;
4. write structural formulas for organic compounds;
5. describe functional groups and its importance; and
6. identify functional groups and differentiate between the various organic compounds; and
name organic compounds.

INTRODUCTION

This module will explain the nature of organic chemistry. Organic chemistry is the study
of carbon-containing molecules known as organic compounds. At first, it was thought that
organic compounds could only be derived from living things but this was disapproved by
Frederich Wohler in 1828. The early Romans, Egyptians and Phoenicians used dyes extracted
from plants and animals. They even produced soap from animal fat, and alcohol by terminating
sugar.

Organic compounds can be isolated and purified from plants and animals and has led to
the characterization of millions of organic compounds. Also novel organic compounds have
been obtained through chemical synthesis.

MODULE LEARNING OUTCOMES

In this module, you are expected to:

1. define what organic chemistry is;

2. differentiate inorganic and organic compounds based on their characteristic properties;
3. identify the general sources of organic compounds;
4. determine the uses of organic compounds;
5. differentiate alkane, alkene, and alkyne based on characteristics;
6. write molecular formulas of the first ten members of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes; and
7. present the molecular formula of at least three common organic compounds.

PRE-ASSESSMENT

Direction: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer, and write the
letter of your choice on the space provided for each number.

1. __ a wide variety of compounds and materials prepared by manufacturing processes.

a. fermentation
b. natural sources
c. synthesis
d. all of the above
2. __ which of the following is an organic compound?
a. CH4
b. CO2
c. CO3-2
d. Na2CO3
3. __ study of carbon-containing molecules.
a. analytical chemistry
b. biochemistry
c. inorganic chemistry
d. organic chemistry
4. __ element in the periodic table which has an atomic number of six.
a. calcium
b. carbide
c. carbon
d. diamond
5. __ compounds which always contain carbon.
a. ionic compounds
b. inorganic compounds
c. molecular compounds
d. organic compound

Modified True or False. Write True if the statement is true and if the statement is false correct
by changing the underlined word or phrase to make the statement true.

6.________ organic compounds are usually soluble in water.

7.________ organic compounds are usually combustible.
8.________ most organic compounds can serve as food source for bacteria.
9.________ reactions of organic compounds are usually ionic.
10._______ the molecular weights of organic compounds are very high.

LESSON MAP

Organic Compounds

Open Chain Compounds Closed Chain or Ring Compounds

or Acyclic Compounds or Cyclic
compounds

Saturated Unsaturated Homocyclic heterocyclic

Or

Carboxylic Alicyclic Aromatic

Alicyclic Aromatic

Benzenoid Non - Benzenoid

The map shows the classification of organic compounds. These are broadly categorized into
open chain (acyclic) or closed chain (cyclic). Acyclic compounds can be saturated or
unsaturated. On the other hand, cyclic compounds can be homocyclic and heterocyclic. Under
heterocyclic are the Alicyclic and aromatic; while on the other hand, Homocyclic is also called
carbocylic compounds and this is again classified into alicylic and aromatic compounds.
Aromatic carbocyclic compounds are further classified into Benzenoid and non-benzenoid.
 CORE CONTENT

ENGAGE: ORIENTING MYSELF TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Activity 1: Chemistry in Everyday Environment.

Instruction: Classify whether the following substances found in our surrounding is organic or
inorganic.
1. Methanol, CH3OH
2. Sulfuric acid, H2SO4
3. Glucose, C6H12O6
4. Methane, CH4
5. Limestone, CaCO3
6. Baking soda, NaHCO3

EXPLORE: DISCOVERING THE SCIENCE OF CARBONS

Activity 2: Reading Activity

Instruction: Closely read the texts below and discover for yourself the science of Organic
Chemistry. The information you gather here will be used in the latter sections of this module.

INTRODUCTORY CHEMISTRY (ORGANIC)

The chemical reactions that sustain life processes in living organisms involve mainly carbon-
containing compounds, usually in very large molecules with hundreds or even thousands of
carbon atoms. Also, there are other organic molecules that are used by mankind for their many
productive activities. These include clothing materials, cotton and synthetic fibers; common
fuels like wood and petroleum; components of protective coatings including varnishes and
paints; antibiotics and synthetic drugs; plastics and pesticides.

Aside from carbon, organic compounds also contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and
other elements.

