SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY

INFORMATION AGE and tools to help them perform the tasks.

About 2.5
Computer Age, Digital Age, New Media million years before writing was developed,
Age technology began with the earliest
hominids who
- Refers to a historic period in the 21st century
used stone tools, which they may have
characterized by the rapid shift from traditional
used to start fires, hunt, and bury their
industry that the Industrial Revolution brought
dead. Communications were limited
through industrialization, to an economy based
between communities. People used
on information technology.
traditional paper and writing materials,
EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF INFORMATION signs or symbols to communicate with each
AGE other. For example, Egyptians used
papyrus scrolls (the earliest
- In 1945 - Fremont Rider described the known roll of papyrus, dated to around
miniaturized microform analog 2900 B.C).
photographs, which could be duplicated on- Sumerians used clay tablets, pre-historic
demand for library patrons and other men used hand stencils and simple
institutions. geometric shapes to create art on the walls
- 1965 - Moore’s law was formulated. It is of caves and Johannes Gutenberg invented
an observation that the number of the printing press during Renaissance
transistors in a dense integrated circuit period
doubles about every two years. The law
claims that we can expect the speed and
capability of our computers to increase INDUSTRIAL AGE 1700’S TO 1930’S
every two years because of this, yet we will - Is a period of history that encompasses the
pay less for them. changes in economic and social
- Early 1980s - production of the smaller organization that began around 1760 in
and less expensive personal computers Great Britain and later in other countries,
allowed for direct access to information. characterized chiefly by the replacement of
- 1995 - Nicholas Negroponte published his hand tools with power-driven
book, Being Digital, the similarities and machines such as the power loom and the
differences between products made of steam
atoms and bits engine, and by the concentration of
industry in large establishments.
TYPES OF INFORMATION AGES - A power loom is a mechanized loom, and
1. Primary Information Age- newspaper, was one of the key developments in the
radio, industrialization of weaving during the early
television. Industrial Revolution. The first power loom
2. Secondary Information Age- Internet, was designed in 1786 by Edmund
satellite Cartwright and first built that same year.
television and mobile phones
3. Tertiary Information Age- emerged by
media of the Primary Information Age
COMMUNICATION DURING THE
interconnected with media of the
INDUSTRIAL AGE
Secondary Information Age
 Samuel F.B Morse
PRE-INDUSTRIAL AGE - invented the telegraph which became
- Refers to a time before there were the standard for international
machines communication with a modified code.
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY
Developed in the 1830s and 1840s by DEVICES DURING THE ELECTRONIC AGE
Samuel Morse. On May 24, 1844, the
first message, “What hath God - Transistor led to the creation of other
wrought?” was sent. Alfred Vail media tool. Transistor- is a device that
developed an instrument that was regulates current or voltage flow and acts
called the register for recording the as a switch or gate for electronic signals. In
received messages. 1947: John Bardeen and Walter Brattain,
 Alexander Graham Bell patent with support from colleague William
- the telephone, an electric tool Shockley.
transmitting analogue speech along
wires. The first discernible speech is - The transistor radio was first introduced
transmitted over a telephone system in 1954 and became the most popular
was “Mr. Watson, come here; I electronic communication and device in
want you.” history. Transistor radio is a radio receiver
 Thomas Edison in which semiconductor devices, primarily
- invented the phonograph in 1877, a transistors and semiconductor diodes, are
device for the mechanical recording used for the
and reproduction of sound. amplification, frequency conversion, and
 Heinrich Hertz detection of signals. Transistor radios are
- identified and studied radio waves in still popular for news, talk radio, weather,
1886. live sporting events, and emergency alert
 Guglielmo Marconi applications. The Texas instruments made
- is an Italian Physicist that developed the first transistor radio named Regency
the first practical radio transmitters TR-1.
and receivers. In 1896 he invented
the first radio or wireless telegraph. - Enigma machine is a piece of spook
 Philo Farnsworth hardware used as a way of deciphering
- he was born on August 19,1906; he German signals traffic during World War II.
invented the first fully electronic The Enigma machine
television. It became an important is a cipher device developed and used in
mass medium for advertising, the early- to mid-20th century to protect
propaganda and entertainment. commercial, diplomatic, and military
American inventor who developed the communication. It was employed
first all-electronic television system on extensively by Nazi Germany during World
September 7 1927. He was called the War II, in all branches of the German
FORGOTTEN GENIUS. military. Enigma' was invented by German
engineer Arthur Scherbius in 1918.

