582 Chapter 21 Heat Engines, Entropy, and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Problems
See the Preface for an explanation of the icons used in this problems set. engine operates between an energy reservoir at room tem-
For additional assessment items for this section, go to perature and a water–ice mixture at atmospheric pressure
and therefore requires no fuel other than that to make the
Section 21.1 ​Heat Engines and the Second Law ice. The patent is approved, and working prototypes of the
of Thermodynamics engine prove the inventor’s efficiency claim.

1. A particular heat engine has a mechanical power output 9. If a 35.0%-efficient Carnot heat engine (Fig. 21.2) is run in
T of 5.00 kW and an efficiency of 25.0%. The engine expels reverse so as to form a refrigerator (Fig. 21.4), what would be
8.00 3 103 J of exhaust energy in each cycle. Find (a) the this refrigerator’s coefficient of performance?
energy taken in during each cycle and (b) the time interval 10. An ideal refrigerator or ideal heat pump is equivalent to a
for each cycle. Carnot engine running in reverse. That is, energy |Q c | is
2. The work done by an engine equals one-fourth the energy it taken in from a cold reservoir and energy |Q h | is rejected
absorbs from a reservoir. (a) What is its thermal efficiency? to a hot reservoir. (a) Show that the work that must be sup-
(b) What fraction of the energy absorbed is expelled to the plied to run the refrigerator or heat pump is
cold reservoir? Th 2 Tc
W5 uQ c u
3. Suppose a heat engine is connected to two energy reservoirs, Tc
V one a pool of molten aluminum (660°C) and the other a (b) Show that the coefficient of performance (COP) of the
block of solid mercury (238.9°C). The engine runs by freez- ideal refrigerator is
ing 1.00 g of aluminum and melting 15.0 g of mercury during Tc
each cycle. The heat of fusion of aluminum is 3.97 3 105 J/kg; COP 5
Th 2 Tc
the heat of fusion of mercury is 1.18 3 104 J/kg. What is the
efficiency of this engine? 11. A heat engine is being designed to have a Carnot efficiency
of 65.0% when operating between two energy reservoirs. (a)
Section 21.2 ​Heat Pumps and Refrigerators If the temperature of the cold reservoir is 20.0°C, what must
be the temperature of the hot reservoir? (b) Can the actual
4. During each cycle, a refrigerator ejects 625 kJ of energy to
efficiency of the engine be equal to 65.0%? Explain.
a high-temperature reservoir and takes in 550 kJ of energy
from a low-temperature reservoir. Determine (a) the work 12. A power plant operates at a 32.0% efficiency during the
done on the refrigerant in each cycle and (b) the coefficient summer when the seawater used for cooling is at 20.0°C.
of performance of the refrigerator. The plant uses 350°C steam to drive turbines. If the plant’s
efficiency changes in the same proportion as the ideal effi-
5. A freezer has a coefficient of performance of 6.30. It
ciency, what would be the plant’s efficiency in the winter,
is advertised as using electricity at a rate of 457 kWh/yr.
when the seawater is at 10.0°C?
(a) On average, how much energy does it use in a single
day? (b) On average, how much energy does it remove from 13. You are working on a summer job at a company that designs
the refrigerator in a single day? (c) What maximum mass CR non-traditional energy systems. The company is working
of water at 20.0°C could the freezer freeze in a single day? on a proposed electric power plant that would make use of
Note: One kilowatt-hour (kWh) is an amount of energy the temperature gradient in the ocean. The system includes
equal to running a 1-kW appliance for one hour. a heat engine that would operate between 20.0°C (surface-
water temperature) and 5.00°C (water temperature at a
6. A heat pump has a coefficient of performance equal to
depth of about 1 km). (a) Your supervisor asks you to deter-
4.20 and requires a power of 1.75 kW to operate. (a) How
mine the maximum efficiency of such a system. (b) In addi-
much energy does the heat pump add to a home in one
tion, if the electric power output of the plant is 75.0 MW and
hour? (b) If the heat pump is reversed so that it acts as an air
it operates at the maximum theoretically possible efficiency,
conditioner in the summer, what would be its coefficient of
you must determine the rate at which energy is taken in from
performance?
the warm reservoir. (c) From this information, if an electric
bill for a typical home shows a use of 950 kWh per month,
Section 21.4 ​The Carnot Engine your supervisor wants to know how many homes can be pro-
7. One of the most efficient heat engines ever built is a coal- vided with power from this energy system operating at its
T fired steam turbine in the Ohio River valley, operating maximum efficiency. (d) As energy is drawn from the warm
between 1 870°C and 430°C. (a) What is its maximum theo- surface water to operate the engine, it is replaced by energy
retical efficiency? (b) The actual efficiency of the engine absorbed from sunlight on the surface. If the average inten-
is 42.0%. How much mechanical power does the engine sity absorbed from sunlight is 650 W/m2 for 12 daylight hours
deliver if it absorbs 1.40 3 105 J of energy each second from on a clear day, you need to find the area of the ocean surface
its hot reservoir? that is necessary for sunlight to replace the energy absorbed
into the engine. (e) From this information, you need to deter-
8. Why is the following situation impossible? An inventor comes to mine if there is enough ocean surface on the Earth to use
a patent office with the claim that her heat engine, which such engines to supply the electrical needs for all the homes
employs water as a working substance, has a thermodynamic associated with the Earth’s population. Assume the energy
efficiency of 0.110. Although this efficiency is low compared use for a home in part (c) is an average over the entire planet.
with typical automobile engines, she explains that her (f) In view of your results in this problem, your supervisor