Compounds like table salt (NaCl), lye (NaOH), lime (CaO) and hydrochloric acid (HCl)
are called inorganic compounds. But there are also carbon-containing compounds that are
classified under inorganic compounds. Some of these are carbon monoxide (CO), carbon
dioxide (CO2), and other compounds containing cyanide (CN), carbonates (CO 32-), and carbides
like SiC. They are considered inorganic because they exhibit properties that are similar to
inorganic compounds.

The word “organic” is historical, dating back to the first Century. For many centuries,
Western alchemists believed in vitalism (Vitalism is the doctrine, often advocated in the past but
now rejected by mainstream science, that living organisms are fundamentally different from non-
living entities because they contain some non-physical element or are governed by different
principles than are inanimate things.”) Vitalism survived for a while even after the rise of
modern atomic theory and the replacement of the Aristotelian elements by those we know
today.

Organic chemistry was first defined as a branch of modern science in the early
1800’s by Jon Jacob Berzelius. He classified chemical compounds into two main
groups: organic if they originated from living or once-living matter and inorganic if they came
from “mineral” or non-living matter. Like most chemists of his era, Berzelius believed in
Vitalism – the idea that organic compounds only could only originate from living
organisms through the action of some vital forces.

It was a student of Berzelius who made the discovery that would result in the
abandonment of Vitalism as a scientific theory. In 1828, Frederich Wöhler discovered that urea
– an organic compound – could be made by heating ammonium cyanate (an inorganic
compound).

Frederich Wöhler mixed silver cyanate and ammonium chloride to produce silver
chloride and aqueous ammonium cyanate:

AgOCN(aq) + NH4Cl AgCl + NH4OCN(aq)

He then separated the mixture by filtration and tried to purify the aqueous
ammonium cyanate by evaporating the water.

To his surprise, the solid left over after the evaporation of the water was not
ammonium cyanate, it was a substance with the properties of urea! Wöhler’s observation
marked the first time of organic compound had been synthesized from inorganic source.

NH4OCN(aq) (NH2)2CO(s) (urea) or CH4N2O

Heated

During the 20th century, organic chemistry branched into sub-disciplines such as
polymer chemistry, pharmacology, bioengineering, petro-chemistry, and numerous others.
During that century, millions of new substances were discovered or synthesized. Today 98% of
all known compounds are organic. (A.N. M. SHARIF 2020)

The Table below shows the General Properties of Organic and Inorganic Compounds

Inorganic Compounds Organic Compounds

1. High boiling and melting points 1. Low melting and boiling points
2. Generally soluble in water and 2. Generally soluble in nonpolar solvents
rarely soluble in nonpolar solvents and most are not soluble in water

3. Conduct electric current 3.Do not conduct electric current

(electrolyte) (nonelectrolyte)
4.Generally non-flammable and 4. Usually flammable and combustible
non-combustible
5. Presence of ionic bond 5. Presence of covalent bond
6. Reactions are often very fast 6. Reactions are usually slow

SOURCES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

There are some generally accepted sources of organic compounds:

1. Natural sources:
a. coal
b. natural gas
c. petroleum
d. plants
e. animal oils and fats, alkaloids
f. starch, sugars, and so on.

2. Synthesis: A wide variety of compounds and material prepared by manufacturing

processes

3. Fermentation: Alcohols, acetone, glycerol, antibiotics, acids, and the like are derived
by the action of microorganism upon organic matter.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS:

Organic compounds, in general, differ greatly from inorganic compounds in seven

respects:
1. Organic compounds are usually combustible.
 2. Organic compounds, in general, have lower melting and boiling points. Organic
compounds are usually not very stable at temperatures above 300 oC, although some
exceptions exist.
3. Organic compounds are usually less soluble in water.
4. Several organic compounds may exist for a given formula. This is known as isomerism.
5. Reactions of organic compounds are usually molecular rather than ionic. As a result,
they are often quite slow.
6. The molecular weights of organic compounds may be very high, often well over 1000.
7. Most organic compounds can serve as a source of food for bacteria.

CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Organic compounds can be classified according to their functional group. The concept
of functional groups is central in organic chemistry, both as a means to classify structures and
for predicting properties. A functional group is a molecular model, and the reactivity of that
functional group is assumed, within limits, to be the same in a variety of molecules. Most
functional groups feature heteroatoms (atoms other than carbon, C and hydrogen, H). Organic
compounds are classified according to functional groups, alcohols, carboxylic acids, amines, etc

Aliphatic Compounds:

The aliphatic hydrocarbons are subdivided into three groups of homologous series
according to their state of saturation:
1. Paraffins, which are alkanes without any double or triple bonds.
2. Olefins or alkenes which contain one or more double bonds.
3. Alkynes, which have one or more triple bonds.

