Magnetic Method The magnetic method is a very popular and inexpensive approach for near-surface metal detection. When a ferrous material is placed within the Earth’s magnetic field, it develops an induced magnetic field. The induced field is superimposed on the Earth's field at that location creating a magnetic anomaly. Detection depends on the amount of magnetic material present and its distance from the sensor. Basic theory If two magnetic poles of strength m1 and m2 are separated by a distance r, a force, F, exists between them If the poles are of the same polarity, the force will push the poles mm apart — Site if they are of opposite polarity, the force is attractive and will draw 4 1 pe? the poles together. + where py is the magnetic permeability of the medium separating the poles; m1 andm2 are pole strengths and r the distance between them.Magnetic Method Magnetic units The magnetic flux lines between two poles per unit area, is the flux density B (and is measured in weber/m?= Tesla). 8, which is also called the “magnetic induction’, is a vector quantity. 1 nT is numerically equivalent to 1. gamma in c.g.s. units (1 nT is equivalent to10® gauss). | (nT = 10°T) | Tagan ona 8 = thnk yarMagnetic Method The Earth’s magnetic field + The geomagnetic field at or near the surface of the Earth originates largely from within and around the Earth’s core. + The geomagnetic field can be described in terms of the declination, D, inclination, 1, and the total force vector F + The vertical component of the magnetic intensity of the Earth’s magnetic field varies with latitude, from a minimum of around 30,000 nT at the magnetic equator to 60,000 nT at the magnetic polesMagnetic Method Remanent Magnetization + Ifthe magnetic material has relatively large susceptibilities, or if the inducing field is strong, the magnetic material will retain a portion of its induced magnetization even after the induced field disappears. + This remaining magnetization is called Remnant Magnetization. + Remnant Magnetization is used to map the motion of continents and ocean basins resulting from plate tectonics. + The only way to measure the remnant magnetic component of a rock is to take a sample of the rock back to the laboratory for analysis. + This is time consuming and expensive. So, we typically assume there is no remnant magnetic componentin the observed magnetic fieldMagnetic Method Variation in the Earth Magnetic Field + The Earth's magnetic field varies with time, Le. itis not constant. + As the Earth rotates, the outer layers of the ionosphere interact with the solar wind to cause minor fluctuations in the magnetic field + Depending upon the frequency, duration and intensity of these fluctuations, they are given different names. + Secular Variation secular variation refers to changes in the Earth's magnetic field on time scales of about a year or more. + Diurnal Variation Fluctuations with a period lasting of several hours to one day. This diurnal drift can cause a variation of the order of 50 nT per hour.Magnetic Method Magnetic surveying Field Instrument + Fluxgate Magnetometer + Proton Precession Magnetometer + Optically Pumped Magnetometer + Overhauser MagnetometerMagnetic Method Magnetic surveying + Local variations, or anomalies, in the Earth's magnetic field are the result of disturbances caused mostly by variations in concentrations of ferromagnetic material in the vicinity of the magnetometer’s sensor. + Magnetic data can be acquired in two configurations: 1) Arectangular grid pattern consists of readings taken at the nodes of a rectangular grid 2) Along a traverse data is acquired at fixed intervals along a line. + Ground magnetic measurements are usually made with portable instruments at regular intervals along more or less straight and parallel lines that cover the survey area + Often the interval between measurement locations (stations) along the lines is less than the spacing between lines,Magnetic Method Magnetic surveying + It is important to establish a local base station in an area away from suspected magnetic targets or magnetic noise and where the local field gradient is relatively flat. + The base-station memory magnetometer, when used, is set up every day prior to the collection of the magnetic data. + Ideally the base station is placed at least 100 m from any large metal objects or travelled roads and at least 500 m from any power lines when feasible.Magnetic Method Data reduction and interpretation + The data should be corrected for diurnal variations, if necessary. > + Ifthe diurnal does not vary more than approximately 15 to 20 gammas over a one-hour period, correction may not be necessary. * The global magnetic field is calculated through a previous established model _(IGRF-International Geomagnetic Reference) and obtained analytically with the help of field observations. Calebiotte sonst + Due to the fact that the global magnetic field is variable, these maps are generated every 5 years.Magnetic Method + There are filters used for highlighting the contrast of anomalies; these are: + Derivatives of different order or gradients Upward or aigancnanag cours. downward continuation regarding the anomaly | | Jette fe + Band pass or high pass filters avenge felt + Pole reduction + After all corrections have been made, magnetic survey data are usually displayed as individual profiles or as magnet: lager ie. aye contour maps. + Identification of anomalies caused by cultural features, such as railroads, pipelines, and bridges is commonly made using field observations and maps showing such features.Magnetic Method Presentation of results + The final results are presented in profile and contour map form. + Profiles are usually presented in a north-south orientation, although this is not mandatory. + The orientation of the traverses must be indicated on the plots. * Allisting of the magnetic data, including the diurnal monitor or looping data should be included in the report. + The report must also contain information pertinent to the instrumentation, field operations, and data reduction and interpretation techniques used in the investigation.