3 cY (xtY) d i + e x (x°+ 3 y +6ý) 2y =0 →0

i s e x a c t .
= G.
SM. dx +(N.x roithou
terms .
t
ycIS
omt
So. dy
Be'(a+y') d x + 1 dy =0

3
r et +3ay' et e cy
Orthogonal trajectories
Two family o f curves f ( x , y , C,) = 0
a n d g (x,y, ( a ) = 0 . a u - s a i d t o b e
ang ort hog ona l tragectories o f eac h other
if a c u r r e f r o m o n e f ä m i l y i s orthogans
t o every cirve o f t h e other f a m i l y
f ( x , Y, C , ) = 0 → 0
sliminate C a n d c o n s t r u c t a differential
equation F(x,Y, d y J=0 →@
F r o m
w e obtain the scope of the tangent t
condition f o r orthogonality
i s m, ma= =1
 st or e
67

M a= - 1

e p l a c e dy P n
d
d y

F( n ,y ,- o x ) =0 ⼀ ）

represent ODE o f orthogonal trajectories of

solution @ g i v e s the orthogonal trajectories

o 0 .

I n a n e l e c t r i c f i e l d between t w o .
E is a
onstant, What aa ur tehc uerivreorthogonal
s
trajectories
c o l i c h representing the electric
fields.
x ty = E →0
stepli- 2 x + 2y- ch → - 0 =

step2: Eliminate a r b i t r a r y const (parameters)

between @ y O

x + y. dy =0 →
Step 3l Replace d y. b y - d u
 + y(-2x) d-x=)0
X
х =у .ау:
step 41 integrate e q u
5 *
e n y = e n (x) →l n (m)
e n y = en (mx)
у = т х .

Find the orthogonal trajectories of y = a

= 1. r y? = Ha n 7 0
a (0) 2 y . dy = A a

d y-2á
eliminate a b i n O y O .
y = 2y. du ( x )
d x

x .
y = 2 dx d y → This i s the Optof
equ O
steps: replaxceddx i as ay
y =- Q

y d y = - 2a.dx .
Sy. dy =f-2x-du
=> = - x * + C *
2 2
C
HS i s t v e s o i n o r d a t o h a v e l h a s positive take i t a s
store
6 7
2

2
+ y 2 ⼆
C *
(vac)*

Find t h e o r t h o g o n a l trajectories of
3

y = c[sec (x) + tan(x) y

4.

( o , - 1 ) a r e cescles t h r o u g h t h e points given

b y x=+y= a y = 1 . Determine th e equipo
lines which a r e o r th o g o n a l trajectoria o
t h e given f a m i l y o f curr
es.
n +y - a y = 1 → O .
d o = 2 x + d y. d y - a d y
=0 →
.
2uT (ay-a))dp=a
→ 2 x + 2 y. d y = a d y
d x d x.

a=(2x+ay. a) dy. dy = y,

Substitute ( P nO.

(23y2) y, - 2xy @2yy, =19

 store
67

Replay y , by

mutiply b y - y ;
x t y ? - 2хy(-y), (-y,) - 2 y ° = 1
2хцу, - в у ?
Дуу, - y 2 = х -х
Reducibole t o l e n e a r *
Таке y ' = V d v
2 y. d = 2 у.У
,
d v V = - x.
x

dv + PV=Q →VeTRaK= / QeSpdx dx +C

S pae=e f-1:42= e la(u) en(x-)
- x - /

' =f(x-2 -1) dx tc

y2 = x " - Х +С

У = x ( = - x +с ) - - 1 -х*+ с н
2'+ y'- c x +1 =0 ,
 O T o f f a m i l y of u n v e s
5 .
Obtain t h e
+ y ' : nohue n o h u e . › i s a . parameter
а г 6 + 2 -

