LECTURE 3

Muscular Tissues
- Properties
- Types
Skeletal Muscle
- Gross anatomy
- Microanatomy
- Contraction
Learning Objectives:
 Basic Properties of Muscle
1. Excitability
•
2. Contractility
•
3. Extensibility
•
4. Elasticity
•
Muscle Types
 Cardiac Muscle
(striated involuntary muscle)
• only associated with the heart
•
•
• Pulsating/rythmic contractions
• Can not regenerate
 Cardiac Muscle
(striated involuntary muscle)
Cardiac
muscle
cells

Nuclei

Intercalated
discs

Striations

Figure 3.22b
 Smooth Muscle
(nonstriated involuntary muscle)
•
•
• Base of hair follicles, walls of blood vessels, lining the
urinary bladder, respiratory, circulatory, digestive, &
reproductive tracts
 Smooth Muscle
(nonstriated involuntary muscle)

Nucleus

Smooth
muscle
cells
 Skeletal Muscle
(striated voluntary muscle)
• Incapable of cell reproduction
*Myosatellite cells can reproduce for muscle repair*
•
•

LM × 180

Striations

Nuclei

Muscle
fiber
Functions of Skeletal Muscles

1.
2. Maintain posture and body position
3.
4. Regulate entering and exiting of material
5.
Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
• Connective tissue SKELETAL MUSCLE

Surrounded by:
Epimysium

• Muscle
Contains:
Muscle f ascicles

• Muscle fasicle MUSCLE FASCICLE

• Muscle fibre Surrounded by:

Perimysium
Contains:
Muscle f ibers

MUSCLE FIBER

Surrounded by:
Endom ysium
Contains:
Myofibrils

Figure 9.5
 Connective Tissue
Tendon: Attaches muscle to bone

Each muscle has 3 layers:

1. Epimysium:

2. Perimysium:

3. Endomysium:
 Epimysium
Muscle fascicle Muscle fibers
Endomysium
Perimysium

SKELETAL MUSCLE
(organ)
Perimysium
Muscle fiber

Endomysium
Epimysium
Blood vessels
and nerves MUSCLE FASCICLE
(bundle of cells)

Capillary
Mitochondria
Endomysium Endomysium
Sarcolemma
Myosatellite
Tendon cell
Myofibril

Perimysium Axon
Sarcoplasm Nucleus

MUSCLE FIBER
(cell)

Figure 9.1
Microanatomy of Skeletal Muscle Fibers

• Muscle Fiber
MUSCLE FIBER

Surrounded by:
Endom ysium
Contains:

• Myofibril
Myofibrils

• Sarcomeres MYOFIBRIL

Surrounded by:
Sarcoplas mic

•
reticulum

myofilaments Consists of:

Sarcomeres
(Z line t o Z line)

SARCO ME RE
I band A band

Contains:
Thick filaments
Thin f ilame nts

Z line M line Tit in Z line

H band
 Muscle Fiber (muscle cell)
• Can be 30–40 cm in length
•
•
• Muscle fibers run parallel to each other
• Myosatellite cells (assist in repair and regeneration)

(right under the sarcolemma)

External Organization of muscle fiber

*TRIAD
 Myofibrils
• Highly organized bundles of contractile protein
• majority of the volume in a muscle fibre (cell)
•
• Where force generation takes place
•

Sarcoplasmic reticulum
 The Myofibril

Fibre
Myofibril
Sarcomere
 Sarcomere
• smallest functional unit of skeletal muscle
• made of myofilaments
•
•
 Myofilaments
ACTIN MYOSIN

Make up the thin and thick filaments…the

contractile machinery of the muscle cell
Sarcomere
 The Sarcomere
• M-line: centre of A-band where myosin filaments are held
together

• Z-disc: centre of I-band where actin filaments are held

together

• I-band: made of only of actin filaments (light region)

• A-band: myosin filaments with overlapping actin filaments

at edges (dark region)

• H-zone: made of only of myosin filaments, centre of A-band

Figure 9.4b
 The Sarcomere
I-band A-band Z-disc

M-line
H-Zone
Figure 9.4b
 SKELETAL MUSCLE

Surrounded by:
Epimysium

Summary Contains:
Muscle f ascicles

Skeletal muscles consist of muscle fascicles MUSCLE FASCICLE

Surrounded by:
Perimysium
Contains:

Muscle fascicles consist of muscle fibers Muscle f ibers

Muscle fibers consist of myofibrils MUSCLE FIBER

Surrounded by:
Endom ysium
Contains:
Myofibrils

Myofibrils consist of sarcomeres

MYOFIBRIL

Sarcomeres consist of myofilaments Surrounded by:

Sarcoplas mic
reticulum
Consists of:
Sarcomeres
(Z line t o Z line)

Myofilaments are made of actin and myosin

SARCO ME RE
I band A band

Contains:
Thick filaments
Thin f ilame nts

Z line M line Tit in Z line

Figure 9.5 H band

 Contraction of a Muscle Fiber

Excitation-Contraction Coupling:
1. Excitation phase
2. Contraction phase
 Contraction Phase
•
• caused by interactions between thick & thin
filaments in the sarcomere
•
•
• When a muscle contracts, actin filaments slide
toward each other
–
Myosin and actin interaction:

