SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

1
Questions (Imarkeach) were tall in F generation.
Short AnswerType Ans. All pea plant
lery
[MarkingScheme Comptt., 2018]
endel took tall pea plants and short pea plants and
2. A Mendelian experiment consisted of breeding
produced progeny through cross-fertilisation. pea plants bearing violet flowers with pea plants
What did Mendel observe in the F,progeny? bearing white flowers. What will be the result
in F,

A[Compt. Set.-1, 2 & 3,2018] progeny? E [Delhi & Outside Delhi. Set, 2018]

Law of Dominance law- Law of

ConceptApplied Concept Applied Mendel's first
Dominance".

Topper's Answer, 2018

Aiolet calar -4lieådouinat,

cdouisaeceleuu

3. What is DNA? K(Term-2, Foreign Set-2, 2016] Phenotype: All Tall plants with 50% homozygous
tall and 50% heterozygous tall.
Ans.DNA is the carrier of hereditary information from
1
parents to the next generation. ShortAnswer Type Questions-I (2markseach)
[Marking Scheme Foreign, 2016] 1. Using height (tallness/dwarfness) of a plant as an
4. Pea plants can have green or yellow seeds. One of example, show that genescontrol the characteristics
the phenotypes shows dominance over the other. A or traits in an organism.
farmer decides to pollinate a flowerof a plant with
K[Outside Delhi, Term-2, 2022]
green seeds using pollen from a flower of a plant
with yellow seeds. The resulting pod has all green Concept Applied Law of Dominance
seeds.
Ans. A gene is the section of DNA on a chromosome
Whatshouldbe the genotypeof the parent plants to
that codes the formation of a protein controlling a
give green and yellow seeds in equal proportion? specific characteristic of the organisms. Suppose
OUCFPQ) a plant progeny possess gene for the characteristic
Concept Applied Law of Dominance called "tallness". The gene for tallness will give

A farmer crosses two heterozygousgreen seeded instructions to the plant cell to generate more of
5.
plants and obtains 100 plants in the F, generation. plantgrowth hormones due to which the plant will
What would be the number of green and yellow grow tall. On the other hand, if the plant has the
seeds respectively in the F generation? gene for shortness, less plant grOwth hormones will
AOACFPQJ be produced,due to which the plant will not grow
much and remain a dwarf plant. 2
6.Two tall pea plants are used to produce a progeny
2. In a cross between red coloured and white coloured
of 20 pea plants. The two parent plants have a
flowers, when plants with red coloured fowers
genotype of TT and Tt respectively. How many
short pea plants will be found in the progeny in the of F, generation were self pollinated, plants of F,
Rgeneration? E[CFPQ] generation were obtained in which 75% of plants
were with red flowers and 25% plants were with
Concept Applied Law of Segregation white flowers.
ns. Cross:
Explain the inheritance of traits in the above cross
Pure with the help of a flow chart only along with the
breeding Tall ratio of plants obtained.
tall Plant Plant
TT Tt F[Outside Delhi, Term-2,2022]
ConceptApplied Law of Segregation
Ans. When a pure red flowered plant is crossed with pure
white flowered plant, in the next generation, plants
with red flowers areproduced. It is called Mendel's
TT Tt T
monohybrid cross or law of dominance.
 Red flower White flower P-generation
ShortAnswer Type Questions-l| (3marks
each)
RR M. A green stemmed
tomato plant denoted by (Go
iscrossed with a tomato plant with purple ste
denoted by (gg).

Gametes (i) What colour of the stem would you expect in thei.

E, progeny?

(i) In what ratio would you find the green and purol
coloured stem in plants of F progeny?
(All red flowers) F generation
R
(iii) What conclusion can be drawn for the abows
observations? U[Delhi Set-2, 20221
on selfing F2 generation
Concept Applied Law of Segregation
Rr R
R Ans. (i) All the plants in F, progeny will be of green
coloured stem.
RR R
K ReA Red

Rr Parents
GG
(Green) (Purp
RedWhite
Gametes G 8
(a) Phenotypic ratio: Red: White:3: 1

(b) Genotypic ratio: Pure Red:Hybrid Red:PureWhite: F; generation:

Gg
1:2:1 2 (All green stem)
3. Mustard wasgrowingin two fields- A and B. While
field A produced brown coloured seeds, field B
(ii) Cross for F progenyis:
produced yellow coloured seeds.
It was observed that in field A, the offsprings
showed only the parental trait for consecutive Parents
generations, whereas in field B, majority of the Gg X Gg
(selfing F}) (Green) (Green)
offsprings showeda variation in the progeny.
What are the probable reasons for these ? Gametes

Ap [SQP Term-2, 2022]

Ans. In field A,the reason for parental trait in consecutive 8
F, Progeny
generations of the offsprings is self-pollination. 1

In field B, variation is seen to occur because of Gg Gg

recombination of genes as cross-pollination is (Green)(Green)
taking place. [MarkingScheme SQP, 2022] 1
Gg
4. In an asexually reproducing species, if a traitX (Green) (Purple)
exists in 5% of a population and trait Y exists in 70%
of the same population, which of the two trait is Phenotypic Green: Purple
likely to have arisen earlier? Give reason. ratio 3: 1

ASQP Term-2, 2022]

5. Sex determination in humans happens through sex The phenotypic ratio will be 3 (green): 1 (purple).

chromosomes.Along with other parameters, such (ii) From the above cross, it is confirmed that recessie
processes often help in forensic studies in crime traits are not expressed in the generation as they

and/or identification of accidents and

investigation
are present in heterozygouscondition whereas the
natural calamities, In order to determine
whether recessive traits get expressed in F generation
an accident victim is male or female, which cells
homozygous condition. This is known as the law ot
can be used and why? dominance". 1
U[CFPQ]
Concept Applied Sex Determination
Commonly Made Error
Ans. Barr bodies in buccal cells used for determination
sex of the individual.
of
A Studentsoften getconfusedbetween
phenotype
6. Give the and genotype and between F, and F, generation.
respective scientific terms used for
studying:
(a) The mechanism by which variations are created Answering Tip
and inherited.
Practice F,
(b) The development of new type of organisms from concept of phenotype along with

and F; generationand genotype with the help

the existing ones. OK [OEB] of examples.
 ,What are chromosomes? Explain how stability inheritance which explains the results.

t the DNA of the species is ensured in sexually A[SQP 2023-24]

reproducing
organisms. 2023-24] KSQP Concept Applied Law of Independent Assort

a Tvo pea plants one with round yellow seeds ment

RRYY) and another with wrinkled green (rryy)
seeds produce progeny that have round, yellow
F
Ans. The approximate ratio obtained is 9: 3:3:1 in

(RrYy) seeds. which parental as well as new combinations are

When E, plants are self-pollinated, which new observed. This indicates that progeny plants have
combination of characters is expected in F, progeny? not inherited the whole set of genes from each
How many seeds with these new combinations parent.

of characters will be produced when a total 160 Every germ cell one chromosome from the
takes
seeds are produced in F, generation? Explain with pair of maternal and paternal chromosomes. When
reason. UAPQ 2023-24] two germ cells combine,segregation of one pair of
characters is independentof other pair of characters.
ConceptApplied "DihybridCross and Law of
[Marking Scheme SQP 2023-24] 3
Independent Assortment."
5. In humans, there is a 50% probability of the birth of

Ans. When F, plants were self-pollinated,in F,generation, a boy and 50% probability that a girl will be born.

off springs produced were in the ratio

of 9:3:3:1. Justify the statement on the basis of the mechanism
of sex-determination in human beings.
Trait Ratio No:of seeds
AOA[CBSE SQP 2021]
Round Yellow 9 9/16 x160 =90 "Sex Determination in
Concept Applied
Round Green 3 3/16 x 160 =30 Humans".
Wrinkled Yellow 3 3/16 x 160 =30
Ans. In human genes inherited from our
beings, the
Wrinkled Green 1 1/16 x 160 =60 parents decide whether it will be a boy or girl.
Total 16 160 Women have a perfect pair of sex chromosomes
(XX). But, men have a mismatched pair (XY.
new combinations
Thus, the of characters expected All children will inherit an X chromosome from their
in F were:
generation mother regardless of whether they are boys or girls.
Round Green 30 = Thus, the sex of the children will be determined by
Wrinkled yellow =30 what they inherit from their father. A child who
New combinations are produced because of the inherits an X chromosome from her father will be

independent inheritance of seed shape and seed a girl, and one who inherits a Y chromosome from
colour trait. [Marking Scheme APQ 2023-24] him will be a boy.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2021]3
After self.pollination in pea plants with round,
4.
yellow seeds, following types of seeds were 6. What are acquired traits? Why are these traits

obtained by Mendel: generally not inherited over generations? Explain.