ELECTRONIC AGE 1930’S TO 1990’S - Often considered the father of modern

computer science, Alan Turing was
- Began when electronic equipment and large famous for his work developing the first
technologies, including computers came into modern computers,
use. The invention of the transistor ushered in decoding the encryption of German Enigma
the electronic age. People harnessed the power machines during the second world war, and
of transistors that led to the transistor radio, detailing a procedure known as the Turing
electronic circuits, and the early computers. In Test, forming the basis for artificial
this age, long distance communication became intelligence
more efficient. - In May 1949, Maurice Wilkes built EDSAC
(Electronic Delay Storage Automatic
Calculator) is considered to be the first
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY
stored program electronic computer. In image, sound and data are digitalized. We
February 1946, J. Presper Eckert and John are now living in the information age.
Mauchly invented ENIAC it was the first - The Information Age is a historical period
programmable, electronic, general-purpose that began in the mid-20th century. It is
digital computer, completed in 1946. ENIAC characterized by a rapid shift from
(Electronic Numerical Integrator and traditional industries, as established during
Computer) the Industrial Revolution, to an economy
centered on information technology.
- UNIVAC (Universal Automatic
Computer) is a line of electronic digital
stored-program computers. he UNIVAC
(UNIVersal Automatic Computer) was the
first general-purpose electronic digital TECHNOLOGIES OF THE INFORMATION
computer design for business application AGE
produced in the United States. It was
designed in 1948 principally by J. Presper - YouTube was created by Chad Hurley,
Eckert and John Mauchly, the inventors of Steve Chen and Jawed Karim. It is an
the ENIAC. online video sharing platform that was
launched on February
- In July 2,1953 IBM 650 Magnetic Drum 14, 2005. It also allows users to view,
Data Processing Machine is the first upload, share, report, subscribe and
mass produced computer with floating- comments on videos.
point arithmetic hardware used in business,
scientific and in engineering. Frank E. - Facebook Inc. was founded by Mark
Hamilton, Ernest S. Hughes, Jr., and James Zuckerberg and his fellow roommates and
J. Troy, who were the chief inventors. students way back February 2004 in
Cambridge Massachesetts. It is a popular
- Hewlett Packard 9100A is an early global social networking website. It
computer or programmable calculator. The also offers other products and services such
world's first commercially available as Facebook Messenger, Facebook Watch
programmable desktop calculator and the and Facebook Portal.
first commercial scientific calculator
invented in 1968 by Thomas E. Osborne - MacBook is a discontinued Macintosh
and Malcolm McMillian. portable computer developed and sold by
Apple Inc. It includes a Retina display,
- In 1971 Alan Shugart Floppy disk is a fanless design and a shallower butterfly
removal magnetic storage medium. keyboard and a single USB-C port for power
and data.
- The first model of Sony Walkman, the TPS-
L2, was released in 1979 that was invented - Google LLC (limited liability company)
by Kozo Oshone. Walkman is originally used is based on
for portable audio cassette players. multinational technology company that
specializes in internet-related services and
THE INFORMATION AGE FROM 1990’S TO products, which include software,
2000’S hardware, online advertising, a search
engine and cloud computing.
- People advanced the use of
microelectronics with the invention of
- Microsoft Corporation develops,
personal computers, mobile devices, and
manufactures, licenses, supports and sells
wearable technology. Moreover, voice,
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY
computer software, consumer electronics,
personal computers and related services.

BIODIVERSITY & HEALTHY SOCIETY

Bio = Life

Diversity = Variety

BIODIVERSITY - refers to the variety of life on

Earth at all its levels, from genes to
ecosystems, and can encompass the
evolutionary, ecological, and cultural processes
that sustain life

SOCIETY - A society is a group of individuals

involved in persistent social interaction, or a
large social group sharing the same spatial or
social territory

Biological diversity comprises the variety of all

life on earth. It also pertains to the relative
abundance and richness of the different traits,
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY
species, and ecosystems in a particular area or  It is an essential part of the solution to
region. climate
The biodiversity we see today is the outcome change
of over 3.5 billion years of evolutionary history,  It is good for the economy.
shaped by natural processes and increasingly,  It is an integral part of culture and identity.
by the influence of humans. Biodiversity forms  It provides raw materials like lumber, food,
the web of life of which we are an integral part spices etc.
and upon which we fully depend.  It provides opportunities for recreational
activities, such as bird watching, scuba
diving, snorkeling, and nature photography.
 It serves as the source of medicine
The Web of Life

