International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 13, No. 4, December 2022, pp. 2286~2295

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v13.i4.pp2286-2295  2286

Improved space vector modulation algorithm of 5-level three-

phase z-source based cascaded inverter

Ahfouda Abdelkarim1, Bekakra Youcef1, Laid Zellouma1, Djaafar Toumi2, Ahmed Ibrahim3,
Raef Aboelsaud3
1
Department of Electrical engineering, LEVRES Labs, University of El-Oued, El-Oued, Algeria
2
VTRS-Research Laboratory, University of El-Qued, El-Qued, Algeria
3
Department of Electrical Power and Machines Engineering, Zagazig University, Ash Sharqiyah, Egypt

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: The integration of a Z-source network with a 5-Level three-phase inverter
based cascaded to provide voltage step-up function is proposed in this paper.
Received Jun 17, 2022 The system is controlling by an improved space vector modulation (SVM)
Revised Sep 1, 2022 the implantation of algorithm and innovative virtual automated solutions can
Accepted Sep 17, 2022 be considered, very fast and very simple. The main objective of the proposed
system is to achieve an output voltage twice the applied input voltage, and to
eliminate the largest amount of excess harmonic. This proposed model is
Keywords: characterized by the ease of boosting the output voltage twice the input
voltage, depending on the characteristics of the Z-source network without
Cascaded inverter the need for a DC-DC rectifier. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm for this
Conventional SVM system is characterized by improving the output voltage and eliminating a
H-bridge inverter large number of harmonics while greatly simplifying the calculations
Vector modulation compared to its conventional SVM. This makes the proposed system and its
Z-source network algorithm an interesting alternative to classical systems and algorithms. The
simulation was processed using MATLAB/Simulink. The results obtained
prove and verify the effectiveness of the proposed system. From the results,
of the output current total harmonic distortion (THD), it was reduced to
1.05% which is very low compared to the other algorithms in the literature.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Raef Aboelsaud
Department of Electrical Power and Machines Engineering, Zagazig University, Ash Sharqiyah, Egypt
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
The use of inverters in industry has become a very wide field, especially multi-level inverters
because they give a noticeable improvement in the spectral quality of the signal curve generated compared to
conventional inverters therefore, it has attracted great interest from researchers, Especially on the part of
developing control strategy, as industrial equipment increasingly uses variable speed motors, these inverters
are especially widely used to control alternative current and the unbroken supply of energy [1]. Inverters are
is being fed by a direct voltage source DC, or Z-source or PV+ rectifier DC-DC where we find that the Z-
source inverters is one of the most apparent structures in the field of power electronics, as it has a wide range
of applications for example its use in special power supplies and variable speed engines of hybrid electric
vehicles and many more. The conventional Z-source consists of capacitors C1 and C2 and inductors L1 and
L2 connected in on X shape to the power source with the main circuit of the inverter, various configuration of
the Z-source network can also be made with the addition of nonlinear components such as diode or switches
in the impedance network [2], [3].

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2287

This research relies on a group of previous studies in this field, to be a useful factor, the most
important of which are Sanjay et al. [1] multi-level streak H-bridge inverter using multi-carrier SPWM
technology. Subash [2], simulation and performance analysis of a Z-source inverter fed induction motor
drive. Peng et al. [4] the new and innovative Algorithm virtual automated solutions are very fast and very
simple in their implementation (A novel SVM algorithm for). Palanisamy et al. [5] simulation of the 5-level
z-source based cascaded inverter use technology to control it sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM).
Bolaghi et al. [6] treat some topology for ZSI and compare it with some other topology. El-Hosainy et al. [7]
review of the topology of the multi-level inverter, Control techniques and applications. Effah et al. [8]
presented SVM three-level inverters with a single Z-Source network. Attique et al. [9], study on space vector
pulse width modulation For multi-level inverters. Hanif et al. [10] presented Z-source inverter (ZSI) is
proposed with buck-boost ability. Ghazali et al. [11] presented a new family of dc-dc converters with reduced
passive components for PV systems (Z-source/quasi-Z-source topology). Novel circuit realization of the
three-level space-vector pulse-width modulation (SVPWM) strategy [12].
In this paper, a Z-source inverter 5-level type cascade H-bridge is simulated, to highlight the
properties of the Z-source network. Moreover, the research was expanded to include controlling the system
by means of a developed SVM technology to facilitate and simplify the calculations and to obtain the least
distortion in the output current. Also, the proposed system (topology + developed SVM technology) was
compared with other existing control systems to highlight the advantages of this proposed algorithm. This
paper includes the following elements: in the section 2, the characteristics and features of the z-source
network were explained, in the section 4. Control algorithms discussed, in section 5 the simulation was
implemented. And explain the results obtained. Finally, in section 6 a conclusion is presented that
summarizes the goals we reached in this study.