Seeds Number OAOC[Comptt. Set-1, 2 & 3,2018]

Round,yellow 630 7. How do Mendel'sexperimentshows that traits are
inherited independently?
Round,green 216
202
ADC[o.D. Set I, 2016,Delhi 31/1/3 2017]
Wrinkled, yellow
Concept Applied "Mendel's third law- Law of
Wrinkled, green 64

mechanism of independent assortment!.

Analyse the result and describe the

Topper's Answer, 2016

ane
Mendeli atbybnid oos helps to kooe lhattiait jshenilad

urnaia logthes la ylsid haian

undependntly. Vasins alleles
lanoalin y atont idpekdutly
Thi, unt proved y Sbe.

gyellos)
Csound green).CB0inhled
 gamees Ry

RYy CRougdyea) -EL

COhunchyfe sati)
Round Yeitou2

****..*...............s........

Commonly Made Error Ans. (a) 50%

A Mostly students make error while drawing the (b) 50%
cross. Some of them forget to label the stages. (c) 75% [Marking Scheme APQ 2023-24]

AnsweringTip Long Answer Type Questions (5 marks each)

1. (a) What is the law of
dominance of traits? Explain
Practice cross with the help of different with an example.
characteristic features in three stages: (b) Why are the traitsacquired during the life time of
(a) Parents an individual not inherited? Explain.
(b) F generation
(c) F2 generation
U [Delhi Set-1, 20201

Ans. (a) Law of dominance of

traits: In a cross between
8. 'Different species use different a pair of contrasting
strategies to characters, only one parental
determinesex of a newborn individual. It can be character will be expressed in F,
generation which
is called dominant trait and the other is called
environmental cues or genetically determined.
recessive trait.
Explain the statement by giving example for each
strategy. A[Term-2, SQr, 2016] For example -in pea plants, when a tall pea
Concept Applied Sex determination plant (TT)is crossed with a short pea plant (),
all the progeny produced in F generation are ½
Ans. Environmental Cue: (i) In some (T).
animals, the tall
1
temperature which fertilised
at eggs are kept plants in F, generation
All
were tall proving
determineswhether the developing animal in egg that the gene for tallness is dominant
over the
is male or female. gene for dwarfness/ short, which is not able
to
(ii) In some animalslike snail, individual can express itself in the presence
change of dominant trait.
sex. (anyother example)
Genetical Cue: A child who inherits For cross: Refer to Topic 1/ Revision
an notes/ 1
X-chromosome from her father will be a girl and Example 1.
1
one who inherits a Y- chromosome from the (b) Traits acquired by an organism during it5
father
will be boy. lifetime are known as 1

1+1+1 acquired traits.

These traits are not inherited because they
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
Occur in somatic cells only and do not
9. two pea plants having round and
If cause
green seeds any change in the DNA of the germ cells.
(RRGg) are crossed, identify the percentage of the
following with respect to the F, generation: [Marking Scheme,2020)
(a) gametes having both the round and (a) What are
yellow seed 2.
dominant and recessive traits?
traits
(b) "Is it possible that a trait is inherited but may notv
(b) offspring having the same genotypeas the parents in the next generation?"
expressed Give a suitable
(c) offspring having the samephenotype as the parents example to justify this statement.
U[APQ 2023-24] U [Outside Delhi, Set-2, 2019)
 Trait: The trait which expresses (b) Using any of the parent pairs mentioned by you
(a) ) Dominant itself
Ans.
nE (irst) generation after crossing contrasting in (a) perform a cross to show the genotypes of the
trait is known as dominant character offspring that might arise in the next generation.
(opposite)

(trait).
1 AOK[CEPQ)
Recessive
Trait: The
which is not expressed
trait 4. How do Mendel'sexperiments show that
itselfin F, (first) generation aftercrossing contrasting (a) Traits may be dominant or recessive?
(opposite)
trait. 1 (b) Inheritance of two traits is independent of each
1
other? UDelhi 31/1/1 2017]
(b) Yes
Tall Dwarf Concept Applied Law of independentassort
TT tt
ment

