BASIC GRAMMAR

LESSONS 1 AND 21

- PRESENT CONTINUOUS
- THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

Subject + am / are / is + verb+- Subject + am not / aren't am / are / is + Subject + verb+-in

ing / isn't + verb+-ing Am I working?
I am working I am not working Are you working?
You are working You aren't working Is he working?
He is working He isn't working Is she working?
She is working She isn't working Is it working?
It is working It isn't working Are we working?
We are working We aren't working Are you working?
You are working You aren't working Are they working?
They are working They aren't working

Present continuous is used:

- Things happening at the present moment. “I am reading right now”

- Temporary situation. “I´m living in my grandmother´s house this month”

- Activity in progress but not now: “I´m studying at the university”

- Changing situation: “Everybody is buying tablets nowadays”

- Future plans. “I´m playing football on Sunday”

- Annoying things with always. “You are always playing with my things!”

- Things which happen frequently with always. “My mum is always cooking
special dishes for me”

Spelling rules when adding ing (reglas para añadir –ing a los verbos):

- Acaban e muda se quita la e y se sustituye por ing: Come – coming

- smoke – smoking. –write – writing

- Monosílabos acabados en consonante-vocal-consonante (CVC) doblan la

segunda consonante: Sit – sitting. Swim – swimming.

EXCEPTO ACABADOS EN X. Fix – fixing. Mix – mixing.

- Monosílabos acaban en ie. Lie – lying. Die – dying.

- Acabados en Y no cambia nada. Study – studying. Buy – buying.

- Dos sílabas acabadas en CVC y con el acento en la segunda sílaba doblan

la segunda consonante: prefer – preferring

- Acabados en L, sólo en inglés británico: travel – travelling - label - labelling

LESSON 3

1. Questions 1 to 30.

THE PRESENT SIMPLE

2.
3.
New vocabulary (buildings and places, adjectives to describe places)
Grammar (present simple)
4. Exam practice: speaking

THE PRESENT SIMPLE: THE VERB TO BE

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
INTERROGATIVE
I am / I'm I am not / I'm not
Am I?
you are / you're you are not / you
Are you?
he is / he's aren't
Is he?
she is / she's he is not / he isn't
Is she?
it is / it's she is not / she isn't
Is it?
we are / we're it is not / it isn't
Are we?
you are / you're we are not / we aren't
Are you?
they are / you are not / you
Are they?
they're aren't
they are not / they
aren't

Uses:

1. to describe the appearance or the feelings or of people or things: He is

tall. He is happy.
2. To express a permanent or a temporary state of people or things: It is
dark. I am hungry.
3. To express a job: He is a teacher.
4. To describe where people are: They are at school.
5. To express the age of a person: She is two years old.
6. To describe the weather: It is warm and sunny today.
 THE PRESENT SIMPLE: THE VERB HAVE GOT

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIV

E
I have got / I've got I haven't got
you have got / you've got you haven't got Have I got?
he has got / he's got he hasn't got Have you got?
she has got / she's got she hasn't got Has he got?
it has got / it's got it hasn't got Has she got?
we have got / we've got we haven't got Has it got?
you have got / you've got you haven't got Have we got?
they have got / they've they haven't Have you got?
got got Have they got?

Use: To speak about possessions in the present. She has got long hair. They
have got presents. I´ve got a 6 in Maths.

THE PRESENT SIMPLE

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

Subject + verb (+ s / es) Subject + do(es)n't + infinitive Do(es) + subject + infinitive

I work I don't work Do I work?

you work you don't work Do you work?
he works * he doesn't work Does he work?
she works * she doesn't work Does she work?
it works * it doesn't work Does it work?
we work we don't work Do we work?
you work you don't work Do you work?
they work they don't work Do they work?