ATP
to ADP

Mg2+

Ca2+

Dr. Rene Vandenboom

 Sliding Filament Theory
I-band

Upon contraction:
•
• zone of overlap gets larger
•
• Myosin filaments do not move
H-Zone •
• Titin limits length of sarcomere
 Contractile cycle
1. Rigor State
•
•
• Cross-bridge is at 45° relative to the filaments
Myosin
45 ° filament
Myosin ATP
binding binding
sites site
2 3 4
1

Actin molecule
Figre 9.7
 Contractile Cycle
2. Myosin Release
•
• Affinity of Myosin for Actin is decreased
•

ATP

1 2 3 4
 Contractile Cycle
3. ATP Hydrolysis
•
• Energy released allows myosin head to move down
actin filament into “cocked” position

ADP

Pi

1 2 3 4
 Contraction Cycle
4. Myosin Reattaches
•
•
• The myosin head is still in it’s “cocked” position

90°
Pi

1 2 3 4
 Contraction Cycle
5. Power Stroke
•
• This strengthens the bond between actin and myosin
head
•

Pi

1 2 3 4
5

Actin filament
moves toward M line.
 Contraction Cycle
6. ADP Release
•
• Cross-bridge is returned to rigor state awaiting ATP
and next cycle

ADP

1 2 3 4
5
 Contraction Cycle

• The rigor state is a strong bond

• Allows a series of cycles to cause large

contractions
Neuromuscular
Junction

Fig. 9- 8
 Neuromuscular Junction
Neuromuscular
synapse

Skeletal
muscle
fiber

Axon

Nerve

LM x 230 SEM x 400

a A neuromuscular synapse as seen b Colorized SEM of a neuromuscular
on a muscle fiber of this fascicle synapse

Figure 9.2
 Excitation Phase
1.
2. Acetylcholine is released from the end of the axon
into the neuromuscular synapse
3. This causes an action potential and ultimately
causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release its
stored calcium ions
4.
5.
 Neuromuscular Junction

R&K Fig 5.4 or W&C Fig 1.8

Triad: SR and T-Tubules
STEPS IN INITIATING MUSCLE CONTRACTION STEPS IN MUSCLE RELAXATION

Synaptic Motor
terminal end plate T tubule Sarcolemma

2 Action
1 ACh released, binding potential 6 ACh removed by AChE
to receptors reaches
T tubule
3 Sarcoplasmic 7 Sarcoplasmic
reticulum reticulum
releases Ca 2+ recaptures Ca 2+
Ca2+
4 Active-site
Actin 8 Active sites
exposure,
cross-bridge covered, no
formation Myosin cross-bridge
interaction

9 Contraction
ends
5 Contraction
begins
10 Relaxation occurs,
passive return to
resting length

Figure 9.9
 Excitation-Contraction Coupling
• The excitation of the sarcolemma and
T-tubules leads to release of Ca2+ from SR

• Thus excitation and contraction are “coupled”

•
Skeletal Muscle Fiber Organization
• Muscles can be classified based on shape or
by the arrangement of the fibers
– Parallel muscle fibers
– Convergent muscle fibers
– Pennate muscle fibers
• Unipennate muscle fibers
• Bipennate muscle fibers
• Multipennate muscle fibers
– Circular muscle fibers
 Parallel Muscles Convergent Muscles

a Parallel muscle b Parallel muscle with c Wrapping d Convergent muscle

(Biceps brachii muscle) tendinous bands muscle (Pectoralis muscles)
(Rectus abdominis (Supinator)
muscle)

Tendon

Base of
muscle

(h) Fascicle
(d)
Cross
(g) section
Body
(a) (belly)
(b)
Cross section
(e)
(c)

(f)
Pennate Muscles Circular Muscles

e Unipennate f Bipennate g Multipennate muscle h Circular muscle

Muscle (Extensor muscle (Deltoid muscle) (Orbicularis oris muscle)
digitorum muscle) (Rectus femoris
muscle)

Contracted

Tendons

Extended
tendon
Relaxed

Cross section
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.12
 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE MOTION AND
POWER OF MUSCLES

1. Shape of the muscle

2.
3.
4. Orientation of muscle cells relative to their
tendon
 Muscle Action Terminology
Muscles can be grouped according to their
primary actions:
1. Prime movers (agonists)
2. Antagonists:
3. Synergists:
4. Fixators: Agonist & antagonist muscles contracting
at the same time to stabilize a joint
Muscle Action Terminology
 Levers and Pulleys: Movement
• Most of the time, upon contraction, a muscle
causes action
•
• This lever moves on a fixed point called the fulcrum
(joint)
• The action of the lever is opposed by a force acting
in the opposite direction
 Three classes of levers
First class:
 Three classes of levers
Second class:
 Three Classes of Levers
Third class:
 Pulleys
• Sometimes, a tendon may loop around a bony
projection (i.e. lateral malleolus or platella)
•
•

Patella

Lateral malleolus of fibulla

Figure 9.13
The Muscular System

Not is this class………………………

The END!