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Unit-2, BE

The document compares the brain to a computer, highlighting differences in construction, memory power, and energy consumption. It discusses the architecture of the brain, the nervous system, and the process of synaptic transmission, along with the use of EEG for measuring brain activity. Additionally, it covers Parkinson's disease, its symptoms, and engineering solutions such as deep brain stimulation and the use of engineered neurons for treatment.

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proadelardknight28
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2 views

Unit-2, BE

The document compares the brain to a computer, highlighting differences in construction, memory power, and energy consumption. It discusses the architecture of the brain, the nervous system, and the process of synaptic transmission, along with the use of EEG for measuring brain activity. Additionally, it covers Parkinson's disease, its symptoms, and engineering solutions such as deep brain stimulation and the use of engineered neurons for treatment.

Uploaded by

proadelardknight28
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Human Organ systems and Biodesigns-1

Brain as a CPU system:


Both CPU and brain uses electrical signals to send messages
Electrical signals travel in the brain with high speed compared to computer

Parameters Brain Computer


Construction Made up of neurons and Made by ICs, transistors
synapses capacitors and diodes etc.
Memory power 100 teraflops (100 trillion 100 million megabytes
calculations/seconds)
Memory density 107 circuites/cm3 1014 bites/cm3
Information Stored in electrical and electric Stored in numeric and symbolic
storage impulses form (binary bits)
Enrery 12 watts of power Gigawatts of power
consumption
Reability and Self organizing, self maintaining Monotonous job, and are unable
damageability and reliable to self correct
Parallelism Massive Limited
Architecture of Brain:

3 parts: cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem


• Cerebellum: Helps in motor balance
• Cerebrum: Largest part, contain both left and
right hemispheres.
• Controls touch, vision, hearing, speech etc.
• Brain stem: Connects brain and spinal cord.

Structure of the brain:


Brain –computer Interface:
BCI system takes up the brain signals, analyses them and translates them
in to commands and relayed to a device to trigger a desired action.
Nervous system has 2 parts:
The central nervous system (CNS): Spinal cord and brain
Peripheral nervous system (PNS): A network of spinal cranial nerves
linked with brain
Signal transduction:
Action potential: Action potential is a short
lasting event across the membrane due to
changes in membrane potential
4 steps: Depolarization, repolarization,
hyperpolarization and refractory period
The general process of synaptic transmission:
Electro Encephalo Gram (EEG)

• Test used to measure electrical activity in the brain using small metal
electrodes attached to the scalp.
• Painless test
• Used to test epilepsy, sleep disorder, brain damage, inflammation,
stroke and brain tumors
• EEG confirms brain death; coma
• Range: wave with 8 Hz and higher frequencies are normal
• Lesser frequencies 7 Hz less are considered as abnormal.

Normal and abnormal EEG graphs


Flow chart for Robotic arm design

core components Electronic component

Assemble components

Mechatronic integration

Hand controlling algorithms written and coded

Test and calibrate

Final prototype
Parkinson’s disease:
• A degenerative disorder
which affects the nervous
system due to death of
neurons
• Symptoms: Tremor, rigidity
• and bradykinesia (slow movement) etc
• Neurotransmittors: Low dopamine levels and low norepinephrine levels
• Histopathology: Accumulation of misfolded α-syanuclein protein
containing lewy bodies
• Etiology: Multifactorial disease, genetic and environmental factors
• Point mutation in α-syanuclein gene (SNCA), parkin gene etc
• Phosphorylated α-syanuclein gene deposites in retina, bladder, skin and
cardiovascular system.
Engineering solutions for parkinson’s disease:
Deep brain stimulation:
Involves surgically implanting a neurotransmitter that sends impulses to
specific areas of your brain.

Drugs: Levodopa, dopamine agonists, inhibitors of enzyme that inactivates


dopamine (monoamine oxidase type B), inhibitors and catechol-o-methyl
transferase (COMT), anticholinergic drugs and amantadine

Engineered neurons: Transplantation of embryonic neurons can restore


functional dopaminergic neurons in the brain. (Cell transplantation therapy
is still out of reach to most patients because inaccessibility of human
embryonic tissue)
Engineering solution for Parkinson’s disease

Neuronal stem cells from mouse cells

Transfect with transcription factor to encourage to adopt a neuronal


fate

Co-cultured the cells with astrocytes (releases factors that induces


development into dopaminergic neurons)

Engineered cells release dopamine and show characters of


dopaminergic neurons for up to 2 weeks after implantation into
mouse brains
Engineered neurons:

• Nurr 1 gene: The transcriptional


factor associated with
parkinson’s disease, essential
for the development of midbrain
dopamine neurons

• Astrocytes: cells present in CNS,


helps in neuronal signalling

• bFGF: Multifunctional growth


factor, which stimulates the
growth of cells from
neurectodermal cells

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