I. Carnivores = Tertiary Consumers

e.g. Eagle & Fox What do we get from biodiversity?
II. Carnivores = Secondary Consumers
e.g. Spiders, Scorpio, & Snakes  Oxygen
III. Herbivores = Primary Consumers  Food
e.g. Micro-Insects, lizard, rat, etc.  Clean Water
IV. Producers = Resources  Medicine
e.g. Plants  Aesthetic
V. Decomposers = Decaying Matter  Lumber
e.g. Mushrooms  Ideas

The United Nations Convention on Biological

Diversity
(Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992), 3 TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY
of which Philippines is one of the 154 member
1. Species Diversity - refers to the
countries who signed the declaration, defines
variety of different types of species
biodiversity as the variability among living
found in a particular area.
organisms from all source, including inter alia,
e.g. mammals, reptiles, amphibians,
terrestrial, marine and other aquatic
Fish, and Birds
ecosystems, and the ecological
2. Genetic Diversity – refers to the
Complexes of which they are part: this includes variations among the genetic resources
diversity within species, between species and of the organisms.
of ecosystems. Zamora (1997) defined e.g. Golden Retriever, St. Benard,
biodiversity as the ensemble and the German Sheperd, & Siberian Husky
interactions of the genetic, the species, and
the ecological diversity in a given place and at 3. Ecological Diversity / Ecosystem –
a given time. refers to the variety of different types of
species found in a particular area.
World Wildlife Fund for Nature (1989) defined it e.g. Desert, Mountain, Tundra,
as the wealth of life on earth, the millions of Rainforest, & Savannah
plants, animals an microorganism, the genes
they contain, and the intricate ecosystems TYPES OF ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
they help build into the living environment.
1. Tropical rainforest- rainforests that occur
IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY in areas of tropical rainforest climate in
which there is no dry season – all months
 It supports healthy ecosystems. have an average precipitation of at least 60
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY
mm – and may also be referred to as ECOSYSTEM - a geographic area where
lowland equatorial evergreen rainforest plants, animals, and other organisms, as well
as weather and landscape, work together to
2. Temperate forest - A temperate forest is form a
a forest found between the tropical and bubble of life. Ecosystems contain biotic or
boreal/taiga regions, located in the living, parts, as well as abiotic factors, or
temperate zone. It is the second largest nonliving parts. Biotic factors include plants,
biome on the planet, covering 25% of the animals, and other organisms
world's forest area, only behind the boreal
forest, which covers about 33%. HABITATS - a place in which a particular
species of organism lives.
3. Coniferous/Taiga/Boreal/Snow forest -
e.g. Coral Reef, Arctic Canada is the habitat of
meaning Northern Forest because it is
the polar bear, & species of fishlike Pike (Esox
located in the northern hemisphere that
lucius) are found in freshwater lakes and ponds
covers 17% of the earths land.

4. Tropical grassland/ Savannah - are

found to the north and south of tropical KINDS OF HABITATS
rainforest biomes (natural community).
Plants and animals have to adapt to the Polar Woodland
long dry periods.
Desert Rainforest