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  Problems 583

has asked for your conclusion as to whether such a system is Section 21.5 ​Gasoline and Diesel Engines
worthwhile to pursue. Note that the “fuel” (sunlight) is free.
Note: For problems in this section, assume the gas in the
14. A Carnot heat engine operates between temperatures Th engine is diatomic with g 5 1.40.
and Tc . (a) If Th 5 500 K and Tc 5 350 K, what is the effi-
ciency of the engine? (b) What is the change in its efficiency 18. A gasoline engine has a compression ratio of 6.00.
for each degree of increase in Th above 500 K? (c) What is (a) What is the efficiency of the engine if it operates in an
the change in its efficiency for each degree of change in Tc ? idealized Otto cycle? (b) What If? If the actual efficiency
(d) Does the answer to part (c) depend on Tc ? Explain. is 15.0%, what fraction of the fuel is wasted as a result of
friction and energy transfers by heat that could be avoided
15. An electric generating station is designed to have an electric
in a reversible engine? Assume complete combustion of the
output power of 1.40 MW using a turbine with two-thirds the
air–fuel mixture.
efficiency of a Carnot engine. The exhaust energy is trans-
ferred by heat into a cooling tower at 110°C. (a) Find the rate 19. An idealized diesel engine operates in a cycle known as the
at which the station exhausts energy by heat as a function air-standard diesel cycle shown in Figure P21.19. Fuel is sprayed
of the fuel combustion temperature Th . (b) If the firebox is into the cylinder at the point of maximum compression, B.
modified to run hotter by using more advanced combustion Combustion occurs during the expansion B S C, which is
technology, how does the amount of energy exhaust change? modeled as an isobaric process. Show that the efficiency of
(c) Find the exhaust power for Th 5 800°C. (d) Find the value an engine operating in this idealized diesel cycle is

S D
of Th for which the exhaust power would be only half as large TD 2 TA
1
as in part (c). (e) Find the value of Th for which the exhaust e512
power would be one-fourth as large as in part (c). g TC 2 TB