* SPELLING

We add –es to the verb with: (solo en afirmativa y 3º persona he, she, it)
a) Verbs ending in -ch, -sh, -ss, -x
Examples: She watches TV. She washes the car. He misses his friend. He fixes
the radio.
b) Verbs ending in -o
Examples: He does the homework. She goes to the cinema.
c) Verbs ending in consonant + -y
Examples: He studies English. She carries a bag. (!But not: She plays the
piano.) NO ACABADOS EN VOCAL + Y. “she buys the newspaper everyday”

ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY

always, usually / normally, often, frequently, sometimes, rarely, hardly

ever, never
These words have a special position in the sentence: Just before the verb,
except with the verbs be, can and other modal verbs.
Examples:
I always watch TV. She usually washes the car. We sometimes go to the
cinema. They rarely go to a restaurant. I never smoke. She is often at home.
She can sometimes help me. (exceptions)

TIME EXPRESSIONS
Other time expressions used with the Present simple are for example:
every day / year / ..., in the morning, in the summer, after school, once a
week, ...
Time expressions in general have a special position in the sentence: at the
beginning or at the end.
Examples:
He watches TV every day. He goes to the cinema every evening. She studies
English once a week. She travels to London twice a year. She phones her
family on Sundays.

USE OF THE PRESENT SIMPLE

We use the present simple to:

a) Talk about actions that occur with regularity, to talk about habits.
I don't usually walk to work. I usually drive my car to work.

b) Talk about permanent situations

I live in a big city.

c) Express our opinions, likes, etc.

I like the cinema. I don't like vegetables.

d) talk about general facts.

The sun rises in the East.
THERE IS/ARE
LESSON 4.

1. QUESTIONS AND EXPRESSIONS (1-40)

COUNTABLE/UNCOUNTABLE
2. VOCABULARY. (BUILDINGS, PROFESSIONS AND VERBS ABOUT
JOBS)
3. GRAMMAR.
A/AN, SOME AND ANY
- THERE IS/ARE/WAS/WERE.
- COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS.

THE PAST SIMPLE

- DETERMINERS
- PAST SIMPLE.
4. EXAM PRACTICE. (LISTENING)

GRAMMAR:
1. THERE IS/ARE/WAS/WERE

IN THE PRESENT
We use there is or there are to talk about the existence of things or people.
There is + singular
There are + plural
In Spanish, there is and there are mean "HAY"

There is one apple. There is a woman.

IN THE PAST

We use there was or there were to talk about the existence of things or
persons.
There was + singular
There were + plural
There was an accident yesterday. There were three women in the police
station yesterday.

2. COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS.

Countable nouns are nouns that can be accompanied by a number.

Countable nouns can be counted and can be made plural. For
example: a glass, an apple, five euros, twenty people, three cars, six
hours, two chairs.

1. Uncountable nouns cannot be accompanied by a number. They

cannot be counted. They can´t be made plural. They use the verbs in
the singular (Milk is white). They usually refer to abstract qualities,
liquids, materials, collections, etc. For examle: love, water, plastic,
food, fruit, rubbish, money, electricity, time, furniture.
2.
 COMMON UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS IN ENGLISH
Accommodation Advice Countryside Damage Hosework
Experience Food Furniture Homework Music
Knowledge Luggage Make-up Money Research
Noise Paper Pollution Rain Sugar
Shampoo Smoke Software Space Equipment
Time Transport Work Electricity Information
News Scenery Sunshine

3. / AN, DETERMINERS

DETERMINER COUNTABLE UNCOUNTABLE + - ?

A/AN YES NO YES YES YES
SOME YES YES YES NO NO
ANY YES YES NO YES YES

EXPLANATION AND EXAMPLES

● We use a or an with countable singular nouns, in affirmative, negative or

interrogative sentences.

- an + word with vowel. There is an apple. There isn't an egg. Is

there an orange.

- a + word with consonant. There is a pear. There

isn't a melon. Is there a tomato?

● We use some in affirmative sentences with plural nouns, and

with uncountable nouns (always singular). Some means "more than one". It
doesn't indicate quantity.

There are some books on the shelf. There is some food in the
basket.

● We use any in negative or interrogative sentences with plural nouns, and

with uncountable nouns.

There aren't any books on the shelf. Are there any books on the
shelf? There isn't any food in the basket. Is there any food in the basket?
EXCEPTIONS

ANY:

1. After if: “ if there are any questions for me, I´ll be very pleased to answer
them.
2. Sentences with the idea of if: I´m sorry for any trouble I´ve caused. (=if I
have caused any trouble).
3. With the meaning of “it doesn´t matter which” = cualquiera: “you can take
any bus, they all go to the centre.” “Come and see me any time you
want.”

SOME:

We use some in questions when:

1. We talk about a thing or person that we know exists, or we think exists:

“Are you waiting for somebody? (I think you are waiting for somebody).
2. When we offer things: “would you like some sugar with the tea?”
3. When we ask for things: “can I have some sugar with the tea please?”