2. Z–SOURCE NETWORK
2.1. Conventional z-source VSI network
Z-source is a system consisting of a mixture of 02 inductors and 02 capacitors and it works as a
storage device for power, as it is more efficient in reducing the value of voltage and wave current in the
circuit and the value of the inductor and capacitor determines how much power is stored and the value of the
output voltage where Figure 1 represents the conventional network of a Z source circle [13]. The cutter of
Figure 1 is five times the cut of frequency of a conventional inverter which requires a combination of L-C in
the system network.

D1 L1 S1 S3

C2
O

V1 O = Z1
C1 S4 S2
X ( a ,b ,c )
X ( a ,b ,c )

L2

Figure 1. Conventionnel z-source VSI network

From Figure 1, the voltage equations can be written as:

𝑉1𝑛 = 𝑉𝐿1
(1)

𝑉1𝑛 = 𝑉𝐿1 + 𝑉𝑐2 (2)

𝑉𝑎𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝑐2 − 𝑉𝐿2

(3)

When placing three signals, so that the first signal is larger than the rest of the two, and the third is opposite
to the second is the signal, and when the first signal is smaller than the third, all switches in the leg are turned
Improved space vector modulation algorithm of 5-level three-phase z-source based … (Ahfouda Abdelkarim)
2288  ISSN: 2088-8694

on, a short circuit will occur so during this case the amount of voltage stored in the specific inductor and
capacitor begins to charge, which produces additional stored power with applied input voltage. Figure 2
shows the controller for Z-source inverter.
𝑎 = 1/2 ∗ 𝑇𝑒;
𝐹 = 2 ∗ (((𝑡 − 𝑎/4)/𝑎 ) − 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟((𝑡 − 𝑎/4)/𝑎)) − 1;
𝑣𝑏 = 2 ∗ 𝑎𝑏𝑠(𝐹) − 1;
𝑣𝑝 = .727;
𝑣𝑛 = −.727;
𝑖𝑓 𝑃 >= 𝑣𝑝 || 𝑃 <= 𝑣𝑛
Give the value 1 for each control signal in the system.

Figure 2. Controller for z-source inverter

2.2. Three phase 5-level z-source cascaded type h-bridge inverter

The use of the multi-level inverter helps eliminate a large part of the harmonics and reduces the
voltage pressure on all switching devices as well, to produce better output voltage and improve current
control, and adding a network Z-source in front of a system CHBI can improve the output voltage value two
times greater than the conventional system [14], [15]. Voltage in capacitors C1 and C2,
𝑇−𝑇𝑎
𝑇
𝑣𝑐1 = 𝑣𝑐2 = ( 𝑇−2𝑇𝑎
) × 𝑉𝑎𝑢𝑡 (4)
𝑇

and from it, the reinforcement factor is derived from the (4):
1
𝐺= 𝑇−2𝑇𝑎 (5)
𝑇

When 𝐺: boosting factor, 𝑇𝑎 : turns on time period, and 𝑇: total time period.
The group L-C is required to equal C2= C1 and L1= L2 and based on these values the amount of
voltage produced by the system is determined. In this system to produce 5-level of output voltage we connect
in sequence two cells with a network and a direct current source, and based on this new system, the generated
output is twice as large as the applied voltage and much larger. Figure 3 shows three-phase 5 level z-source
cascaded type h-bridge inverter.

Va Vb Vc

Z1 Z3 Z5

Z2 Z4 Z6

Figure 3. Three-phase 5 level z-source cascaded type h-bridge inverter

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2289

3. SOME MULTI-LEVEL INVERTER CONTROL ALGORITHMS

3.1. Conventional SVM
Most of the conventional SVM algorithm depends on the number of levels, this means that when the
number of levels changes, the SVM algorithm changes as well. Here we will look at the five-level SVM
algorithm, Projection of the vectors on αβ coordinates forms a four-layer hexagon centered at the origin of
the αβ plane as shown in Figure 4, and zero-voltage vectors are located at the origin of the plane. Where we
find that it contains 125 switching-state vectors results in 61 voltage space vectors. And by passing to the N-
level, the relationship becomes:

𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔−𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑁 3 (6)

𝑁𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 = 1 + 6 ∑𝑁−1
𝑖=1 𝑖 (7)