16. Suppose you build a two-engine device with the exhaust energy
output from one heat engine supplying the input energy for a P
Qh
second heat engine. We say that the two engines are running in
Adiabatic
series. Let e1 and e 2 represent the efficiencies of the two engines. B C processes
(a) The overall efficiency of the two-engine device is defined
as the total work output divided by the energy put into the first
engine by heat. Show that the overall efficiency e is given by
e 5 e 1 1 e 2 2 e 1e 2 D
Qc
What If? For parts (b) through (e) that follow, assume the
two engines are Carnot engines. Engine 1 operates between A
temperatures Th and Ti . The gas in engine 2 varies in tem- V
V2  VB VC V1  VA
perature between Ti and Tc . In terms of the temperatures, (b)
what is the efficiency of the combination engine? (c) Does
Figure P21.19
an improvement in net efficiency result from the use of two
engines instead of one? (d) What value of the intermediate Section 21.6 Entropy
temperature Ti results in equal work being done by each of
the two engines in series? (e) What value of Ti results in each 20. (a) Prepare a table like Table 21.1 for the following occur-
of the two engines in series having the same efficiency? rence. You toss four coins into the air simultaneously and
then record the results of your tosses in terms of the num-
17. A heat pump used for heating shown in Figure P21.17 is bers of heads (H) and tails (T) that result. For example,
essentially an air conditioner installed backward. It extracts HHTH and HTHH are two possible ways in which three
energy from colder air outside and deposits it in a warmer heads and one tail can be achieved. (b) On the basis of your
room. Suppose the ratio of the actual energy entering the table, what is the most probable result recorded for a toss?
room to the work done by the device’s motor is 10.0% of the
theoretical maximum ratio. Determine the energy entering 21. Prepare a table like Table 21.1 by using the same procedure
the room per joule of work done by the motor given that the (a) for the case in which you draw three marbles from your
inside temperature is 20.0°C and the outside temperature bag rather than four and (b) for the case in which you draw
is 25.00°C. five marbles rather than four.

Heat Section 21.7 ​Entropy in Thermodynamic Systems

pump
22. A Styrofoam cup holding 125 g of hot water at 100°C cools
to room temperature, 20.0°C. What is the change in entropy
Qc Qh of the room? Neglect the specific heat of the cup and any
Outside Inside change in temperature of the room.
Tc Th 23. A 1 500-kg car is moving at 20.0 m/s. The driver brakes to
a stop. The brakes cool off to the temperature of the sur-
rounding air, which is nearly constant at 20.0°C. What is the
total entropy change?

Figure P21.17 24. A 2.00-L container has a center partition that divides it into
two equal parts as shown in Figure P21.24. The left side

53292_ch21_ptg01.indd 583 9/14/17 10:35 AM

 584 Chapter 21 Heat Engines, Entropy, and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

conditioner operates for 1 500 h during the summer in a city

where electricity costs 17.0¢ per kWh.
0.044 0 mol 0.044 0 mol
H2 O2 33. In 1816, Robert Stirling, a Scottish clergyman, patented the
Stirling engine, which has found a wide variety of applications
ever since, including current use in solar energy collectors to
transform sunlight into electricity. Fuel is burned externally
Figure P21.24
to warm one of the engine’s two cylinders. A fixed quantity of
contains 0.044 0 mol of H2 gas, and the right side contains inert gas moves cyclically between the cylinders, expanding
0.044 0 mol of O2 gas. Both gases are at room temperature in the hot one and contracting in the cold one. Figure P21.33
and at atmospheric pressure. The partition is removed, and represents a model for its thermodynamic cycle. Consider n
the gases are allowed to mix. What is the entropy increase moles of an ideal mon­atomic gas being taken once through
of the system? the cycle, consisting of two isothermal processes at tempera-
tures 3Ti and Ti and two constant-­volume processes. Let us
25. Calculate the change in entropy of 250 g of water warmed find the efficiency of this engine. (a) Find the energy trans-
slowly from 20.0°C to 80.0°C. ferred by heat into the gas during the isovolumetric process
AB. (b) Find the energy transferred by heat into the gas
26. What change in entropy occurs when a 27.9-g ice cube at
during the isothermal process BC. (c) Find the energy trans-
212°C is transformed into steam at 115°C?
ferred by heat into the gas during the isovolumetric process
CD. (d) Find the energy transferred by heat into the gas
Section 21.8 Entropy and the Second Law
during the isothermal process DA. (e) Identify which of the
27. When an aluminum bar is connected between a hot res- results from parts (a) through (d) are positive and evaluate
ervoir at 725 K and a cold reservoir at 310 K, 2.50 kJ the energy input to the engine by heat. (f) From the first law
of energy is transferred by heat from the hot reservoir of thermodynamics, find the work done by the engine. (g)
to the cold reservoir. In this irreversible process, cal- From the results of parts (e) and (f), evaluate the efficiency
culate the change in entropy of (a) the hot reservoir, of the engine. A Stirling engine is easier to manufacture
(b) the cold reservoir, and (c) the Universe, neglecting any than an internal combustion engine or a turbine. It can run
change in entropy of the aluminum rod. on burning garbage. It can run on the energy transferred by
sunlight and produce no material exhaust. Stirling engines
28. When a metal bar is connected between a hot reservoir at are not currently used in automobiles due to long startup
Th and a cold reservoir at Tc , the energy transferred by heat times and poor acceleration response.
from the hot reservoir to the cold reservoir is Q . In this irre-
versible process, find expressions for the change in entropy
P Isothermal
of (a) the hot reservoir, (b) the cold reservoir, and (c) the
processes
Universe, neglecting any change in entropy of the metal rod.
B
29. How fast are you personally making the entropy of the Uni- C
verse increase right now? Compute an order-of-magnitude 3Ti
estimate, stating what quantities you take as data and the
values you measure or estimate for them.
A