4. PAST SIMPLE.

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

Subject + verb+-ed Subject + didn't + infinitive Did + subject + infinitive
/2nd column REGULAR IRREGULAR REGULAR IRREGULAR
REGULAR IRREGULAR I didn't work I didn't go
I worked you didn't work Did I work?
I went you didn't go Did I go?
you worked he didn't work Did you work?
you went he didn't go Did you go?
he worked she didn't work Did he work?
he went she didn't go Did he go?
she worked it didn't work Did she work?
she went it didn't go Did she go?
it worked we didn't work Did it work?
it went we didn't go Did it go?
we worked you didn't work Did we work?
we went you didn't go Did we go?
you worked they didn't work Did you work?
you went they didn't go Did you go?
they worked Did they work?
they went Did they go?

* SPELLING: VERB + -ED

a) Verbs ending in -e -> -e disappears
dance -> danced; love -> loved; like -> liked; die -> died
b) Doubling of consonants:
with verbs ending in [1 consonant + 1 vowel + 1 consonant] and
b1) end in -l (only in British English, but not in American English)
travel -> travelled
b2) have 1 syllable
stop -> stopped; plan -> planned; chat -> chatted
b3) have 2 syllables, and the stress is on the last syllable
prefer -> preferred; admit -> admitted (because we pronounce:
pre'fer, ad'mit)
! but not: answer -> answered; visit -> visited; listen ->
listened (because we pronounce: 'answer)
c) Verbs ending in consonant + -y -> consonant + ied
study -> studied; carry -> carried
! but not: play -> played; stay -> stayed; enjoy -> enjoyed

USE OF THE PAST SIMPLE

We use the Past Simple

a) to talk about actions that happened in the past. They started and finished in
the past.

Shakespeare was a writer. He was born in England in 1564. He wrote a lot of

theatre plays and poems. He died in 1616. He was a contemporary of
Cervantes, but most probably he didn't know him or his writings.
b) to talk about past habits
We often went to the beach.

TIME EXPRESSIONS
Some expressions that can be used with a past simple verb are for example:
yesterday, the day before yesterday last night, last week, last
weekend, last month, last summer, last year, an hour ago, two months
ago, in 1990

As with time expressions in general, they are usually at the beginning or at the
end of the sentence.

Examples:
He watched TV last Sunday. He went to the cinema last night. She studied
English two years ago. She travelled to London in 2003.
LESSON 5

1. QUESTIONS AND EXPRESSIONS LIST. (1-32 + present continuous,

QUANTIFIERS
present simple and past simple translations)
2. VOCABULARY. (LEISURE TIME)
3. GRAMMAR.
- QUANTIFIERS

PAST CONTINUOUS
- PAST CONTINUOUS
4. EXAM PRACTICE (NO EXAM PRACTICE TODAY) PRACTICE
QUANTIFIERS.

GRAMMAR.

. QUANTIFIERS

QUANTIFIER COUNTABLE UNCOUNTABLE + - ?

A LOT OF/ YES YES YES YES YES
LOTS OF
MANY YES NO YES YES YES
MUCH NO YES NO YES YES
A FEW YES NO YES YES YES
A LITTLE NO YES YES YES YES

EXPLANATION AND EXAMPLES

- We use a lot of / lots of for large quantities of countable and

uncountable nouns: They have a lot of pencils. She hasn´t got a lot
of clothes. Does she have lots of money?
If there is no noun after de quantifier we use a lot without of: I like
her a lot.
- We use many for large quantities of countable nouns. Many
houses were damaged by the storm. Are there many rooms in the
hotel. I don´t have many cd´s.
- We use much for large quantities of uncountable nouns in negative
sentences and questions. Does the baker have much bread?
There isn´t much homework to do.
- We use a few for small quantities of countable nouns. OJO.
DIFERENCIA EN AFIRMATIVA ENTRE A FEW Y FEW.
A FEW = UNOS CUANTOS FEW = POCOS
 I´ve got a few coins, I think I can buy it. (tengo unas cuantas
monedas, creo que puedo comprarlo)
I´ve got few coins, I think I can´t buy it (tengo pocas monedas, creo
que no puedo comprarlo)
- We use a Little for small quantities of uncountable nouns. These
form has little information. There is little news about Europe.