Tt Ans.(a) Mendel conducted a Monohybrid cross/

All tall (crossed pure tall pea plants with pure dwarf pea
Tt Tt plants) he observed only tall pea plants in the F,
generation, but on self crossing of the F progeny,
both tall and dwarf pea plants were observed in
F TT Tt Tt tt
Fz generation in the ratio 3: 1. Appearance of tall
Tall Tall Tall Dwarf character in F, and Fz generations shows tallness
to be a dominant character. But absence of dwarf
2 character in F, and its reappearance in F, confirms
(Orcan be explained in words also) that dwarfness is recessive character. 22
[CBSE Marking Scheme,2019] (b) Mendel conducted a dihybrid cross and observed
3. Consider a pea plant that is recessive for plant that though he started with two types of parents, he
height.Its 'genotype' is tt and 'phenotype' is dwarf. obtained four types of individuals in F, generation.
(a) Assuming that the gene for plant height obeys the The appearance of new recombination in F
Mendels laws of inheritance, indicate the genotypes generations along with parental type characters
and phenotypes of ALL the possible parent pairs showed that traits are inherited independently of
that could have dwarf offspring. each other.
2/½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017]

COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS

synthesis of fat molecules does not directly involve
Dbjective Type Questions the expression of a specific gene. Fat molecules are
synthesised through a series of biochemical reactions
A)Multiple Choice Questions that are not directly controlled by a
single gene.
1. If pure tall pea plant is crossed with a pure
a 3. If a round, greenseeded pea plant (RRyy)is crossed
dwarf pea plant then, what percentage of F, and F, with wrinkled, yellow seededpea
plant, (rrYY) the
generation respectively will be tall? seeds produced in F generation are:
(A) round and yellow. (B) round and green.
(A)25%, 25% (B) 50%,50%
(C) wrinkled and green. (D) wrinkled and
yellow.
(C) 75%,100% (D) 100%,75%
Ap[NCERT Exemp.]
U[SQP 2022-23] 4. The maleness of a child is determined by:

ns. Option (D)is correct. (A) the X chromosome in the zygote.

Explanation: When a pure tall plant (TT) is crossed
(B) the Y chromosome in zygote.
with a pure dwarf plant (tt), in the F, generation, tall
(C) the cytoplasm of germ cell which determines
the sex.
plants are formed (Tt). When F, plant is subjected to
(D) sex is determined by chance.
selfpollination, in the F, generation, 3 tall plants and
1 dwarf plants are formed. Exemp.]OKNCERT
5. A zygote which has an X-chromosome inherited
2. Which of the following statement is incorrect?
from the father will develop into a:
(A) For every hormone there is a gene.
(A) a boy.
(B) For every protein there is a gene.
(B) a girl.
(C) For production of every enzyme there is a gene. (C) X- chromosome.does not determine the sex of
(D) For every molecule of fat there is a gene.
a child.
UNCERT Exemp.]
s.Option (D)is
(D) either boy or girl. OUNCERT Exemp.]
correct. 6. Where did the variations
seen in the appearanceof
Explanation: Hormone and enzymes are proteins the moth most likely come from? U[CFPQ]
ana formation of any particular protein is controlled (A) The moths changed their appearancebased on
by a particular gene. Hence, all other options are what was good for their survival.
correct. This statement is incorrect because the
 by chance that different
(D) It is types of
(B) The environment caused genetic changes in the at any givenn point moths
were present time

of
moths, making them look different. and the
environmental factors determined
(C) Random genetic changes and different benefit.
which type
got a survival
combinations of genes arising at the time of correct
Ans. Option (D) is
reproduction led to the differing appearances. suggests that the
Explanation: The passage
(D) Selective breeding between the most adapted
moth types isinfluenced by
presence
of different chance, and
moths and rapidly changing environment
benefits are determined by
survival environmental
created a variety of moth appearances.
factors.
Ans.Option (C) is correct.
Attached earlobes in humans is an
Explanation: The variations in appearance are So.condition. The allele tor atached
inherited
earlobes
is

most likely due to random genetic changes

and the
are the chances of
recessive.
What parents, both

combinations of genes during reproduction, which earlobes, to have a

child
having attached with
can result in differernt phenotypes.
what attached earlobes? UICFPQ)
7. Which of the following correctly describes 25% (C) 75%
on from moth (A) 0% (B) (D) 100%
is most likely to be passed a to its

Ans. Option (D) is correct

offspring? UCEPQ) Explanation: If both parents have attached earlohes

(A) the strategy the parent moth learns to escape

two
copies of the recessive alet
it means they carry
from the predator bird for attached earlobes (aa). Therefore, all their children

(B) the newer patterns produced on the wings due will inherit one allele from each parent, resulting ina

to genetic changes 100% chance of having attached earlobes.