Sector 2 u2S
040 140 240 340
440
o
17
141 241 341 441 m n 430
041
Sector 3 030 130 230 330
16 Sector 1
242 342 442
1 15
042 142 131 231 331 j 12 431 k l 420
u1Fref 2 220 1 320 1 uFref
031 020 120 11 4

243 343 uF  ref 443 115 432 g 10

1
13
143 232 332f 321 421 h i 410
043 132
032 121 444 110 221 114 210 19 310
021 12
344 010 333 1 433 13
1
8
1
11 uS
044 144 244 233 222 a 16 322 b 422 c 411 d e 400 1 v
111

1
033 133 122 000 211 u Fref 1 311 uF ref 300
100
022 011 334 434 200
134 234 223 323 423 412
034 401
023 123 112 212 312 301
012 001 101 201
Sector 4 024 124 224 324 424 413
113 213 313 302 402
013
002 102 202 Sector 6
114 214 314 414
014
003 103 203 303 403

004 104 204 304 404

Sector 5

Figure 4. Space voltage vectors for a five-level inverter

3.2. Definition of the space vector place

The space vector place is defined in two steps [16]−[25]: The first step defines the sector number of
where the vector lies. The second step defines the triangle in which the vector lies. Finally, we apply simple
calculations to derive the final control signal, depending on the type of topology used.

3.3. Improved algorithm of vector modulation principle

Since the operation of each phase can be represented by a single pole and N switch states, it is clear
that the switching states (combination of phase switches) represented by a single vector, produce single three
phase, phase to phase voltages defined by formula (15) these can be represented by victors in three-
dimensional Euclidean space:
VS = Vab Vbc Vca 
T

(8)

The switchers of phases 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐are linked respectively to the, output states 𝑖, 𝑗 and 𝑘, where 𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘 ∈
[0, 𝑁 − 1]. Communication vectors 𝑣⃗𝑠 of which modifications are produced during changes in the different
possible state. Configurations, it is given by the following general expression formula:

𝑣⃗𝑠 (𝑖𝑗𝑘) = 𝑈 ⋅ [𝑖 − 𝑗 𝑗−𝑘 𝑘 − 𝑖]𝑇 (9)

For example, switch states (214, 103) for a 5-level inverter produce the same space vector
(switching vector)

𝑣⃗𝑠 (214) = 𝑈 ⋅ [2 − 1 1−4 4 − 2]𝑇 = 𝑈 ⋅ [−1 −3 2]𝑇 (10)

Improved space vector modulation algorithm of 5-level three-phase z-source based … (Ahfouda Abdelkarim)
2290  ISSN: 2088-8694

𝑣⃗𝑠 (103) = 𝑈 ⋅ [1 − 0 0−3 3 − 1]𝑇 = 𝑈 ⋅ [−1 −3 2]𝑇 (11)

This multi-level inverter control algorithm depends on the coordinates between phases 𝑗𝑎 , 𝑗𝑏 and 𝑗𝑐 in (12) as
shown in Figure 5. We note that the representation of the switching vectors in the coordinates between phases
is simple and general to represent the hexagonal structure of any multi-level inverter, and we were working
with the two-level inverter. With this algorithm the calculation of the switching vector and the conduction
times of vectors will be simpler than those of the conventional method.
𝑈𝑗𝑎 = 𝑈𝑎 − 𝑈𝑏
{ 𝑈𝑗𝑏 = 𝑈𝑏 − 𝑈𝑐 (12)
𝑈𝑗𝑐 = 𝑈𝑐 − 𝑈𝑎


Sector 2
−440 −34 − 1 −24 − 2 −14 − 3 04 − 4

−431 −330 -23 -1 −13 − 2 03 − 3 13 − 4

Sector 3 Sector 1
−422 −321 −220 −12 − 1 02 − 2 12 − 3 22 − 4

−413 −312 −211 −110 01 − 1 11 − 3 21 − 3 31 − 4

−404 −303 −202 −101 000 10 −1 20 − 2 30 − 3 40 − 4 

2 − 13 −1 − 12 0 − 11 1 − 10 2 −1−1 3 −1 − 2
−3 − 14 4 −1− 3

Sector 4 −1 − 23 0 − 22 1 − 21 2 − 20 3 − 2 − 1
−2 − 24 4−2−2
Sector 6
0 − 33 1 − 32 2 − 31 3 − 30
−1 − 34 4 − 3 −1

