Three-component theory of stratification

The three-component theory of stratification, more widely known as Weberian stratification or the
three class system, was developed by German sociologist Max Weber with class, status and party
as distinct ideal types. Weber developed a multidimensional approach to social stratification that
reflects the interplay among wealth, prestige and power.

Weber argued that power can take a variety of forms. A person's power can be shown in the social
order through their status, in the economic order through their class, and in the political order
through their party. Thus, class, status and party are each aspects of the distribution of power
within a community.[1]

Class, status and power have not only a great deal of effect within their individual areas but also a
great deal of influence over the other areas.

Wealth: includes property such as buildings, lands, farms, houses, factories and as well as other
assets – Economic Situation

Prestige: the respect with which a person or status position is regarded by others – Status
Situation

Power: the ability of people or groups to achieve their goals despite opposition from others –
Parties

According to Weber, there are two basic dimensions of power: the possession of power and the
exercising of power.

This essay was written shortly before World War I and was published posthumously in 1922 as part
of Weber's Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft.[2] It was translated into English in the 1940s as "Class,
Status, Party";[3] reproduced with modifications in Weber 1978:926–939. and has been re-translated
as "The distribution of power within the community: Classes, Stände, Parties".[4][5]

Possession of power

According to Weber, the ability to possess power derives from the individual's ability to control
various "social resources". "The mode of distribution gives to the propertied a monopoly on the
possibility of transferring property from the sphere of use as 'wealth' to the sphere of 'capital,' that is,
it gives them the entrepreneurial function and all chances to share directly or indirectly in returns on
capital".[6] These resources can be anything and everything: they might include land, capital, social
respect, physical strength, and intellectual knowledge.
Exercising of power

The ability to exercise power takes a number of different forms, but all involve the idea that it means
the ability to get your own way with others, regardless of their ability to resist you. "For example, if
we think about an individual's chances of realizing their own will against someone else, it is
reasonable to believe that the person's social prestige, class position, and membership in a political
group will have an effect on these chances".[1] In terms of understanding the relationship between
power and social stratification, Weber theorized the various ways in which societies are organized in
hierarchical systems of domination and subordination using the several major concepts.

Class and power

"Class, at its core, is an economic concept; it is the position of individuals in the market that
determines their class position. And it is how one is situated in the marketplace that directly affects
one's life chances".[7] This was theorized by Weber on the basis of "unequal access to material
resources". For example, if someone possesses something that you want or need then this makes
him potentially more powerful than you. He is in a dominant position and you are in a subordinate
position because he controls access to a desired social resource. A classic illustration here is the
relationship between an employer and employee.

Social power (status or Stände)

"The existence of status groups most often shows itself in the form of

1. endogamy or the restricted pattern of social intercourse,

2. sharing of food and other benefits within groups,

3. status conventions or traditions, and

4. monopolistic acquisition of certain economic opportunities or the avoidance of certain kinds

If you respect someone or view him as your social superior, then he will potentially be able to
exercise power over you (since you will respond positively to his instructions / commands). In this
respect, social status is a social resource simply because he may have it while you may not. "Not all
power, however entails social honor: The Typical American Boss, as well as the typical big
speculator, deliberately relinquishes social honor. Quite generally, 'mere economic' power, and
especially 'naked' money power, is by no means a recognized basis or social honor".[6]

Note: The German word Stand, plural Stände (English, "status" or "status group") is sometimes left
untranslated in Weber,[9] in order to keep in view the origins of this concept in medieval guilds,
professions, ethnic identities, and feudal classifications.[10]

Political power (party)

Parties are associations that aim at securing "power within an organization [or the state] for its
leaders in order to attain ideal or material advantages for its active members".[11] This form of
power can be related to the way in which the State is organized in modern social systems (involving
the ability to make laws, for example). If you can influence this process of law creation then you will
be in a potentially powerful position. Thus, by your ability to influence a decision-making process
you possess power, even though you may not directly exercise that power personally. Political
parties are the organizational means to possess power through the mechanism of the State and
they include not just formally organized parties, but any group that is organized to influence the way
in which power is exercised legitimately through the machinery of the State. "Since parties aim at
such goals as getting their programs developed or accepted and getting positions of influence
within organizations, it is clear that they operate only within a rational order within which these goals
are possible to attain and only when there is a struggle for power".[11]