THE PAST CONTINUOUS

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

S+ was / were + v-ing S + wasn't / weren't + v-ing was / were + S + v-ing

I was working I wasn't working was I working?
you were working you weren't working were you working?
he was working he wasn't working was he working?
she was working she wasn't working was she working?
it was working it wasn't working was it working?
we were working we wasn't working were we working?
you were working you wasn't working were you working?
they were working they wasn't working were you working?

SPELLING: VERB + -ING (THE SAME RULES AS IN THE PRESENT

CONTINUOUS)

USE OF THE PAST CONTINUOUS

We use the Past Continuous to talk about actions that were in progress in the
past, at a particular moment.
Example:
Yesterday at 8.30 they were having breakfast.
This means that breakfast had started some time before 8:30 and was in
progress or had not finished at 8:30

Yesterday while the children were playing in the park, Sally was reading.
This means that both actions were in progress at the same time and had
approximately the same duration.
TIME EXPRESSIONS

Time expressions used with a past continuous verb are for example:
yesterday, the day before yesterday, last night, last week, last weekend,
last month, last summer, last year, an hour ago, two months ago, in 1990
We put these expressions at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.

Examples:
I was watching TV at three o'clock last Sunday. I was having a shower when
you phoned last night.

PAST SIMPLE AND PAST CONTINUOUS

When two actions coincided at a particular moment, the Past Continuous

expresses the action that had started previously, and was in progress, when the
other action happened.

I was watching TV when the telephone rang. (I was watching TV and in the
middle of this activity, the telephone rang)
 LESSON 6

1. GRAMMAR (PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE and EXCEPTIONS SOME

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
AND ANY)
2. EXAM PRACTICE (WRITING PART 1 OR SPEAKING PART 3

GRAMMAR.

THE PRESENT PERFECT

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
INTERROGATIVE
Subject + have / has + Subject + haven't / hasn't +
have / has + subject + participle
participle participle
REGULAR IRREGULAR
REGULAR REGULAR IRREGULAR
IRREGULAR
have I worked?
I have worked I haven't worked
have I gone?
I have gone I haven't gone
have you worked?
you have worked you haven't worked
have you gone?
you have gone you haven't gone
has he worked?
he has worked he hasn't worked
has he gone?
he has gone he hasn't gone
has she worked?
she has worked she hasn't worked
has she gone?
she has gone she hasn't gone
has it worked?
it has worked it hasn't worked
has it gone?
it has gone it hasn't gone
have we worked?
we have worked we haven' t worked
have we gone?
we have gone we haven't gone
have you worked?
you have worked you haven't worked
have you gone?
you have gone you haven't gone
have they worked?
they have worked they haven't worked
have they worked?
they have gone they haven't gone

* SPELLING: VERB + -ED

The spellling rules are like those for the formation of the past simple:

a) Verbs ending in -e -> -e disappears

dance -> danced; love -> loved; like -> liked; die -> died

b) Doubling of consonants:
with verbs ending in [1 consonant + 1 vowel + 1 consonant] and
b1) end in -l (only in British English, but not in American English)
travel -> travelled
b2) have 1 syllable
stop -> stopped; plan -> planned; chat -> chatted
b3) have 2 syllables, and the stress is on the last syllable
prefer -> preferred; admit -> admitted
but not: answer -> answered; visit -> visited; listen -> listened
c) Verbs ending in consonant + -y -> consonant + ied
study -> studied; carry -> carried
! but not: play -> played; stay -> stayed; enjoy -> enjoyed

USE OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

When an action or a situation is expressed in the present perfect, there is a

connexion between the present and the past.

We use the present perfect:

a) to talk about recent past actions

Compare:
He is eating an apple (now).She has eaten an apple.(5 min later)

She is climbing a mountain (now).They have climbed a mountain.

She has finished her work.

b) recent actions that have results in the present

She hasn't finished her work. (And she's still working.)

Tom has had an accident. (And now he has got a broken leg.)

c) to talk about experiences of a living person

I have always had good marks.

I have travelled to a lot of countries.

NOTE: If a person is dead, we use the past simple:

Shakespeare wrote a lot of plays and poems.e

PARTICLES: NEVER, EVER, JUST, ALREADY, YET, SINCE, FOR

These expressions can be used with the Present Perfect:

NEVER

NEVER
He has never played computer games.
(Spanish: Él nunca ha jugado a juegos de ordenador.)
We put never before the participle.

EVER?

Have you ever visited Rome?