Additional Problems
D Ti
30. Every second at Niagara Falls, some 5.00 3 103 m3 of water
V
falls a distance of 50.0 m. What is the increase in entropy of Vi 2Vi
the Universe per second due to the falling water? Assume
the mass of the surroundings is so great that its temperature Figure P21.33
and that of the water stay nearly constant at 20.0°C. Also
assume a negligible amount of water evaporates.
34. Suppose an ideal (Carnot) heat pump could be constructed
31. The energy absorbed by an engine is three times greater for use as an air conditioner. (a) Obtain an expression for
than the work it performs. (a) What is its thermal efficiency? the coefficient of performance (COP) for such an air con-
(b) What fraction of the energy absorbed is expelled to the ditioner in terms of Th and Tc . (b) Would such an air con-
cold reservoir? ditioner operate on a smaller energy input if the difference
in the operating temperatures were greater or smaller? (c)
32. In 1993, the U.S. government instituted a requirement that
Compute the COP for such an air conditioner if the indoor
all room air conditioners sold in the United States must
temperature is 20.0°C and the outdoor temperature is
have an energy efficiency ratio (EER) of 10 or higher. The
40.0°C.
EER is defined as the ratio of the cooling capacity of the air
conditioner, measured in British thermal units per hour, or 35. Review. This problem complements Problem 44 in Chapter
Btu/h, to its electrical power requirement in watts. (a) Con- 10. In the operation of a single-cylinder internal combustion
vert the EER of 10.0 to dimensionless form, using the con- piston engine, one charge of fuel explodes to drive the piston
version 1 Btu 5 1 055 J. (b) What is the appropriate name outward in the power stroke. Part of its energy output is stored
for this dimensionless quantity? (c) In the 1970s, it was com- in a turning flywheel. This energy is then used to push the
mon to find room air conditioners with EERs of 5 or lower. piston inward to compress the next charge of fuel and air.
State how the operating costs compare for 10 000-Btu/h air In this compression process, assume an original volume of
conditioners with EERs of 5.00 and 10.0. Assume each air 0.120 L of a diatomic ideal gas at atmospheric pressure