0 − 44 1 − 43 2 − 42 3 − 41 4 − 40
Sector 5

Figure 5. Inverter model in the coordinate between phases

3.4. Algorithm step

Coordinate transformation:
The first step in the algorithm is to transform the reference vector 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 into the coordinate between
Phases (𝑉𝑎𝑏 𝑉𝑏𝑐 𝑉𝑐𝑎 ) and we multiply by (13).
𝑁−1
(13)
𝑠𝑞𝑟𝑡(3)

With:

𝑉𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝜔𝑡)

𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 = [𝑉𝑏𝑛 ] = 𝑀 [𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝜔𝑡 − 2𝜋/3)] (14)
𝑉𝑐𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝜔𝑡 + 2𝜋/3)

𝑀 ∈ [0 1] (15)

Since the work is done in an open circuit, we choose M = 1

− Detection of the three closest vectors and calculation of switch switching times:
Switch vectors have integer coordinates: The vectors closest to the reference vector can be identified
quite simply, their coordinates are combinations of rounded values greater and less than the number of the
reference vector.

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2291

f ab = floor (Vrab ) cab = ceil (Vrab )

fbc = fioor (Vrbc ) cbc = ceil (Vrbc )
f ca = floor (Vrca ) cca = ceil (Vrca ) (16)

With: Floor: indicates the lower rounded value of 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 ; and Ceil: indicates the upper rounded value of 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 .
The closest vectors can be found by evaluating the value of the expression:

𝑓𝑎𝑏 + 𝑓𝑏𝑐 + 𝑓𝑐𝑎 (17)

Once the three closest vectors are identified, the switching times of the switches (𝑑1, 𝑑2 and 𝑑3) can be
found by solving the following two equations.

𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝑑1 ⋅ 𝑉1 + 𝑑2 ⋅ 𝑉2 + 𝑑3 ⋅ 𝑉3 (18)

𝑑1 + 𝑑2 + 𝑑3 = 1 (19)

Si 𝑓𝑎𝑏 + 𝑓𝑏𝑐 + 𝑓𝑐𝑎 = −1

V1 = V ffc = ( f ab fbc cca )T
d1 = Vrca − f ca
V2 = Vcff = (cab f bc f ca )T d 2 = Vrab − f ab
V3 = V fcf = ( f ab cbc f ca ) T
d3 = Vrbc − fbc (20)

Si 𝑓𝑎𝑏 + 𝑓𝑏𝑐 + 𝑓𝑐𝑎 ≠ −1

V1 = V fcc = ( f ab cbc cca )T
d1 = f ab − Vrab
V2 = Vccf = (cab cbc f ca )T
d 2 = f ca − Vrca
V3 = Vcfc = (cab f bc cca )T d3 = cbc − Vrbc (21)

Determination of switching states: This step requires the conversion from the two-dimensional
coordinates” the coordinate between Phases” to the three-dimensional coordinates, meaning obtaining the
original coordinates from which the ray was generated. All switching states of a switching vector will satisfy
the expression: For example, 𝑉⃗⃗ = [𝑓𝑎𝑏 𝑐𝑏𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑎 ] To find out the number of switching vector resulting from
⃗⃗
the switching vector𝑉 , we apply the relationship:

𝑎𝑠 = 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑎𝑥( 𝑎𝑏𝑠(𝑓𝑎𝑏 ), 𝑎𝑏𝑠(𝑐𝑏𝑐 ), 𝑎𝑏𝑠(𝑓𝑐𝑎 ))

𝑁: 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑠
𝑎𝑠 : 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠
𝑎𝑠 ∈ [0, 𝑁 − 1] (22)

From 𝑎𝑠 , we deduce the voltage level of phase-leg a. For example, When the voltage level of phase-leg a of
⃗⃗ is 𝑎𝑠 , the voltage level of phase-leg b is, 𝑏𝑠 = 𝑎𝑠 − 𝑓𝑎𝑏 ,the voltage level of phase-leg c
switching vector 𝑉
is 𝑐𝑠 = 𝑎𝑠 + 𝑓𝑐𝑎 . For example, the switching vector [0 3 −3] of 5-level inverter, when applying the
relationship (5), we find, 𝑎𝑠 = 2 By applying some simple calculations, we find
the voltage level of phase − leg a = 4, The switching states for [0 3 −3] are [4 4 1] and
[3 3 0] to check. Thus, we have determined the triangle in which 𝑉 is located and the times of each ray.

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The MATLAB simulations verify the effectiveness of the proposed structure and control. The
results for various control algorithms are displayed and compared. System information is displayed in the
Table 1. The study was conducted on two types of control techniques, SPWM and improved SVM, shown in
Figure 6, and Figure 7 respectively. The Z-source network output gave almost twice the voltage of the input.
In terms of the output current THD, it was reduced to 1.05% compared to the current methods with a THD
level of 1.89% for SPWM technology and a level of THD of 1.59% after we added it to the Z-source
network. As for the calculations, it has been simplified compared to the conventional SVM. Figure 8 shows a
comparison between the proposed system and the conventional system.