(Spanish: ¿Has visitado Roma alguna vez?)
Ever means 'at any time in the past'.
We put ever before the participle.

EVER

It is the best film I have ever seen.

(Spanish: Es la mejor película que he visto nunca.)
We use ever with superlatives.
We put ever before the participle.

YET (?)

Have you made your bed yet?

(Spanish: ¿Has hecho ya tu cama?)
We put yet at the end of the sentence.

(NOT) YET

She hasn't had her baby yet.

(Spanish: Ella aún no ha tenido a su bebé.)
We put yet at the end of the sentence.

ALREADY

She has already had her baby.

(Spanish: Ella ya ha tenido a su bebé.)
We put already before the participle.

JUST

They have just married.

(Spanish: Acaban de casarse.)
Just means 'very recently'.
We put just before the participle.

FOR (+ A PERIOD OF TIME)

I haven't seen the dentist for one year.

(Spanish: No he ido al dentista desde hace un año.)
We use for with a period of time.
Other examples: for one month, for two hours, for three years, for a long time,
for a while

SINCE (+ A PARTICULAR MOMENT)

I haven't ridden my bicycle since last month.

(Spanish: No he ido en bici desde el mes pasado.)
We use since with a particular moment. This moment indicates when the action
started.
Other examples: since 1997, since yesterday, since three o'clock, since my
birthday, since I was a child

"FOR" OR "DURING"?

"For" indicates duration, how long the action took place.

"During" indicates the moment when the action took place.

Examples:

It rained for two hours.

= It rained from 12 o'clock to 2 o'clock.
-How long did it rain? - For two hours.

It rained during the night

=It rained at some time at night.
-When did it rain? - During the night.

I lived in Paris for three months.

-How long did you live in Paris? - From January to March.

I travelled to Paris three times during the summer.

-When did you travel to Paris? - During the summer.

PRESENT PERFECT OR PAST SIMPLE?

We use the present perfect to talk about events and experiences that happened
in the past, but we do not specify when. We refer to an unfinished period of
time.
Compare:
Last summer I read a very interesting novel.
-> We specify the particular moment and this moment is over.
We use the Past Simple.
I have read many interesting novels in my life.
-> We do not specify the moment, but refer to an unfinished period of past time
that is still valid today.
We use the Present Perfect.

THE PRESENT PERFECT FOR SPANISH SPEAKERS

The present perfect is sometimes similar to Spanish, but sometimes very
different. Look at these examples:

a) The present perfect is similar to Spanish:

-When we talk about something recent. (We don't mention the particular
moment.)
I have read her novel recently. = He leído su novela recientemente.

-When we talk about something new. (We don't mention the particular moment.)
I have bought a car. = Me he comprado un coche.

-With ever, never, already, yet.

Have you ever visited another country? = ¿Has visitado otro país alguna vez?
I have never seen an elephant. = Nunca he visto un elefante.
I have already done my homework. = Ya he hecho mis deberes.
I haven't finished my homework yet. = Aún no he terminado mis deberes.

b) The present perfect is different from Spanish:

-With just.
I have just seen Martha. = Acabo de ver a Martha.

-"Llevar haciendo algo desde (hace) tiempo."

Vivo en Valencia desde hace cuatro años. = I have lived in Valencia for four
years.
Vivo en Valencia desde 2008. “I havel lived in Valencia since 2008”
 GRAMMAR FOR LESSONS 7 AND 8.
WAYS OF EXPRESSING THE FUTURE
WAYS OF EXPRESSING THE FUTURE

1. THE FUTURE SIMPLE

AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

Subject + will +
Subject + will not / won't + infinitive will + subject + Infinitive
infinitive

I will not / won't work will I work?

I will work
you will not / won't work will you work?
you will work
he will not / won't work will he work?
he will work
she will not / won't work will she work?
she will work
it will not / won't work will it work?
it will work
we will not / won't work will we work?
we will work
you will not / won't work will you work?
you will work
they will not / won't work will they work?
they will work

EXPRESSING THE FUTURE WITH WILL + INFINITIVE

We use will + infinitive to express:

a) Predictions (assumptions of the speaker, weather, future...) (no evidence)

"You'll marry a rich man."
"Tomorrow will be a sunny day."

b) It is often used with things which are not certain, especially with think,
expect, believe, be sure, be afraid, hope, probably and maybe.
“I'm sure you´ll enjoy the film.”
“Martin will probably phone us this evening.”
“I think it´ll be warmer next week”

c) promises.
- "I will always love you."
- "I will solve all the problems of this city."
 d) Just-made decisions: When we decide to do something at the moment of
speaking.
- "I'll have an orange juice."
- "I'll take these ones."
- "I'll answer the phone."

d) Offers
- "It's too dark." - "I'll switch on the light".
- "I have to wash the dishes." -"I'll help you."
- "I'll give Mr Jones your message."

e) Requests: Will you help me, please?

f) Threats: Stop making that noise or I'll scream!