→a a a
prm
a r
ea n
ad e i r
1
a a
fn
22 +4 2
5+ ⼊

0
Step . - d O

2 x + 2 y . dy/dx = 0 → (
62+X

Steb 2 eliminate 1 5/w 0 4 0

= У У. = - х
2
b +⼊

a y y,
P nO ( -x
(ay4, ) = 1
=7 ！
а "
 store
6 7

step : Replace y , b y -

* ' ( 1 ) = x4 =9 ( 1 )
22 + ayy, = a " →5
solve t h e ODE T i e eq"@} from s t e p

y d y = (a-x*) dx :

y 2 = a e n (x) - x * + C"

x-ty2 - 2a ln (x) = 2C
6 I n d the value o constant d such t h e
fanaly o f parabolae ries - C,x*+d a s
ajecto
orthogonal trajectories o f t i e fa m il y

d t a k e s t h e specific v a l u e f o r w h i c h
y =c, x * + d → D . a u orthogonal
trajectors of x'+ 2y - y= Sa
 d y = 2 x C,
, x * + d
y =c
٣/٦٧ / y=1 d ụ x t d

2 (y - d ) = 2 y -2d
d y = y -d
X/2
- M Y -
=> m ,= 2 y - 2 d
x

x*+ 2 y ª - y =: C 2
dy = 0
→ 2x + Hy du= d y

(Hy -1) dy = -2 x

đ y - 2 x
ma=
4y-1

condition p o r orthogonality

(34-2d) ( - ) =١-
= 4=
4 y- 1

H y - 4 d = 4y- -1
- 4 d= - 1

1đ=44)
 store
67

S h o w t h a t y ' = 4a ( x + a ) i s a sel f ortrogo-

n a l family o f curves.,
family %
A, cu r v e s a u -said t o b e s e l f o r t h o g o n a l
I f the f a m i l y o f c u r v e s c a n b e s eg re trate d.
i n t w o s e t s de pe nd in g o n t h e p a r a m e t e r
c u r e o f o n e s e
st uoct hh te chu ar vt ae s e n t h e o t h e r s e t . t i s orthogonal

The differential equation o f t h e given

famil y of curves an d. their orthogonal trajectories.
a u s a m e .

y ° = 4 a (x+a) →O
step!.: a (O) = 2 y . d y = 4 a (1+0)

y .d u = 2 a →

Step a : E l i m i n a t e t h e parameter

@→ а - У У →®
(3
у =4 цу, (х+ Уу,)

y = 2 х у , + y y, = → A

step 3:- Replace y , by - y,

4,2
 Уу, 2 = - 2х y , + у

У, У + 2 ху, = у . →
* = O → the given cuives are self
orthogonal
has same focus
sx ho°w+ tУ2h a t t h e f a m i l y o f confocal conics
P S a paramete r , are
α +⼊ 6 +⼊
self orthogonal family of curves
AY.

d → + Qy (d y)
d x
= 0
a +x b H+ ⼊
p）

+ y y, =
a'+x

yy, 三 ⼀
b2+1 a +⼊

Step 2 ) • Ellminate t h e p a r a m e
ter
parameter x defin e s h
t e fam il y f
o
i c u r v e s a E b are fixe
values.

2 → = - У У,
a +X b 4+ ⼊

we haveoa property = a - C
e n d
o n b - d
Co mp d o
i d en - У У,
d iv
a*+ ⼊ b*+ a = b =
 2 +5 91 7
- ( - 4 4 1 )
X a -b °
02+A - b 2 - A

x + YY,
=
a +1 a ' - b

a2 - 6 2

3 = 7 - У У, = Х+УУ!
b * + A

5 + ⼊

→ y
b*+ x
（ 乳）
i n

2( ) +( # ) ( )

step 3: replace y , by - /y,

69+9（03 1 2- 6
9- 413 : 2 - 62
(X-Y,) (x + yy ,) = a - b° →
= 7 Th e g i v e n fa m il y o f curves are
S e l or th og on a .