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  Problems 585

is compressed adiabatically to one-eighth of its original 38. A system consisting of n moles of an ideal gas with molar
volume. (a) Find the work input required to compress specific heat at constant pressure C P undergoes two revers-
the gas. (b) Assume the flywheel is a solid disk of mass ible processes. It starts with pressure Pi and volume Vi ,
5.10 kg and radius 8.50 cm, turning freely without friction expands isothermally, and then contracts adiabatically
between the power stroke and the compression stroke. How to reach a final state with pressure Pi and volume 3Vi . (a)
fast must the flywheel turn immediately after the power Find its change in entropy in the isothermal process. (The
stroke? This situation represents the minimum angular entropy does not change in the adiabatic process.) (b) What
speed at which the engine can operate without stalling. If? Explain why the answer to part (a) must be the same as
(c) When the engine’s operation is well above the point of the answer to Problem 46. (You do not need to solve Prob-
stalling, assume the flywheel puts 5.00% of its maximum lem 46 to answer this question.)
energy into compressing the next charge of fuel and air.
39. A heat engine operates between two reservoirs at T2 5
Find its maximum angular speed in this case.
600 K and T1 5 350 K. It takes in 1.00 3 103 J of energy
36. A firebox is at 750 K, and the ambient temperature is 300 K. from the higher-temperature reservoir and performs 250 J
The efficiency of a Carnot engine doing 150 J of work as of work. Find (a) the entropy change of the Universe DSU for
it transports energy between these constant-­ temperature this process and (b) the work W that could have been done
baths is 60.0%. The Carnot engine must take in energy by an ideal Carnot engine operating between these two res-
150 J/0.600 5 250 J from the hot reservoir and must put out ervoirs. (c) Show that the difference between the amounts
100 J of energy by heat into the environment. To follow Car- of work done in parts (a) and (b) is T1 DSU .
not’s reasoning, suppose some other heat engine S could
40. You are working as an assistant to a physics professor. She
have an efficiency of 70.0%. (a) Find the energy input and
CR has seen some presentations you have made to your classes
exhaust energy output of engine S as it does 150 J of work.
and is aware of your expertise in preparing presentation
(b) Let engine S operate as in part (a) and run the Carnot
slides. Her laptop has crashed and she cannot access the pre-
engine in reverse between the same reservoirs. The output
sentation slides she needs for her lecture coming up in one
work of engine S is the input work for the Carnot refrigera-
hour. Her lecture is on entropy in engine cycles. She asks
tor. Find the total energy transferred to or from the firebox
you to quickly generate two slides on your laptop, both show-
and the total energy transferred to or from the environ-
ing TS diagrams, (a) one for the Carnot cycle and (b) one
ment as both engines operate together. (c) Explain how the
for the Otto cycle. As she leaves, you think, “Uh-oh. What’s a
results of parts (a) and (b) show that the Clausius statement
TS diagram?” Quick, you have no time to waste! Get to work!
of the second law of thermodynamics is violated. (d) Find
the energy input and work output of engine S as it puts out 41. You are working as an expert witness for an environmen-
exhaust energy of 100 J. Let engine S operate as in part (c) CR tal agency. A utility in a neighboring town has proposed a
and contribute 150 J of its work output to running the Carnot new power plant that produces 1.00 GW of electrical power
engine in reverse. Find (e) the total energy the firebox puts from turbines. The utility claims that the plant will take in
out as both engines operate together, (f) the total work out- steam at 500 K and reject water at 300 K into a flowing cold-
put, and (g) the total energy transferred to the environment. water river. The flow rate of the river is 6.00 × 104 kg/s. The
(h) Explain how the results show that the Kelvin–Planck state- agency supervisor is concerned about the effect of dumping
ment of the second law is violated. Therefore, our assump- warm water on the fish in the river. (a) The utility claims
tion about the efficiency of engine S must be false. (i) Let that the power plant operates with Carnot efficiency. With
the engines operate together through one cycle as in part that assumption, you need to determine for a trial presen-
(d). Find the change in entropy of the Universe. (j) Explain tation by how much the temperature of the water down-
how the result of part (i) shows that the entropy statement of stream from the power plant will rise due to the rejected
the second law is violated. energy from the power plant. (b) If you abandon the util-
ity’s claim that the power plant operates at Carnot efficiency
37. A 1.00-mol sample of an ideal monatomic gas is taken
and assume a more realistic efficiency, you need to testify
through the cycle shown in Figure P21.37. The process
whether the increase in water temperature will be higher
A S B is a reversible isothermal expansion. Calculate (a) the
or lower than that found in part (a). (c) Finally, determine
net work done by the gas, (b) the energy added to the gas
the increase in water temperature in the stream if the actual
by heat, (c) the energy exhausted from the gas by heat, and
efficiency of the power plant were estimated by you and the
(d) the efficiency of the cycle. (e) Explain how the efficiency
agency physicist to be 15.0%.
compares with that of a Carnot engine operating between the
same temperature extremes. 42. You are working as an expert witness for an environmental
CR agency. A utility in a neighboring town has proposed a new
power plant that produces electrical power P from turbines.
P (atm) The utility claims that the plant will take in steam at tem-
A perature Th and reject water at temperature Tc into a flow-
5 ing cold-water river. The flow rate of the river is ∆m/∆t. The
Isothermal
process agency supervisor is concerned about the effect of dumping
warm water on the fish in the river. (a) The utility claims that
the power plant operates with Carnot efficiency. With that
assumption, you need to determine for a trial presentation
1 B by how much the temperature of the water downstream from
C
V (liters) the power plant will rise due to the rejected energy from the
10 50 power plant. (b) If you abandon the utility’s claim that the
Figure P21.37 power plant operates at Carnot efficiency and assume a more