5. Temperate grasslands - are areas of Wetlands Ocean

open grassy plains that are sparsely Savanna Coral Reef
populated with trees seen in Argentina,
Australia and North America.
THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
6. Mediterranean - is characterized by hot
and dry summers, while winters tend to be 1. Environmental Pollution
cool and moist like in GREECE, TURKEY, - Domestic agriculture and industrial wastes
ITALY, ALBANIA, ISRAEL, PALESTINE, are poorly treated and are often
MONACO, LIBIA, EGYPT. discharged into the sea, and to other
bodies of water, such as rivers and lakes.
7. Desert - arid land with usually sparse - Pollution can lead to diseases and pollution
vegetation especially: such land having a stresses, such as coral bleaching on reefs.
very warm climate and receiving less than
25 centimeters. 2. Over-exploitation/ Over-hunting/ Over-
harvesting/ Over-fishing
8. Tundra - is a type of biome where the tree - Commercial logging, community logging,
growth is hindered by low temperatures timber poaching, and kaingin (slash and
and short growing seasons. burn agriculture). In mangrove ecosystem,
the extraction of fuel and construction
9. Mountain - is an elevated portion of the material.
Earth's crust, generally with steep sides
that show significant exposed bedrock. 3. Habitat Loss/ Habitat destruction/
Habitat alteration.
- In coral reefs, coastal development,
aquaculture, agriculture, and land-cover
change increasing sediments and nutrients
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY
outflow onto reefs, and the muro-ami 10.Pisidum, the tiniest shell in the world
fishing technique. its less tha 1mm long
- The development of fishponds 11.Connus gloriamaris, one of the most
(aquaculture) in mangrove forest. expensive shells in the world
12.Cervus alfredi, the most endangered
4. Climate Change deer
- Drastic changes in the atmosphere can 13.Bubalus mindorensis (tamarau or
have catastrophic effects such as increase dwarf water buffalo), one of the top
concentration of greenhouse gases and ten most endangered species in the
destruction of forest. world and the largest endangered
animal.5. Tridacna gigas (giant clam),
5. Invasive species or Non-native species the largest seashell
- Invasive species are greater threat to
native biodiversity than pollution, harvest,
and disease combined (Simberloff, 2000). It
GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISM
can cause alterations either within species
groups or within the environment. - GMOs or Genetically Modified Organisms
are organisms whose genetic material has
been altered using genetic engineering
STATUS OF PHILIPPINE BIODIVERSITY techniques, which is a direct manipulation
of an organisms genome.
THE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND - According to the World Health Organization
NATURAL RESOURCE (DENR 2009) - claims (WHO,2004) GMOs are organisms, either
that in terms of biodiversity, the Philippine was plant or animal or microorganism in which
5th in the world as to number of plant species; the genetic material (DNA) has been
8th in the world list of endemic plants; 4th in altered in a way that does not occur
endemic birds; 5th in endemic mammals; and naturally by mating or natural
8th in endemic reptiles. recombination.
- The development of GMOs was perceived to
LIST OF IDENTIFIED ENDEMIC SPECIES help in the advancement of technology for
the benefit of humans in different industries
1. Rafflesia manillana, the world’s
like agriculture and medicine.
largest flower.

2. Vanda sanderiana (waling-waling),

one of the world’s largest orchid BT CORN
species.
3. Pithecophaga jefferyi (monkey - - Bt corn is a variant that has been
eating eagle), the largest bird genetically altered to express more
4. Rhincodon typus, the largest fish proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis which
5. Tridacna gigas (giant clam), the produces a bacterial toxin including Delta-
largest seashell toxins.
6. Pandaka pygmea (dwarf goby), the - Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a bacterium
smallest freshwater fish found in soil that are toxic to some insects
7. Tarsius syrichta (tarsier), the when eaten, but not others.
smallest primate - The era of Bt had its beginning in 1901, a
8. Tragalus nigricans, the smallest Japanese scientist named Shigeta Ishiwata
hoofed mammal isolated a bacterium from dead silkworm
9. Tylonycteris pachypus (bamboo larvae while he was investigating the cause
bat), the smallest bat; of the socalled " sotto disease The disease
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY
was responsible for the loss of large
numbers of silkworm in Japan.
- A few years thereafter, in 1911, A German
scientist Ernst Berliner isolated a related
strain from dead Mediterranean flour moth
larvae in the German state Thuringia.
- He named the organism Bacillus
thuringiensis. The bacterium has been used
as an insecticide since 1938. Susceptible
insects must ingest Bt toxin in order to be
affected. In contrast to poisonous
insecticides that target the nervous system.
- Bt acts by producing a protein that blocks
the digestive system of the insect,
effectively starving it.
- Bt is a fast-acting insecticide: an infected
insect will stop feeding within hours of
ingestion and will die, generally from
starvation or a rupture of the digestive
system, within days.
- The toxin is produced by the Cry gene
found on plasmids in the bacterium. The
gene is added to the genomes of crop
plants using a bacterium that forms root
nodules in plants (Agrobacterium
tumificiens).
- One interesting feature of cry genes is their
high degree of plasticity.
- This particular characteristic may
contribute to the versatility of cry toxins as
it relates to their insect host range.
- In addition, Bt crops produced from 1996
onwards are maize, potato, cotton and
soybean.”