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ZOO4B-intro

The document provides an introduction to clinical parasitology, detailing the definitions and types of parasites, hosts, and vectors, as well as their life cycles and modes of transmission. It outlines the differences between parasitism and other symbiotic relationships, and discusses the impact of parasites on human health. Additionally, it covers specimen collection and processing methods for laboratory diagnosis of parasitic infections.

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Joshfil Harry Edulsora
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
5 views

ZOO4B-intro

The document provides an introduction to clinical parasitology, detailing the definitions and types of parasites, hosts, and vectors, as well as their life cycles and modes of transmission. It outlines the differences between parasitism and other symbiotic relationships, and discusses the impact of parasites on human health. Additionally, it covers specimen collection and processing methods for laboratory diagnosis of parasitic infections.

Uploaded by

Joshfil Harry Edulsora
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Clinical

Parasitology

Jose M. Duallo Jr., RMT


Mary Grace C. Tayong, RMT

Property of Misamis University - College of Medical Technology


Learning outcome

Differentiate parasitism from other


symbiotic relationships and the
different types of parasite and host.

Property of Misamis University - College of Medical Technology


SYMBIOSIS – 2 or more species live closely
together
Types:
 Mutualism – both organism (of different species)
benefit from each other

1. Termites &
Flagellates
2. Lichens (Alga &
Fungus)
3. Man and Resident
bacterial flora
 Commensalism – one specie benefits
without harming the other

1. Entamoeba coli –
normally inhabits
the LI

2. Shark and Remora


 Parasitism – one specie benefits at the
expense of the other specie

1. Entamoeba histolytica – causative


agent of amoebic dysentery.
Parasitology defined

PARASITES: are organisms that live on and obtain nutrients


from another organism (HOST)
-Study of parasites which:
 INFECT – invasion IN the human body
(intestine, blood, tissue, liver, lung etc.)
 INFEST – invasion ON the human body
(lice, ticks, etc.)
Cause disease (diarrhea, fever, anemia, blindness,
elephantiasis, etc.) in the human body. Transport carriers
known as VECTORS are always responsible for transmission
to the host.
Examples of Endoparasites:

1. Ascaris lumbricoides
2. Plasmodium falciparum
3. Schistosoma japonicum

Examples of Ectoparasites:

1. Pediculus humanus capitis


2. Sarcoptes scabiei
3. Cimex lecturalis
Types of Parasites
According to location
 Endoparasite – established inside the host (eg. Ascaris
lumbricoides, Plasmodium falciparum, Shistosoma japonicum)
 Ectoparasite – established in or on the exterior surface of the
host (eg.
According to taxonomic groups
 Protozoans – unicellular microorganism (eg. Amebae,
Flagellates, Ciliates, Sporozoans)
 Helminths – worms, multicellular organisms (eg. Nematodes,
Cestodes, Trematodes)
 Arthropods – Class Insecta
1. Spurious/Coprozoic – free living
organisms that pass thru the
digestive tract w/out infecting the
host. They are taken in by accident
& then passed out harmlessly of an
unsuitable host. Examples: Plant
nematodes (ingested together w/
vegetables & fruits.)
8. Hyperparasites – relatively rare breed
which are parasites of other parasites.
They are natural objects of curiosity
because it seems unbelievable that a
parasite can be host to another organism.
Examples: Plasmodium spp.
9. Pseudoparasite – an artifact mistaken for
a parasite.
Types of Parasites, cont.

According to Degree of Association with Host


 Obligatory – cannot survive outside the host

 Facultative – capable of existing independently of a host

 Permanent - remain in the host from early life to


maturity
 Temporary/ Intermittent – live on host for a short time

 Accidental/ Incidental – enter host not usually theirs

 Erratic/ Aberant – found in an organ not its usual


habitat
Types of Host
 Definitive – host in which the adult sexual phase of parasite
development occurs
 Accidental/Incidental – host other than the normal one that is
harbouring the parasite
 Intermediate – host in which the larval asexual phase of
parasite development occurs
 Reservoir – host harbouring parasites that are parasitic for
humans and from which humans may become infected
 Paratenic – host harbouring the parasite in an arrested state of
development, capable of continuing life cycle in a subsequent
suitable host
Types of Vectors

1. BIOLOGIC – in which parasites


increase their numbers by
multiplication or transformation
inside the body of the carrier-
organisms. (eg. Aedes Mosquito)
2. MECHANICAL/ PHORETIC – only
transmits the parasite (eg. Flies,
cockroaches)
Parasitic Life Cycles

1. MODE OF TRANSMISSION
2. INFECTIVE STAGE – a morphologic
form that invades humans
3. DIAGNOSTIC STAGE – 1 or more
forms that can be detected in the lab
Life Cycle:
 Direct – no intermediate host is required for the
parasite to achieve successful transmission
from 1 infected host to another susceptible
host.
 Indirect – at least 1 intermediate host or
biological vector is required for the parasite to
complete its transmission from the originally
infected host to the susceptible potential new
host.
Exposure and Infection:
 Pathogens – capable of causing injury/disease
to the host.
 Carrier – harbors the pathogen with no
apparent signs & symptoms.
 Exposure – process of inoculation.
 Infection – infective agent becomes established
in the host.
 Incubation period/Clinical incubation –
between infection & evidence of symptoms.
 Prepatent period/Biologic incubation period –
between infection or acquisition of the parasite
& evidence or demonstration of infection.
 Autoinfection – infected individual becomes his
own direct source of infection. Examples:
Enterobiasis, Capillaria philippinensis
 Superinfection/Hyperinfection – already
infected person is reinfected with the same
species resulting to massive infection. Example:
Strongyloides
Sources of Infection:
1. Contaminated
soil & water
2. Food Modes of Transmission:
3. Arthropods 1. Mouth
4. Another 2. Skin penetration
person 3. Congenital
5. Environment transmission
6. Own self 4. Inhalation
5. Sexual intercourse
Host-Parasite Relationships:

1. Interference with host’s vital processes


– Entamoeba histolytica
2. Invasion & destruction of host tissue –
Malaria parasite, Schistosoma
japonicum, Hookworms, Ascaris
3. Host’s deprivation of essential
substances – Hookworm,
Diphyllobothrium latum
Immunology of Parasitic Infections

Stages of Parasitism:
1. Contact
2. Entry
3. Migration
4. Establishment
5. Development
6. Reproduction
7. Exit
SPECIMEN COLLECTION AND
PROCESSING
STOOL – most commonly submitted
- placed in a tight-fitting lid with an
acceptable amount of stool ( 2-5 grams or about a
walnut).
- specimen container must be labeled :
(a) Patient’s name and ID Number
(b) Physician’s Name
(c) Date and Time of sample collection
Specimen Collection and Lab Diagnosis
cont.
FIXATIVES – substances that preserve the
morphology of protozoa and prevent further
development of certain helminth eggs and larvae. (eg.
Formalin, Polyvinyl Alcohol, Sodium Acetate
Formalin)
3 parts Fixative + 1 part Stool
PROCESSING
1. MACROSCOPIC

2. MICROSCOPIC – ocular micrometer may be inserted in


eyepiece
 Direct Wet Preparation
 Concentration Method ( eg. FEA Sedimentation, ZS Flotation)
 Permanent Stains
Specimen Collection and Lab
Diagnosis
 STOOL
 Cellophane Tape Prep
 BLOOD
 Permanent stains, Knott Technique, Buffy Coat Slides
 TISSUE BIOPSIES
 SPUTUM
 URINE & GENITAL MATERIAL
 COLON MATERIAL
 CSF
 EYE SPECIMEN
 SKIN SNIPS
End…

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