(C) the tactics used to gather more food

(D)None of the abovecan be passed on from a moth B]Assertion & Reason
to its offspring.
Directions: In the following questions, A statement
Ans. Option(B) is correct.
of Assertion (A)is followed by a statement of
Explanation: Genetic information, including the
Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as.
patterns on the wings, is passed on from parent
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and R is the correct

moths to their offspring.

explanation of (A).
8. In 1956, strict anti-pollution laws were enacted in
NOT
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true but R is the

England, which led the countryside becoming

to

free of smoke. One of correct explanation of (A).

relatively less polluted and
from this (C) (A) is true but (R) is false.
the following was observed in 20 years
event and is believed to be linked to this event. (D) (A) is false and (R) is true.
Which one could it be? UCFPQ] 1. Assertion (A): Height in pea plants is controlled

by efficiency of enzymes and is thus genetically

(A) The number of the melanistic form dropped
controlled.
significantly.
form increased Reason (R): Cellular DNA is the information source
(B) The number of the melanistic
formaking proteins in the cell. K [Board SQ, 2022]
significantly.

(C) The melanistic and peppered forms evolved Ans. Option (A)is correct.

into a single new form. Explanation: Height in pea plants is controlled by

(D) The melanistic and peppered forms became eficiency of enzymes. Plants with more growth
extinct from the countryside. hormones being released grow taller than other
plants. Thus the height is genetically controlled.
Ans. Option (B) is correct.

Explanation: With reduced pollution and cleaner Cellular DNA is the information source for making

the advantageof the melanistic form which in turn

proteins, carry information for the
environments,
moths) might decrease, leading to an release of hormones.
(dark-colored
increase in the number of peppered moths. 2. Assertion (A): A geneticist crossed a pea plant

9. Select the option that correctly summarises the having violet flowers with a pea plant having white

given observations in the passage. UCFPQ] flowers, he got all violet flowersin first generation.

of the peppered moths changed their Reason (R): White colour gene is not passed on to
(A) Majority
appearances to become melanistic moths so that next generation. A[CBSE SOP 2021)
they could survive. Ans. Option (C)is correct.
the is dominant
(B) The predator birds help in controlling Explanation: The gene for violet flowers
number of any giventype of moth sothat neither over the gene for white flowers so that only the
of survival. as violet flowers in the irst
one gets an undue advantage Violet gene is expressed

had to continuously generation.White colour flower shows its trait in the

(C) Different types of moths
in order second generation, after the selfing of two plans
make efforts to adapt themselves
the gene ro
of the first generation. This is because
in the changing environmental
to survive white colour is recessive.
conditions.
 Aesertion (A):Mendel choose a numberof varieties
1. What percentage of the plants is likely to produce
of garden pea as plant material for his experiments. white flowers?
Reason (R): Garden pea has well defined characters (A)25 % (B) 50 % (C) 75 % (D) 100 %
and is bisexual. K[OFB) Competency: Explaining Phenomena Scientifically
Assertion (A): In humans, if gene (B) is
responsible Ans. Option (B) is correct.
for black eyes and gene (b)is responsible for brown
Explanaton: In a cross between plant with red
then the colour of the eyes of the
eyes, progeny flower (Rw) and a plant with white flower (ww), 50
having gene combination Bb, If an individual has
% of plants is likely to produce red flower and 50 %
two copies of the brown eye gene (bb), they will white flowers.
have brown eyes. Therefore, the progeny with the
one combination bb will have brown eyes or BB 2. A red flower plant (RR) was crossed with a white
will be black only. flower plant (ww). What will be the colour of the
flower of the next generation plants?
Reason (R): The black colour of the eyes is a
(A) Red (B) White
dominarnt trait. [SQP 2023-24]
(C) Pink (D) All of these
Ans. Option (A) is correct.
Competency: Interpreting Data and Evidence
Explanation: In genetics, when we refer
dominant to
Scientifically.
and recessive traits, a dominant trait will be expressed
even if only one allele for that trait is present in the Ans. Option (A) is correct.

genotype. Explanation: All flowers in the next generation

would be red as R is the dominant trait. The flowers
In this case, if gene (B) is responsible for black eyes
and gene (b) is responsible for browneyes,and black
Rw set of genes.
will inherit

is a dominant then having at least one allele

trait, 3. What would have caused the variation in the gene
for black eyes BB or Bb) will result in the
(either for flower colour?

expression of the black eye colour. (A) Mutation (B) Pollination

Therefore, the progeny. with gene combinations (C) Speciation (D) Adaptation
Bb, bb, or BB will have black eyes because the black Competency: Explaining PhenomenaScientifically
colour is dominänt over brown. Ans. Option (A) is correct.