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 586 Chapter 21 Heat Engines, Entropy, and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

realistic efficiency e, you need to determine the increase in 46. A sample consisting of n moles of an ideal gas undergoes a
water temperature in the stream. (c) Finally, you need to tes- reversible isobaric expansion from volume Vi to volume 3Vi .
f
tify whether the increase in water temperature in part (b) Find the change in entropy of the gas by calculating #i dQyT,
will be higher or lower than that found in part (a). where dQ 5 nC P dT.
43. An athlete whose mass is 70.0 kg drinks 16.0 ounces (454 g)
of refrigerated water. The water is at a temperature of 35.0°F. Challenge Problem
(a) Ignoring the temperature change of the body that results 47. The compression ratio of an Otto cycle as shown in
from the water intake (so that the body is regarded as a reser- Figure 21.12 is VA /V B 5 8.00. At the beginning A of the com-
voir always at 98.6°F), find the entropy increase of the entire pression process, 500 cm3 of gas is at 100 kPa and 20.0°C. At
system. (b) What If? Assume the entire body is cooled by the the beginning of the adiabatic expansion, the temperature
drink and the average specific heat of a person is equal to the is TC 5 750°C. Model the working fluid as an ideal gas with
specific heat of liquid water. Ignoring any other energy trans- g 5 1.40. (a) Fill in this table to follow the states of the gas:
fers by heat and any metabolic energy release, find the ath-
lete’s temperature after she drinks the cold water given an ini- T (K) P (kPa) V (cm 3)
tial body temperature of 98.6°F. (c) Under these assumptions, A 293 100 500
what is the entropy increase of the entire system? (d) State how B
this result compares with the one you obtained in part (a).
C 1 023
44. Why is the following situation impossible? Two samples of D
water are mixed at constant pressure inside an insulated
container: 1.00 kg of water at 10.0°C and 1.00 kg of water (b) Fill in this table to follow the processes:
at 30.0°C. Because the container is insulated, there is no
exchange of energy by heat between the water and the envi- Q W DE int
ronment. Furthermore, the amount of energy that leaves
the warm water by heat is equal to the amount that enters ASB
the cool water by heat. Therefore, the entropy change of the BSC
Universe is zero for this process.
CSD
45. A sample of an ideal gas expands isothermally, doubling in
DSA
volume. (a) Show that the work done on the gas in expand-
ing is W 5 2nRT ln 2. (b) Because the internal energy ABCDA
E int of an ideal gas depends solely on its temperature, the
change in internal energy is zero during the expansion. It (c) Identify the energy input |Q h |, (d) the energy exhaust
follows from the first law that the energy input to the gas by |Q c |, and (e) the net output work Weng. (f) Calculate the
heat during the expansion is equal to the energy output by thermal efficiency. (g) Find the number of crankshaft rev-
work. Does this process have 100% efficiency in converting olutions per minute required for a one-cylinder engine to
energy input by heat into work output? (c) Does this conver- have an output power of 1.00 kW 5 1.34 hp. Note: The ther-
sion violate the second law? Explain. modynamic cycle involves four piston strokes.

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