1.

Introduction-

What is Faraday’s Law?

Faraday's Law explains how a changing magnetic field creates (or "induces") an electric current
in a circuit.

Who discovered it?

Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry discovered electromagnetic induction in 1831, but Faraday
published his findings first.

Why is it important?

 It’s the basis for many technologies like transformers, electric motors, generators, and
inductors.

 It helps us understand natural phenomena and has led to many modern inventions.

How does it work?

When a magnetic field around a conductor changes, it generates an electromotive force
(EMF), which can cause electricity to flow.

Applications in daily life:

 Power generation in electricity plants.

 Devices like phone chargers, fans, and electric vehicles rely on this principle.

Experiment Setup:

o Michael Faraday took an iron ring (like a torus or donut-shaped object).

o He wrapped two separate wires around the ring.

Two Circuits:

o One wire was connected to a battery (this was the "primary circuit").
o The other wire was connected to a galvanometer (a device to measure current, forming
the "secondary circuit").

Induction of Current:

o When he connected or disconnected the battery in the primary circuit, the galvanometer
needle moved.
o This showed that current was induced in the secondary circuit without direct contact.
Discovery:

o Faraday concluded that a changing magnetic field in the primary circuit induces current in
the secondary circuit.
o This was the first demonstration of electromagnetic induction.

This experiment became the basis for modern transformers and generators!

2.Faradey’s first law:-

Magnetic Flux:

1. Definition:
Magnetic flux (Φ or Φb) represents the amount of magnetic field (B) passing through a
given surface.

2. Units:

o SI Unit: Weber (Wb), which equals volt-second (V·s).

o CGS Unit: Maxwell.

o 1 Weber = 10810^8108 Maxwell.

3. Measurement:

o A flux meter measures magnetic flux.

o It uses measuring coils to detect voltage changes caused by the magnetic field.

Formula for Magnetic Flux:

Φ=B⋅S=BScosθ

Special Cases:

 If B is perpendicular to the surface (θ=0°):

Φ=BS.

 If B is parallel to the surface (θ=90°):

Φ=0.

For a Varying Magnetic Field:

 1. Small Area Element (dS):

o When the magnetic field varies across a surface, we divide the surface into tiny
elements (dS).

o In each small element, the field can be considered approximately constant.

2. Infinitesimal Magnetic Flux (dΦ):

o The magnetic flux through a small area element is:

dΦ=B⃗⋅dS⃗=B dS cosθ

3. Total Magnetic Flux (Φ):

o To calculate the total magnetic flux through the entire surface, we integrate over all
the small elements:

Φ=∫B⋅dS=∫BdScosθ

Use Case:

This formula is particularly useful for:

 Non-uniform magnetic fields.

 Curved surfaces where the magnetic field and the surface area direction change
continuously.

The magnetic vector potential A and the fundamental theorem of the curl, the magnetic flux
may also be defined as :

Faraday’s Law :

1. Definition:

o "The induced electromotive force (EMF) in any closed circuit is equal to the time rate of
change of the magnetic flux through the circuit."

o Formula: ε=−dΦ/dt
2. Conditions for Validity:

o Holds true for an infinitely thin wire loop in a closed circuit.

o For more complex setups (e.g., thick wires or non-loop geometries), the Maxwell-Faraday
equation is more accurate.

Induced EMF from Flux Changes:

1. EMF is induced when the flux changes due to:

o Changing magnetic field (B).

o Movement or deformation of the wire loop.

o Both scenarios combined.

2. What is EMF?

o EMF (ε) is the energy available per unit charge as it travels once around the loop.

o If the loop is open and connected to a voltmeter, EMF represents the voltage measured.

Lorentz Force Law and EMF on a Wire Loop:

Maxwell-Faraday Equation:

1. Definition:

o A time-varying magnetic field is accompanied by spatially-varying, non-conservative

electric fields, and vice-versa.

o Equation:

∇×E⃗=−∂B⃗/∂t

2. Importance:

o Unlike the simpler version of Faraday’s law, this equation is valid for all scenarios and
provides a general description of the relationship between electric and magnetic fields.