5. Assertion two X chromosomes

(A): Zygote with Explanation:Mutation is caused due to variation in

develops into a boy. [OFB] the gene for flower colour. A mutation is a change
Reason (R): If the egg cell carrying an X chromosome in the DNA sequence of an organism. It can result

fuses with the sperm carrying a Y chromosome, the from errors in DNA replication during cell division,

resulting child would be a boy. exposure to mutagens or a viral infection.

4. The above cross is known as:
ns. Option (D) is correct.
(A) Monohybrid (B) Dihybrid cross
Explanation: A zygote having two X-chromosomes cross

(C) Test (D) Back cross

a girl or female (XX) and a zygote
cross
develops into

having one X and one Y-chromosomedevelops into Ans. Option (A) is correct.

]
1.
a boy (male).

Case Based

Kead the
MCQs
passage and answer the following
Explanation: A
differ
called

ratio is
in
cross between
only one pair of contrasting characters,
two

monohybrid cross. In this cross, F, phenotypic

3:1 and genotypic ratio is
is

1:2:1.
plants; which

questions. [D]Case Based Subjective Questions

A plant with red flower (Rw) bred with
is cross I. Mendel blended his knowledge of science and
a plant with white flower (ww). There are two mathematics to keep the count of the individuals

of the gene controlling the colour of the exhibiting a particular trait in each generation.
Variations
He observed a number of contrasting visible
tlower. The gene for red flower (R) is dominant over
[SAS] characters controlled in pea plants in a field. He
that for white flower (w).
conducted many experiments to arrive at the laws
of inheritance.
(a) What do the F, progeny of tall plants with round

X seeds and short plants with wrinkled seeds look

like? 1

(b) Name the recessive traits in above case. 1

(c) Mention the type of the new combinations of plants

obtained in F; progeny along with their ratio, if F,
progeny was allowed to self pollinate. 2
OR
shows the result of the cross.
Lne Punnett square 1600 plants were obtained in F, progeny, write the
If

number of plants having traits:

(i) Tall with round seeds.

Rw (iü) Short with wrinkled

seeds.
Rw
Write the conclusion of the above experiment. 2
WW [Delhi Term-2, 2022]
Ww
 Ans. (a) F progeny of tall plants with round seeds sorted into gametes independently of one
and short plants with wrinkled seeds will be
another.

2
heterozygous tall plant with round seeds (TtRr) as II. Sex of an individual is determined by
and round is the dominanttraits.
tall
factors in various different
species. Some animals rat
(b) The recessive traits are short plants and wrinkled entirely on the environmental cues, while in s
seeds. 1 other animalsthe individuals can change their sev
(c) The different types of combination obtained in F2 uring their life time indicating that sex of some
progeny are: not genetically determined.
species is

TtRr However in human beings, the sex of an individual

is largely determined genetically.

F, progeny self pollination
(a) In what way are the sex chromosomesX and y
different in size? Name the mismatched pair of sex

chromosome in humans.
TtRr TtRr
(b) Write the number of pair/pairs of sex chromosomes

(tR) tr present in human beings. Inwhich one of the parent

Gametes (TR)
(male/female) perfect pair/pairs of sex chromosome
are present?

TR tR Ir tr
(c) Citing two examples, justify the statement "Sex of an

ITRR TERR TIRr

individual is not alwaysdetermined genetically"
TtRr
TR
Tall Round Tall Round Tall Round Tall Round OR
TRR ttRr
tR
ttRR TtRr
Draw a flow chart to show that sex is determined
Tall Round short round Tall Round Short round
TtRr Trr genetically in human beings.
TTRr
T
Tall Round Tall RoundTall wrinkled Tall wrinkled JOutside Delhi, Term-2, 2022]
ttrr
TtRr ttRr Ttrr
tr Ans. (a) The father can contribute an X or a Y
Tall Round Short round Short wrinkled Tall wrinkled
chromosome, while the mother always contributes
seeds =9 an X. The Y chromosome is one-third the size of the
Tall plants with round
X chromosome and contains about 55 genes while
Short plants with round seeds =3
Tall plarnts with wrinkled seeds =3 the X chromosome has about 900genes.