Aromatic Compounds:

The aromatic hydrocarbons content of conjugated double bonds. This means that the
ring SP2 hybridized carbon atoms each, for further stability, is important. An example to this is
benzene.

Heterocyclic Compounds:

The characteristics of the cyclic hydrocarbons are again altered if heteroatoms are
present, which can exist as either substituents attached externally to the ring or as a member of
the ring itself. In the case of the latter, the ring is termed as heterocyclic. Pyrimidine and furan
are examples of aromatic heterocyclic compounds. Two main groups of polymers exist:
synthetic polymers and biopolymers.

Polymers:

This swimming board is made of polystyrene, an example of a polymer. The linking

processes are called polymerization, while the chains or networks, are called polymers.

Hydrocarbons:

The simplest and most common encountered class of organic compounds is the
hydrocarbons, made up of carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons are classified as saturated or
unsaturated based on the type of bond existing between the two carbon atoms. Hydrocarbons
where all carbon atoms are linked by single bond are called saturated hydrocarbons while those
where at least a carbon – carbon double or triple bond is present are called unsaturated
hydrocarbons.

Hydrocarbons are further categorized as aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic

hydrocarbons. When a hydrocarbon consists of carbons links that form a long, straight or
branched chain, it is classified as chain type. But when the carbon links from a ring, the
hydrocarbon is called cyclic type. These chain-type hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes)
and their cyclic analogs belong to the aliphatic hydrocarbons. The aromatic hydrocarbons, on
the other hand, contain the structural unit called benzene, a six-carbon ring with three
alternating double bonds, or closely related rings like naphthalene, or rings of a similar nature
where nitrogen replaces carbon in one or more ring positions.

• Alkane

Alkanes. also called paraffins (meaning ‘low affinity’), are hydrocarbons that
contain only single bond. They are classified as saturated hydrocarbons (with all
carbon atoms linked by single bonds) with a general formula of CnH2n+2, where n
refers to the number of carbon atoms. Therefore, for an alkane with five carbon
atoms, the formula would be C5H12. The simplest alkane is methane, CH4, a major
component of natural gas and is used for home heating in cold countries.

The Structural Formulas of the first three members of Alkanes

Nomenclature of Alkanes [the basics . organicchemistrytutor.com

• Alkene

Alkene are hydrocarbons that contain one or more double bonds. (C=C). They
are also called olefins. Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons (containing less
hydrogen than alkanes) with a general formula of CnH2n where n is the number of
carbon atoms. In an alkene with three carbon atoms and one double bond, the
formula would be C3H6. The simplest alkene is ethane, C2H4, a plant hormone that
plays important roles in seed germination and ripening of fruits.

The Structural Formulas of the first four members of Alkenes

Alkenes - unsaturated hydrocarbons . docbrown.info

• Allkyne

Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing one or more triple bonds (C ≡

C). The general formula of alkynes are CnH2n-2 where n is the number of carbon
atoms. For alkynes with seven carbon atoms, the formula would be C 7H12. The
simplest alkyne is acetylene or ethyne, C2H2, a highly reactive molecule used in
oxyacetylene torches.
 The first three members of the alkynes group

• Aromatic Hydrocarbons

The word ‘aromatic’ originally referred to the aromas of these compounds.

Examples of aromatic hydrocarbons are benzene (a good solvent for fats and paint but is toxic),
naphthalene (a component of mothballs), and anthracene (used in making color designs in
fabrics). Benzene, C6H6, is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbons. It is a compound of six carbon
joined together to form a ring. There are three alternating double bonds (a requirement for
aromatic hydrocarbons) that undergo resonance (i.e., can have two or more Lewis
structures).