2. BE GOING TO + INFINITIVE

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

Subject + am / are / is Subject + am not / aren't / isn't am / are / is + Subject +

going to + verb going to + verb going to + verb

I am going to work I am not going to work am I going to work?

you are going to work you aren't going to work are you going to work?
he is going to work he isn't going to work is he going to work?
she is going to work she isn't going to work is she going to work?
it is going to work it isn't going to work is it going to work?
we are going to work we aren't going to work are we going to work?
you are going to work you aren't going to work are you going to work?
they are going to work they aren't going to work are they going to work?

EXPRESSING THE FUTURE WITH BE GOING TO + INFINITIVE

We use am / are / is going to + infinitive to express:

a) Future plans and intentions

It expresses the subject's intention to perform a certain future action. This
intention is always premeditated and there is usually also the idea that some
preparation for the action has already been made. (Will + infinitive expresses
only intention, usually unpremeditated.)
- "I am going to have a shower."
- "I am going to recycle this glass.
- “I´m going to study biology at university”
- “He says he´s going to phone you tomorrow”

b) Prediction of something evident (based on evidence)

Immediate and evident consequence of a present situation. It implies that there
are signs that something will happen.
- “Look at those clouds! It's going to rain!”
- “She is going to win!”
- “Your work is so good that I think that you are going to pass the PET exam!”
- “She is pregnant, she is going to have a baby”

COMPARISON OF THE USE OF BE GOING TO AND WILL + INFINITIVE TO

EXPRESS INTENTION
* If preparations for the action have been made, we must use be going to:
- “I have bought some bricks and I'm going to build a garage.”
- "Why are you putting on those clothes?" —"I'm going to paint the
kitchen." (you had already decided)
* If the intention is clearly unpremeditated, we must use will:
- “There is somebody at the hall door.” — “I'll go and open it.”
What shall I do tomorrow? I know! I'll paint the kitchen. (decided at the moment
of speaking)
* When the intention is neither clearly premeditated nor clearly unpremeditated,
either form may be used:
- “I will / am going to climb that mountain one day.”
- “I won't / am not going to tell you my age.”
NOTE ALSO:
1. It is not very usual to put the verbs go and come into the be going to form.
Instead, we generally use the present continuous tense, i.e., instead of
I am going to go
we normally say
“I am going to the cinema tonight”
and instead of
I am going to come
we very often say
I'm coming to Antonio´s party”.

3. THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS

EXPRESSING THE FUTURE WITH THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS

When this tense is used with future meaning, the time must be mentioned or
have been mentioned. It expresses a definite arrangement in the near future.
It is the sort of future events that you might put in your diary.
-“The match is starting at 2.30 tomorrow.”
Note: be going to can be used for the near future with a time expression as
alternative to the present continuous:
-“I'm meeting Tom at the station at six”
-“ I'm going to meet Tom at the station at six.”

4. THE PRESENT SIMPLE

EXPRESSING THE FUTURE WITH THE PRESENT SIMPLE

Future events which are part of a fixed timetable or programme.
- “What time does the film start tomorrow evening?”

- “Our train leaves at 5.15 PM”.

- “School finishes on the 21st of June”.

EXAMEN DE REPASO TIEMPOS VERBALES BÁSICOS – PREPARACIÓN B1

Traduce las siguientes oraciones:

Presente continuo

1. Mi tío está durmiendo en el sofá.

2. La abuela de Juan no está viendo la tele.

3. ¿Está tu novia conduciendo su coche ahora mismo?

4. El cura está haciendo fotos.

5. ¿Está nuestro jefe jugando al golf en este momento?

Presente simple

6. El carpintero normalmente no trabaja los domingos.

7. ¿Vende el carnicero mucha carne todos los viernes?