Social action

Social action is in direct relation to "political or party power" in combination with the class situation.
The influence of laws is based on the social action of members of the classes. "The direction of
interests may vary according to whether or not social action of a larger or smaller portion of those
commonly affected by the class situation, or even an association among them, e.g., a trade union,
has grown out of the class situation, from which the individual may expect promising results for
himself".[12] "The degree in which "social action" and possibly associations emerge from the mass
behavior of the members of a class is linked to general cultural conditions, especially to those of an
intellectual sort. It is also likened to the extent of the contrasts that have already evolved".[13] "Class-
conscious action is most likely if, first, [Weber says] 'the connection between the causes and
consequences of the "class situation"' are transparent, or clear. If individuals can plainly see that
there is a connection between the structure of the economic system and what happens to them in
terms of life chances, class action is more likely".[8] The greater the numbers within these class
positions, will increase the chance that they will rise up in action.

Mobility

"It is noncontroversial that the class situation in which each individual finds himself represents a
limitation on his scope, tends to keep him within the class. It acts as an obstacle to any rise into a
higher class, and as a pair of water wings with respect to the classes below...Class type, relations
with class fellows, power over outward resources adapted to the class situation, and so on".[14] In
capitalist society movement between classes is a possibility. Hence the use of the term "The
American Dream" to show the ability of people to ascend to a higher class through hard work and
ingenuity. "Class composition is forever changing, to the point where there may be a completely new
set of families".[15]

Weber saw four classes: the propertied class, the non-propertied class, the petit bourgeoisie and the
manual labourer class.

References

1. Hurst 2007, p. 202.

2. Weber 1980, pp. 531–540.

3. Weber 1946, pp. 180–195.

4. Weber 2010.

5. Waters & Waters 2015.

6. Lemert 2004, p. 116.

7. Hurst 2007, p. 203.

8. Hurst 2007, p. 204.

9. Weber 2010, pp. 142–148.

10. Waters & Waters 2015, pp. 37–40.

11. Hurst 2007, p. 206.

12. Lemert 2004, p. 117.

13. Lemert 2004, p. 118.

15. Schumpeter 1951, p. 165.

Bibliography

Hurst, Charles E. (2007). Social Inequality: Forms, Causes, and Consequences (6th ed.). Boston
MA: Allyn and Bacon. ISBN 978-0205484362.

Lemert, Charles (2004). Social Theory: The Multicultural and Classic Readings (3rd ed.). Boulder
CO: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0813342177.

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1951). Imperialism and Social Classes. Fairfield NJ: Kelley.
ISBN 0678000204.

Waters, Tony; Waters, Dagmar, eds. (2015). Weber's Rationalism and Modern Society: New
Translations on Politics, Bureaucracy and Social Stratification (https://www.academia.edu/2960529
7) . New York: Palgrave MacMillan.

Weber, Max (1980) [1922]. Winckelmann, Johannes (ed.). Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft: Grundriss
der verstehenden Soziologie [Economy and Society: Outline of Understanding Sociology] (in
German) (5th ed.). Tübingen, Mohr: Marianne Weber.

Weber, Max (1946). From Max Weber. Translated by Gerth, Hans; Wright Mills, C. New York: Free
Press.

Weber, Max (2010). "The distribution of power within the community: Classes, Stände, Parties".
Journal of Classical Sociology. 10 (137). Translated by Waters, Dagmar; Waters, Tony. others.

Further reading

Waters, Tony, and Dagmar Waters (2010). "The New Zeppelin University Translation of Weber's
'Classes, Stände, Parties'" (2010) 10 Journal of Classical Sociology 153.

Weber, Max (1964). The Theory of Social and Economic Organization, ed. Talcott Parsons. New
York: Free P.

Weber, Max (1978). Economy and Society: an Outline of Interpretive Sociology [trans. of 1964 edn
of Weber 1922], ed. Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich. Berkeley: U. California P.

Weber, Max (2015). "The Distribution of Power with the Gemeinschaft: Classes, Stände, Parties",
trans. Dagmar Waters, Tony Waters editors and translators, in Weber's Rationalism and Modern
Society: New Translations on Politics, Bureaucracy and Social Stratification." New York: Palgrave
MacMillan. Text of 2015 translation of Classes, Staende, Parties by Max Weber. (https://www.aca
demia.edu/29605297/Classes_Staende_Parties_by_Max_Weber_translated_by_Tony_and_Dagma
r_Waters.doc)