The Chemical Structure of Benzene

In this notation, the corners of the hexagon are carbon atoms. One line signifies
a single bond and two lines signify a double bond. Two structures appear on the sides of the
arrow because the benzene molecule cannot be represented by any one structure. Therefore,
the benzene molecule is considered a hybrid of two structures; and the structures to the left and
right of the arrow are contributing structures. Since the double bonds move to different
positions, benzene is also written in this form.
 CHARATERISTICS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND ITS USES

1. Organic compounds are used in agriculture, in restoring soil to be productive again, it is

used to kill fungi, and etc.
2. Organic compounds are used in Forensic Laboratories.
3. Organic compounds have very large contributions in the field of pharmacology. About
99% of pharmaceutical drugs are organic compounds.
4. Carbon is essential to all known living systems, and without it life as we know it could
not exist. The major economic use of carbon other than food and wood is in the form of
hydrocarbons, most notably the fossil fuel methane gas, and crude oil (petroleum).
5. Crude oil is used by the petrochemicals to produce, amongst other things, gasoline and
kerosene, through a distillation process in refineries.
6. Cellulose is a natural, carbon-containing polymer produced by plants in the form of
cotton, linen, and hemp. Cellulose is mainly used for maintaining structure in plants.
Commercially valuable carbon polymers of animal origin include wool, cashmere and
silk. Plastics are made from synthetic carbon polymers, often with oxygen and
nitrogen atoms included at regular intervals in the main polymer chain. The raw
materials for many of these synthetic substances come from crude oil.
7. The use of carbon and its compounds are extremely varied. It can form alloys with
iron, of which the most common is carbon steel. Graphite is combined with clays to form
the “lead” used in pencil used for writing and drawing.
8. It is also used as a lubricant and a pigment, as a molding material in glass manufacture,
in electrodes for dry batteries and in electroplating and electroforming in brushes for
electric motors and as a neutron moderator in nuclear reactors.
9. Charcoal is used as drawing material in artwork, for grilling, and in many other uses
including iron smelting. Wood, coal and oil are used as fuel for production of energy and
space heating.
10. Gem quality diamond is used in jewelry, and industrial diamonds are used in drilling,
cutting, and polishing tools for machining metals and stone. Plastics are made from
fossil hydrocarbons, and carbon fiber, made by pyrolysis of synthetic; polyester fibers
are used to reinforce plastics to form advanced, lightweight composite materials.
11. Carbon black is used as the black pigment in printing ink, artist’s oil paint and water
colours, carbon paper, automotive finishes and laser printer toner.
12. Carbon black is also used as a filter in rubber products such as tyres and in plastic
compounds. Activated charcoal is used as an absorbent and adsorbent in filter
material in application as diverse as gas masks, water purification, and kitchen extractor
hoods and in medicine to absorb toxins, poisons, or gases from the digestive system.
Carbon is used in chemical reduction at high temperatures.
13. Coke is used to reduce iron ore into iron. Case hardening of steel is achieved by
heating finished steel components in carbon powder. Carbides of silicon, tungsten,
boron, and titanium, are among the hardest known materials, and are used as abrasives
in cutting and grinding tools.
14. Carbon compounds make up most of the materials used in clothing, such as natural and
synthetic textiles and leather, and almost all of the interior surfaces in the built
environment, other than glass, stone and metal.

All living systems derived their power from amino acids and proteins (organic) with
carbohydrates (sugar) and fat-like organic compounds. There are organic compounds called
nucleic acids in the genetic formation that transfer information from one generation to the next.
Since the discovery and development of historical times, importance of organic compounds is
very high; not only because of living system but also to maintain that living system healthy. They
are important as food or as pharmaceutical purposes.
EXPLAIN

Activity 3: Writing Molecular Formula

Instructions:
Using the general formulas for alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes; write the molecular and
structural formulas of each hydrocarbon, starting off from the 5 th member up to the 10th member
of each of the hydrocarbons. Fill up the table below. One example for each hydrocarbon is
done for you.