Improved space vector modulation algorithm of 5-level three-phase z-source based … (Ahfouda Abdelkarim)
2292  ISSN: 2088-8694

Table 1. ZSI system parameters

Parameters Value
DC-source 350 V
Capacitors C1, C2 1100 μF
Inductors L1, L2 5 mH
Load R, L 20 Ω, 12 mH
Te 1e-4

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 6. Technique control (SPWM), (a) the intensity of the output voltage between the two ends of a
Z-source network in two solutions (shoot through and non-shoot through), (b) output current, and (c) total
harmonic distortion (THD) analysis output current

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 13, No. 4, December 2022: 2286-2295
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2293

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 7. Technique control conventional SVM, (a) the intensity of the output voltage between the two ends
of a Z-source network in two solutions (shoot through and non-shoot through), (b) output current, and
(c) THD analysis output current

Figure 8. Comparison between the proposed system and the conventional system

6. CONCLUSION
This paper demonstrates simulation results of a five-level Z-source inverter using an improved
algorithm SVM. He was examining this system and its results. The efficiency and shape of the signal has
been improved by applying the improved algorithm SVM. The new algorithm SVM simplifies calculations

Improved space vector modulation algorithm of 5-level three-phase z-source based … (Ahfouda Abdelkarim)
2294  ISSN: 2088-8694

and makes handling the multi-level inverter as easy as working with the two-level inverter. System as a
group, multi-level Z-source inverter and improved algorithm SVM for controlling the power switches of the
system, gives output voltage twice the constant voltage applied at the input and the harmonic content level in
the system also reduce, and voltage stress in the power switches also abridged. The work done achieved THD
for the output current of 1.05% it meets IEEE standard. This will extend the work by implementing this
work as a real-world experiment and the development of the algorithm and applying the improved algorithm
to modular multi-level converter (MMC).

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 13, No. 4, December 2022: 2286-2295
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2295

BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Ahfouda Abdelkarim was born on 22 Feb 1993 in eloued, Algeria. He received a

master degree in electrical engineering from University of El Oued in 2017. He is Currently
working toward his PhD thesis in electrical energy at University of El Oued. His fields of
interest are control technology of photovoltaic system and intelligent control, and Economic of
Electric Energy System. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Bekakra Youcef was born in El-Oued, Algeria in 1984. He received the B.Sc
degree in Electrical Engineering from El Oued University, Algeria in 2007. His MSc degree
from El Oued University in 2010. In 2014, he received his PhD degree in Electrical
Engineering from Biskra University, Algeria. His areas of interest are Electrical Drives and
Process Control, renewable energy, application of Artificial Intelligence techniques. He is
member of the LEVRES research Laboratory. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Laid Zellouma was born in El Oued, Algeria in 1980. He received the B.Sc
degree in Electrical Engineering from Biskra University, Algeria in 2004. His MSc degree
from Annaba University in 2006. The Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Annaba
University in 2010. His research interest includes power Electronics, Electric drives and
Renewable energies. He is member of the LEVRES research Laboratory. He can be contacted
at email: [email protected].

Djaafar Toumi was born on 5 Feb 1993 in eloued, Algeria. He received a master
degree in electrical engineering from University of El Oued in 2018. He is Currently working
toward his PhD thesis in electrical energy at University of El Oued. His fields of interest are
control technology of photovoltaic system and intelligent control. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Ahmed Ibrahim was born in EL-Sharkia, Egypt, in 1987. He received the B.Sc.
and M.Sc. degrees from the Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Egypt, in 2009 and
2013, respectively. In 2021, he received Ph.D at Tomsk Polytechnic University., Tomsk,
Russia He is currently a lecturer at National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk.
He is working in the fields of optimization techniques, control systems, electric Power grids
and renewable energy systems. He has more than 33 research articles and papers that are
published in high-impacted journals and conferences. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Raef Aboelsaud was born in Zagazig, Egypt, in 1987. He received the B.Sc.
degree(with honors) and the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from Zagazig University ,
Zagazig, Egypt, in 2009 and 2013, respectively .He received the Ph.D. Degree in electrical
engineering from Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia. His current research interests
include power electronic converters and control systems applied to renewable energy
conversion and energy storage. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Improved space vector modulation algorithm of 5-level three-phase z-source based … (Ahfouda Abdelkarim)