FARADEY’S EXP. 1
Setup:

 A coil is connected to a galvanometer (a device to detect current).

 A bar magnet is moved towards or away from the coil, with its north pole or south pole
pointing towards the coil.

Observations:

1. When the Magnet Moves:

o The pointer in the galvanometer deflects, indicating that a current is induced in the coil.

o The deflection depends on the direction of the magnet's motion:

 Towards the coil: Pointer deflects in one direction.

 Away from the coil: Pointer deflects in the opposite direction.

2. When the Magnet is Stationary:

o The pointer does not move, indicating no current is induced.

3. Effect of Polarity:

o North pole: One set of deflection patterns.

o South pole: Opposite deflection patterns for similar movements.

4. Effect of Speed:

o Faster motion of the magnet: Larger deflection (greater current).

o Slower motion of the magnet: Smaller deflection (weaker current).

5. Reversing Roles:

o The same behavior is observed if the coil is moved and the magnet is stationary.

Conclusion:
  Key Factor: The relative motion between the magnet and the coil generates current.

 This experiment demonstrates the principle of electromagnetic induction, where a

changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) in a conductor.

FARADEY’S EXP.2-

Setup:

 Faraday replaced the bar magnet with a second current-carrying coil (called the primary
coil) connected to a battery.

 The first coil (connected to the galvanometer) remains the same as in Experiment 1.

 The primary coil creates a steady magnetic field due to the current flowing through it.

Observations:

1. When the Primary Coil Moves:

o Moving the primary coil towards the first coil causes the galvanometer pointer to
deflect, indicating an induced current in the first coil.

o Moving the primary coil away causes the pointer to deflect in the opposite
direction.

2. Direction of Deflection:

o Depends on the direction of motion of the primary coil (towards or away).

3. Effect of Speed:

o Faster movement of the primary coil: Larger deflection (greater current).

o Slower movement of the primary coil: Smaller deflection (weaker current).

4. Analogy to Experiment 1:
 o Similar results are observed:

 Induced current depends on relative motion.

 The deflection pattern is consistent with the bar magnet experiment.

Conclusion:

 The relative motion between the two coils induces an EMF and current in the first coil.

 This experiment proves that a changing magnetic field, whether caused by a moving
magnet (Experiment 1) or a moving current-carrying coil (Experiment 2), induces an EMF
in a nearby conductor.

Faraday concluded that electromagnetic induction occurs due to relative motion and changes
in the magnetic field.

FARADEY’S EXP. 3-

Setup:

 Two stationary coils were placed close to each other.

 Coil 1 (primary coil): Connected to a battery through a push-button switch.

 Coil 2 (secondary coil): Connected to a galvanometer to detect induced current.

Observations:

1. When the Button is Pressed:

o The galvanometer in the secondary coil showed a temporary deflection,

indicating the presence of induced current.

2. While the Button is Held Down:

 o The pointer showed no deflection, meaning no current was induced while the
primary coil maintained a steady current.

3. When the Button is Released:

o The galvanometer showed a deflection in the opposite direction, indicating a

reverse induced current.

Key Findings:

 Relative Motion Not Required:

o Unlike the previous experiments, here the coils were stationary, yet current was
induced in the secondary coil.

 Cause of Induction:

o The induced current was caused by the changing magnetic field produced by the
current in the primary coil.

 When the button was pressed, the magnetic field increased.

 When the button was released, the magnetic field decreased.

Conclusion:

 A changing magnetic field (not just relative motion) induces an electromotive force
(EMF) and current in a nearby conductor.

 This experiment confirmed that electromagnetic induction depends on changes in the

magnetic field, not just physical movement.

1.why did u choose this topic?

I chose this topic because Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction is a fundamental
concept in electromagnetism. It explains how changing magnetic fields can induce electric
currents, which is essential for understanding how many electrical devices work, like motors,
generators, and transformers