Types of Hydrocarbon General formula

Alkanes CnH2n+2 Molecular Formulas

C=5 C5H2(5)+2 C5H12

C=6

C=7

C=8

C=9

C=10

Alkenes CnH2n

C=5 C5H2(5) C5H10

C=6

C=7

C=8

C=9

C=10

Alkynes CnH2n-2

C=5 C5H2(5)-2 C5H8

C=6

C=7

C=8

C=9

C=10

EXTEND

Activity 4: CONNECTING TO THE REAL WORLD

Instruction: Identify a criminal offense/act that involves the use of Organic compounds. Make a
narrative report about the case, how was it solved and what laws were violated by the
offender. Make sure to highlight the following:
A. Setting (time and date) - When and Where did the event happened?
B. Casualty (injured and death) - Number of victims
C. Weapons used (Explosives, gun, poison, etc.). - What type of weapon/s was used?
D. Indicate the substance (Organic compounds such as cocaine, etc.) used. - What substances
were used?
E. Criminal Offense - what laws were violated?
F. How did the authorities of the area solve the case?
G. Include pictures if any.
Requirements:
1. Your Paper should follow the following format:
Paper size: Short Bond Paper
Font size: 12
Font Style: Arial
Margin: Normal
2. Submit your paper in PDF format through a google drive link. Allow my personal gmail
account - [email protected] - so that I can view it anytime.
3. Date of submission is on or before April 15, 2022.
Rubrics
Excellent (15) Good (10) Fair (5)
Content Accuracy Contents especially Some Contents Contents especially
the details of the especially the details the details of the
output are accurate. of the output are output are not
accurate. accurate.
Points to be The details required Some of the details The details required
emphasized to be emphasized are required to be to be emphasized are
stated clearly. emphasized are not stated clearly.
stated clearly.
Clarity The output clearly The output delivers The output vaguely
delivers the message the message of the delivers the message
of the narrative. narrative. of the narrative.

EVALUATE

Activity 5. Evaluating What You Learn

Instruction. Answer the questions below.

1. What is organic chemistry?

 2. Differentiate organic compounds from inorganic compounds based on their
characteristic properties

3. What are the sources of Organic Compounds?

4. Enumerate the seven properties of organic compounds.

5. What are the uses of organic compounds?

Activity 6: Critical Thinking

Instruction. Answer the following questions below.

1. In your own words, how will you characterize organic chemistry or the science of carbon
compound?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

2. Do you agree that living organism is the only source of organic compounds? If your
answer is yes, support your yes by a brief explanation; if your answer is no, then do the
same make your own explanation.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

3. In your own words briefly explain the properties of organic compounds.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

4. In a simple manner, differentiate the different types of hydrocarbons; such as

alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
 5. According to your judgement of importance, summarize from one up to five the uses of
organic compounds.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

6. Why do you think, you need to study this course, organic chemistry? Give your brief
reflection.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

TOPIC SUMMARY

 Organic chemistry is the study of organic compounds. Organic compounds always

contain the element carbon.
 There are compounds containing carbon but are not organic compounds; these
carbonates, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and compounds of carbonates.
 Organic compounds have low boiling and melting points, generally are non-soluble in
water and usually flammable and combustible.
 Most organic compounds serve as food source of bacteria.
 Hydrocarbons are organic compounds where the main components are hydrogen and
carbon.
 Hydrocarbons can be classified into aliphatic, and aromatic hydrocarbons.
 Aliphatic hydrocarbons are subdivided into three homologous series according to their
state of saturation: These are the paraffins, which are the alkanes without any double or
triple bonds; olefins or alkenes which contain one or more double bonds; and alkynes,
which contain one or more triple bonds.

POST-ASSESSMENT

Direction: Choose the best answer. Write the letter of your choice on the space provided in
each number.

1.__ alkanes without any double or triple bonds

a. alkanes
b. alkenes
c. alkynes
d. aromatic
2.__ contain one or more double bonds
a. alkanes
b. alkenes
c. alkynes
d. aromatic
3.__ contain one or more triple bonds
a. alkanes
b. alkenes
c. alkynes
d. aromatic
4.__ content of conjugated double bonds
a. alkanes
b. alkenes
c. alkynes
d. aromatic
5.__ which are compounds associated with life processes
a. ionic compounds
 b. molecular compounds
c. inorganic compounds
d. organic compounds
For number 6 10, answer what is asked. Write your answer on the space provided in each
number.

6._________ the student of Berzelius who made the discovery that would result in the
abandonment of vitalism as a scientific theory.
7._________ the correct formula of the organic compound urea
8._________ compounds which are less soluble in water
9._________ of organic compounds usually molecular rather than ionic
10.________ is a natural carbon-containing polymer produced by plants

REFERENCES

Books:

Bettelheim, F.A., Brown. W.H., Campbell, M.K., Farrell, S.O., Torres, O.J. (10 th edition).
Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry. @2014 Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd., 1 st
Philippine reprint 2014

Padolina, Ma. Christina D., Simon-Antero, E., Alumaga, Ma. J.B., Estanilla, L.C., Rabago, L.M.
(2004). Conceptual and Functional Chemistry, Modular Approach. Vibal Publishing House, Inc.