Short plants with wrinkled seeds = 1

X chromosome has mismatched pair in a normal
human male.
=

,
Phenotypic ratio Tall round :short round: tall
wrinkled: short wrinkled: 9:3:3:1 1+1 (b) There is 1 pair of sex chromosomes present in human

OR beings.
Females have perfect pair of chromosomes,i.e., XX.
If 1600 plants were obtained in progeny, the
number of plants having traits will be:
(c) Sex of an individual is not always determined
i) Tall plants with round seeds 1600 genetically.For example
x
16
In some animals, the temperature at which fertlised
=900 (i)

eggs are kept determines whether the developing

1
animal in an egg is male or female.
(üi) Short plants with wrinkled seeds =x1600
16 (ü) In some animals like snail, individual can change
=100 sex. 2
The conclusion of the above experiment states the OR
"Law independentassortment". This law states
of Sex determination in human beings: Refer to

that the alleles of two (or more)different genes get Revision Notes/ Fig 8.1.

SOLUTIONS FOR PRACTICE QUESTIONS

VSATOS New traits come in the population due to sudden

4. 1"parent- Gg mutation and then are inherited. 70% of the
2nd parent-g8 population with trait Y is likely to have been
5. Green seeds -75 replicating that for a longer period than 550 of
Yellow seeds 25 - population with
trait

trait X.
1

Marking Scheme,
2022|
SATQS-I
6. (a) Genetics is the study of mechanism by whci
4. Trait Y which exists in 70%% (largerfraction) of the
variations are created and inherited.
population is likely to have arisen earlier because in
asexual reproduction, identical copies of DNA are (b) Evolution is used for studying the development o
produced and variations do not occur. 1 new type of organisms from the existing ones. 1+1
SATQS-II Changes in the non-reproductive tissues are not
Comosomes are thread like structures which are passed on to the DNA of the germ cells and therefore
made up of proteins and DNA. DNA contains the not inherited to the next generation. 1
iniormation of traits which are passed from parents
to offspring from one generation to another. LATOS
Insexually reproducing organisms, stability of DNA 3. (a)The genotypes of all the possible parent pairs are:
is ensured by the DNA
copying mechanism. The (i) Tt x Tt
DNA replication process is very efficient and error
free which in turn maintains the stability of the (ii) Tt x tt
DNA.The chromosome number is also maintained (iii) tt x tt

during reproduction by the process of meiosis

The correct phenotypes for each of the genotypes
during gamete formation. 3 are:
[Marking Scheme SQP 2023-24]
6Characters that a person acquires during one's life
(i)) Tt (Tall) x Tt (Tall)
time are known as acquired characters/traits. 1 (ii) Tt (Tall) x (Dwarf)
tt

Such changes do not occur in the reproductive (iii) tt (Dwarf) x tt (Dwarf)

tissues.
1
(b)Cross:
(Tall) TT tt(Dwarf)
Parents
T Gametes

on selfing Frgeneration

(Tt)

(T (t Gametes
TT Tt
tall tall Fz-generation
Tt tt
t
tall Dwarf

(0.25 marks for writing the four gametes +0.25 for writing the four genotypes correctly)
(4 x 4 + x 4)
SOLUTIONSFOR PRACTICE QUESTIONS (MCOs)
MCOS 5. Option (B)is correct.

3. Option (A)is correct. Explanation: A zygote with XX chromosomes in the

23rd pair would develop into a girl child.
Erplanation:Round and green peas are represented
by RRyy.
A&R
Whnkled and yellow peas are represented by rr\Y. 3. Option (A) is correct.
When they are crossed they produce round and
yellow seed in F, Explanation: Mendel choose
garden pea as plant
generation. material for his experiment
4.
Option (B)is because garden pea
correct. plants were easily available/
they grow inone season

e
planation: Y-chromosome in zygote means that
zygote would develop into a male child.
/fertilisation is easy /they have
characters.
several contrasting