8. Su cuñado toca la guitarra todos los días.

9. Mi primo y yo nunca bebemos alcohol los fines de semana.

10. ¿Trabaja ella en esa empresa?

Pasado simple

11. Ayer salí por la noche con mis amigos.

12. Su sobrina no fue a la fiesta el fin de semana pasado.

13. ¿Vinieron ellos a la iglesia?

 14. ¿Encendió tu abuelo la radio cuando yo estaba durmiendo?

15. El policía no multo a aquel conductor porque eran amigos.

Pasado continuo

16. Nuestra madrasta estaba durmiendo ayer a las 10 PM.

17. El padre de Juana no estaba lavándose los dientes.

18. ¿Estabais vosotros fumando en el parque anoche?

19. El pescadero estaba hablando con el pescador la semana pasada.

20. Su hermano estaba navegando en internet cuando el teléfono sonó.

Present perfect simple

21. ¿Alguna vez has estado en Inglaterra?

22. Yo nunca he escalado una montaña.

23. Mi tío ha ido al gimnasio dos veces esta semana.

24. Su amiga no ha aprobado su examen de inglés todavía.

25. ¿Has hecho tus deberes ya?

There is/are/was/were + some/any + quantifiers.

26. Hay algo de leche en el frigo.

27. No hay nadie en la calle.

 28. Habían algunas botas bonitas en aquella tienda.

29. No había nada de humo en aquella discoteca.

30. Habían muchas personas en la farmacia.

31. Hay pocas botellas en esta tienda, vámonos a los chinos.

32. Tengo pocas monedas en mi monedero (de chica), no puedo comprarlo.

33. Tengo unas cuantas monedas en mi cartera (de chico), te dejaré algo de
dinero.

34. Hay poca comida en este restaurante.

35. No habían muchos pintalabios en mi bolso.

Formas de expresar el futuro:(will/be going to/ present continuous/present

simple.

36. Te prometo que haré mi cama todos los días.

37. Voy a ir al cine la semana que viene.

38. Esa mujer está embarazada, va a tener un bebé.

39. Yo pondré la mesa.

40. Déjame pensar... Está bien, comeré ternera.

Let me think... ok,

41. El concierto de Estopa es el viernes 5 de octubre.

42. ¿Me dejarás el coche para ir a la biblioteca?

 IDIOMS

43. Yo voy al cine de uvas a peras.

44. ¿Tienes mucho trabajo? te echaré una mano.

45. Estoy pachucho.

 LESSON  10  
  -

-­‐ Questions  and  expressions  list.    

-

COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES

-­‐ Vocabulary:  describing  people    
-­‐ Grammar:  comparatives  
-

-­‐ Estudying  with  songs:  “the  last  one  standing”  

-

-­‐ Exam  practice:  writing  (connectors/linkers)  

 

THE COMPARATIVE: FORM

We use the comparative when we compare two things or people. We use the
particle than to introduce the second element.
For example:
Paul (element 1) is taller than Trevor (element 2).

There are two ways of putting and adjective into the comparative form,
depending on the adjective.

a) With short adjectives, we add -er to the adjective.

a.1) Short adjectives have got one syllable. For example:

Clean -> cleaner long -> longer short -> shorter fast ->
faster

a.2) Two syllables adjectives ending in –y or –ly. Attention: we take

away the -y and add -ier.
Noisy -> noisier Friendly -> friendlier Easy -> easier

Attention: with adjectives ending in -e we add only -r. For example:

nice -> nicer safe -> safer

Attention: with adjectives ending in consonant + vowel + consonant we

double the last consonant.
For example:
big -> bigger fat -> fatter thin -> thinner

Attention: some adjectives have irregular forms. For example:

good -> better bad -> worse far -> farther / further

b) With long adjectives, we add "more" in front of the adjective.

Long adjectives have got two or more syllables. For example:

beautiful -> more beautiful important -> more important boring
-> more boring famous -> more famous
EQUALITY AND UNEQUALITY

To express that two things are similar, we use a different structure:

as + adjective + as
“Juan is as tall as Mario” “My car is as old as yours”

we use not as + adjective + as to say that one thing is less than another:

“Pedro is not as clever as John”. “That man is not as tall as you”

We can use so in negative sentences to replace the first as:

“That dress is not so nice as mine”

Attention: the form of the adjective doesn´t change:

“He is not as hairier as you” “He is not as hairy as you”